Metaphorical Expressions Research Articles

What we talk about when we talk about metaphor

ABSTRACT This paper provides educators a foothold in the tricky terrain of metaphor, its theoretical underpinnings and pedagogical possibilities. Metaphor provides us with a means of comprehending domains of experience that do not have a preconceptual structure of their own. Conceptual metaphors permit mental imagery from sensorimotor domains to hold sway in the domain of our physical experience. The exposition that follows will induce a deeper understanding of the nature of metaphor and will enable teachers to approach the subject more confidently in their classrooms. The audience for this essay is primarily high school and college English teachers, though linguistics teachers will find it within their bailiwick. Simile, metaphor, and analogy are dealt with in a linguistic framework. Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) is explained, and misconceptions about figurative language are dispelled. The importance of teaching metaphor for English language learners is highlighted by the fact that in general-domain text on average every third sentence contains a metaphorical expression. Of fundamental importance is the notion that metaphor is a property of thought, not language. Types of metaphor discussed include visual, haptic/tactile, auditory, taste/olfactory. It is argued that the difference between simile, metaphor, and analogy is overstated, that the difference lies mainly in surface structure.

Navigating the world of euphemisms

The aim of this study was to determine the key features of periphrasis use (semantics, structure, grammatical combinability, stylistic functions) on the example of Kazakh, British and Spanish mass media. The following methods were used in the study: comparative, lexical-semantic, stylistic, analytical-synthetic, contextual, graphic. It was found out that the main semantic groups of periphrasis are the following: names of cultural and political figures, cultural and historical events, geographical objects, communities, terminological units and metaphorical constructions. The euphemistic periphrasis used in Kazakhstani mass media were divided into semantic groups: names of diseases, terminological concepts, names of social groups and designation of participants of military actions and protests. In the British press, euphemistic periphrasis is included in the following semantic groups: names of negative social phenomena, names of specific individuals and social groups, names of military actions and designation of diseases. Euphemistic periphrasis in the Spanish press denote negative socio-political phenomena, military actions and terminological units. In Kazakhstani newspapers, euphemistic periphrasis was used to soften information and demonstrate tolerance, in British newspapers to increase the emotional-expressive impact on the reader and soften information, and in Spanish newspapers to increase the level of imagery and soften information. This study can be used to create new technical tools for semantic analysis of texts, for comparative study of strategies for introducing periphrasis into media contexts and for the study of euphemisms in international communication. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/ .

The Significance of the Symbol and the Role of Dramatisation in Maxim Gorky’s Artistic World

The author of this study highlights the remarkable diversity of Maxim Gorky’s artistic, journalistic, and epistolary works and emphasises the idea that the core of his personality was the talent of artistic vision of reality. In his search for Gorky’s identity, the scholar relies on Umberto Eco’s idea: in the essential interpretive trinity of author, text and reader, Eco raises the question of whether one should look for what the author wanted to say in the text, or whether one should look at what the text says independently of its author. He proceeds from the idea that artistic intent serves as a testament to the world. Given its intricate nature, the world is understood not through direct expression, but through the medium of artistic image, that is, indirect figurative metaphorical expression. He also uses the classical definition of the symbol as a sign of art, as described by J. W. Goethe, who regarded the symbol as the most important defining part of the artistic text. He emphasises the iconic agency of the symbol and its capacity for independent and autonomous ‘signification’. The author of the article emphasises Gorky’s remarkable narrative talent. His phenomenal memory allows the writer to meticulously transform observed fragments of reality into fictional tales, presenting them through the eyes of the observer-narrator and characters. Gorky focuses on the genres of narrative (short story, essay, novella) that best suit his artistic nature. His work is dominated by the genre principle of drama, whose essential feature is the creation of the illusion of vivid spectacular immediacy and unmediatedness, their interaction leading to the creation of the dramatic scene. Gorky’s narrative is a long sequence of scenes, episodes, and situations, which is often considered a disadvantage of the epic genre. However, in this sequence, Gorky allows living reality to overflow into the artistic world and appear as a reality in its own right. The linear chain of dramatic scenes and the author’s interaction with the ‘fictitious’ plan of the narrator and the character, unfolding in the space-time of the dramatic statement, are manifestations of the writer’s peculiar artistic vision.

Unstable metaphors, uncertain minds: how metaphors shape judgments and opinions.

Previous research has shown that experimentally manipulated physical states of instability negatively affect judgments and opinions. Based on this result, in the current study we want to investigate whether the processing of metaphorical expressions related to physical instability (e.g., "Our economy is shaky") and underpinned by the conceptual metaphor EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS BALANCE negatively affects participants' judgments. Three hundred participants were assigned to three experimental groups. Each group was presented with sentences containing, respectively, stable metaphors, unstable metaphors or unstable literal sentences. After reading the sentences, participants were asked to respond to six topical questions regarding current and future economic and life perspectives. Data shows that across all six topical questions, reading stable metaphors led to more positive judgments compared to unstable sentences (both metaphors and literal ones). Moreover, in four questions out of six, reading unstable metaphorical sentences led to lower ratings compared to unstable literal sentences. These findings support the main claim of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, i.e., the idea that abstract and complex concepts are structured via metaphorical mappings from more concrete and simple ones and align with the Embodied Cognition Hypothesis. Furthermore, these findings suggest that metaphors can have a powerful influence on our perception of the world and contribute to our understanding of how metaphorical language can shape bodily experiences and attitudes.

은유분석을 통해 본 예비유아교사의 바깥놀이에 대한 인식

This study aims to explore pre-service early childhood teachers' perceptions of outdoor play through metaphor analysis. To achieve this, responses were collected from 134 pre-service early childhood teachers enrolled in early childhood education programs at community colleges located in P City and G City. Participants were asked to express metaphors related to outdoor play and provide reasons for their expressions. The collected responses were categorized, and the frequency and percentage of each category were calculated. The results revealed that the metaphors for outdoor play expressed by pre-service early childhood teachers were classified into a total of 94 expressions and 8 categories, which were further grouped into three overarching themes: “Outdoor play as a source of growth,” “Outdoor play as a source of emotions,” and “Outdoor play as a playground for exploration.” The analysis of metaphorical expressions yielded the following findings. First, pre-service early childhood teachers perceived outdoor play as a driving force for growth and learning, recognizing it as an essential process in early childhood. Second, they viewed outdoor play as a source of positive emotions such as happiness, joy, and freedom for young children. Third, they recognized outdoor play as a space where young children could express curiosity and creativity, engage in endless exploration in nature, and establish a valuable environment for interaction and communication. It was confirmed that pre-service early childhood teachers perceive outdoor play as not only a crucial factor in children's proper growth but also as a fundamental source of emotions and a space where children can develop their potential. Additionally, analyzing their metaphorical expressions and the reasoning behind them revealed a shift in the role of teachers— from merely being safety managers and observers in the past to actively supporting children's diverse experiences, emotions, and play. Ultimately, this study highlights the perceptions of pre-service early childhood teachers regarding outdoor play and underscores its significance and value. The findings can serve as foundational data for incorporating outdoor play into teacher training programs, contributing to the effective preparation of future early childhood educators.

Exploring Language Politeness in Mandailing Onang-Onang Oral Traditions: A Pathway to Enriching Islamic Education

Politeness in language is essential for fostering respectful communication and social harmony, particularly within cultural and religious contexts, yet its role in Islamic education remains underexplored. This study examines how the Mandailing Onang-Onang oral tradition encapsulates linguistic politeness strategies that reflect Islamic values and explores its potential contribution to Islamic education. Employing a qualitative ethnographic approach, the research utilizes participant observation, in-depth interviews with cultural practitioners, and analysis of recorded Onang-Onang performances framed through Brown and Levinson's politeness theory. The findings reveal that Onang-Onang employs key politeness strategies, such as indirectness, honorifics, and metaphorical expressions, which align with Islamic ethical principles of morality (akhlaq) and etiquette (adab). Furthermore, the study underscores the role of Onang-Onang in reinforcing communal ties and transmitting religious teachings. Integrating Onang-Onang into Islamic educational frameworks can enrich moral instruction, preserve cultural heritage, and strengthen learners' understanding of Islamic values, demonstrating its relevance in contemporary pedagogical settings.

Membangun Citra Internasional Jepang: Strategi Bahasa Diplomatik Pidato Fumio Kishida di Konferensi Jepang-Ukraina untuk Promosi Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Rekonstruksi

This study examines Japan's diplomatic language strategies through Prime Minister Fumio Kishida's speech at the Japan-Ukraine Conference for Promotion of Economic Growth and Reconstruction. Using Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the research investigates how diplomatic language tools like politeness, modality, and metaphors construct Japan's international image as a committed and peace-oriented nation. The study focuses on three dimensions: text, discursive practices, and social practices, to analyze linguistic elements and their broader socio-political contexts. The findings highlight that Kishida employs specific linguistic choices to convey Japan's solidarity and support for Ukraine amidst geopolitical challenges. Through the use of modality, Kishida reinforces Japan's authoritative yet empathetic stance, framing its support as both a moral and strategic obligation. Politeness strategies are used to establish rapport and mitigate potential tensions, while metaphors such as "investment in the future" redefine Japan's contributions as mutually beneficial, transcending traditional aid narratives. The research reveals that Kishida's rhetoric strategically positions Japan within the global community as a reliable ally and a proactive participant in addressing international crises. By aligning linguistic strategies with Japan's foreign policy objectives, the speech reflects broader ideological constructs and power relations within global geopolitics. This study underscores the significance of diplomatic language as a tool for fostering international collaboration, enhancing Japan's global reputation, and promoting shared values of peace, stability, and economic development.

Discussion on Cluster Analysis and Data Privacy Protection Strategy of Cultural Communication Metaphor Patterns in Online Social Networks

Discussion on Cluster Analysis and Data Privacy Protection Strategy of Cultural Communication Metaphor Patterns in Online Social Networks

Exploring Turkish women's gynecological examination perceptions based on their metaphors: a qualitative study.

During the gynecological examination, women especially feel uncomfortable with the lithotomy position and experience shame and anxiety. This study aims to explore metaphors used by women who have experienced gynecological examinations. This study is qualitative and phenomenological. The study group consisted of 90 women. Data were collected online using a data form in May-June 2021. It consisted of the sociodemographic characteristics of women and their metaphorical perceptions of gynecological examination. Data were analyzed and interpreted using a metaphorical analytical method inspired by Kochis and Gillespie. Metaphoric linguistic expressions, sequences, words, and sentences related to each other, were highlighted. The Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used in the study report. The average age of the women was 37.29 ± 10.14, and 73.0% were high school graduates. Three different conceptual categories were created by associating each metaphor image with a certain theme concerning women's perspective on gynecological examination. The characteristics compiled during the category development phase were used to collect 24 metaphors under a specific category. The metaphor revealed that the process, instrument (examination table), and affective aspects of the gynecological examination are in interaction. In this study was found that the main metaphor image for the gynecological table was a "fork," the gynecological examination brought to mind "the pregnancy" because of the reason for the procedure, and most of the women used the metaphors of "ache/pain" for their gynecological examination experience. The metaphors used for the gynecological examination expressions suggested that women's experiences were negative. Such metaphors may reflect physical and emotional discomfort experienced during the examination. Health professionals' understanding of these negative perceptions and their empathy may facilitate positive experiences for women and the detection and treatment of health problems.

The Metaphorical Expression of the “Education-Upbringing” Concept in English And Uzbek Languages

The article explores the metaphorical expression of the concept of education-upbringing (ta’lim-tarbiya) in English and Uzbek languages. Using the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), the study analyses metaphorical expressions drawn from literary texts, proverbs, educational discourse, and language corpora. The research reveals that both languages use similar metaphorical domains -such as “growth, journey, and craftsmanship” -to conceptualize education and upbringing. However, cultural differences influence the depth and imagery of these metaphors. For instance, Uzbek expressions often reflect traditional and collectivist values, while English metaphors lean toward individual growth and self-discovery. The findings highlight the role of culture in shaping educational metaphors and contribute to a deeper cross-cultural understanding of how abstract concepts are linguistically constructed.

A Study on the Metaphor Translation Strategies in “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China”(Volume IV) from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor

As the core priority of political discourse translation, metaphor translation in “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China” (Volume IV) undoubtedly sets a paradigm, showcasing the unique role of metaphors in political communication. Drawing upon Lakoff’s theory, this study categorizes the metaphors in the book into structural, ontological, and orientational types, and identifies 16 metaphorical expressions with the aid of the Metaphor Identification Procedure(MIP) developed by the Pragglejaz Group. By combining qualitative and quantitative analyses, it employs Charteris-Black’s “Source Domain Resonance Value” theory to quantify the proportion of metaphorical keywords and their resonance values. Through case studies, this research delves into the translation strategies and techniques employed for metaphors in various mapping contexts, aiming to provide strategic guidance for practitioners in the field of political discourse translation. It seeks to enhance the professionalism and international communicative power of China’s political metaphor translation, thereby showcasing the unique charm and value of China’s voice in the global context.

The Construction of Multimodal Metaphors in Animation: An Example from "Soul"

The Construction of Multimodal Metaphors in Animation: An Example from "Soul"

한국어의 양태 어미와 다단어 표현의 관계: 체계기능언어학의 양태 은유의 관점에서

Objectives The purpose of this article is to explain the relationship between endings(or adverbs) and multiword expressions that realize modality in Korean by using grammatical metaphors(modality metaphors) from systemic functional linguistics. Methods To achieve this goal, we selected 46 multiword expressions that realize the discourse meaning of the four modality types(probability, usuality, inclination, obligation) according to SFL's definition of modality, and examined whether they are metaphorical expressions of modality or congruent expressions of modality according to the criteria for examining modality metaphors. Results As a result, it was confirmed that modal multiword expressions are classified into metaphorical expressions of modality (Type I) and congruent expressions of modality (Type II). And it was also found that the metaphorical expression showed the feedback effect mentioned by Ravelli (1988, 1999) that the meaning of the modality was more detailed. First, the metaphorical expression of modality (Type I) included multiword expression of probability modality (23), multiword expression of usuality modality (3), and multiword expression of inclination modality (12). They showed a reflective effect in which a specific meaning was added to the shared meaning discourse with congruent expression, or the shared meaning discourse with congruent expression was adjusted, and a specific meaning was added. Second, the congruent expression of modality (Type II) included multiword expressions of obligatory modality (8). This is because there is no congruent expression that shares the meaning of the discourse. Conclusions The results of the above study show that words in the Korean language can be formed not only by morphological word formation, but also by grammatical metaphors. By using grammatical metaphors, it is expected that multiword expressions that realize other grammatical functions other than modality can be explained within the scope of ideational, interpersonal, and textual metaphors.

Continua and orientations of packing-repacking and unpacking ideational metaphor for knowledge construction

Abstract This article constructs the multidimensional paradigm to specify the continuum of ideational metaphor by virtue of metaphoricity. Metaphoricity is redefined as a relative term measured by the amount of grammatical metaphor and the rank-shift to delineate the continuum of metaphorization. As an expression is packed and repacked by ideational metaphor, its semantic density increases in implicitness. But its context-dependency declines since ideational metaphor smashes its iconic relation with the reality, which to a certain extent weakens semantic gravity. The orientation towards the nucleus can be instantiated to illustrate the direction of metaphorization. In contrast, as a metaphorical expression is unpacked, its semantic density decreases by releasing the inter-stratal tension between grammar and semantics. Its context-dependency strengthens by rebuilding its iconicity with the reality, which reinforces semantic gravity. An element with the lower nuclearity to Center may be unpacked at the initial stage. This article provides an academic lens for knowledge construction in English teaching and learning.

Cracking the Code of Musical Language: Making Sense of Rihanna’s “Diamonds” through Semiotics

This article applies semiotics as a theoretical framework to uncover the observable layers of meaning that are interwoven in Rihanna’s song “Diamonds”. By examining the linguistic, visual, and musical elements of this song, this scholarly discourse aims to unearth the symbolic significance of “Diamonds” and their implications for contemporary popular music. Over and above this, it is to underscore that there is an intricate relationship between linguistics and musicology, hence the necessity to form an interdisciplinary dialogue. Ultimately, three notable findings are evident. First, the semiotic examination of Rihanna’s “Diamonds” reveals that the recurring motif of diamonds symbolizes more than just material wealth. Rather, diamonds serve as powerful metaphorical expressions of fortitude, strength, and enduring love. Second, through semiotic exposition, the use of light imagery, among others, conveys themes of conviction, optimism, and clarity. By the same token, references to shining bright like diamonds evoke notions of enlightenment and transcendence, sharply contrasting with the darker elements explored in the song’s lyrics. Third, this scholarly evaluation unmasks the synergistic relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic elements in “Diamonds”. Conclusively, the combination of words and music solidifies the overall message and emotional resonance of the song, creating a more immersive and impactful experience for the listener.

Metaphor processing is influenced by stimulus emotionality and task demands: Evidence from ERPs.

Metaphor processing is influenced by stimulus emotionality and task demands: Evidence from ERPs.

Metaphor Scenarios in Feminine Inclusive Expressions in the Nigerian Socio-cultural Context: A Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis

Although many ideologies promoting unequal power relations have long subordinated women in various social systems across the globe, language has been instrumental in contesting this social injustice. The Nigerian socio-cultural landscape, for example, is rich in linguistic expressions that reflect and promote women's inclusion and empowerment. However, these expressions are usually metaphorically based, making them less visible tools for contesting unequal gender power relations. These tools vis-à-vis their potency in challenging beliefs that subjugate women need to be unravelled. Therefore, drawing on Lazar's Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) framework, this study analyses the metaphor scenarios embedded in feminine inclusive expressions in a purposively selected corpus of Nigerian English expressions, ethnographic-based idiomatic expressions and media chats within the Nigerian socio-cultural context to shed light on how language reflects and challenges the entrenched gender dynamics through the metaphor scenarios. The adoption of the multifaceted approach for data collection enables the study to explore the linguistic, cultural, historical and socio-political dimensions embedded in the metaphor-based expressions, thereby contributing to a deeper appreciation of the role of language in challenging traditional gender hierarchies/dynamics and promoting feminine inclusion in the Nigerian socio-cultural space. The study finds that metaphors are ideological tools that can be employed to challenge gender hierarchies in the Nigerian socio-cultural contexts as demonstrated in metaphors such as to counter traditional perceptions of women's outlook and conditional roles. It reveals that metaphors are instrumental in promoting feminine inclusion in authority and decision-making at family and community levels. Metaphorical expressions contribute to cultural narratives that redefine femininity as an embodiment of strength and wisdom. It establishes that language, through metaphor, plays a critical role in challenging gender dynamics and promoting feminine empowerment within the Nigerian socio-cultural context. The study concludes that the understanding of metaphorical language and its exploitation is a latent tool that, if used properly, can empower women to maximally benefit from gender equality and inclusive realities in the Nigerian socio-cultural landscape

Metaphors and Idioms of Wayang Tradition

This study explores the use of metaphors and idioms in Wayang, a traditional Javanese art form, and its potential to convey Islamic character values. The research analyzes five popular Wayang plays, namely Banjaran Noroyono, Banjaran Bima, Wiratha Parwa, Wahyu Makutha Rama, and Babat Wanamerta, to identify and categorize various metaphorical and idiomatic expressions. The study employs a qualitative approach using an inductive method that involves the observation of Wayang performances, examination of corresponding manuscripts, and systematic documentation of metaphorical and idiomatic structural units. The analysis revealed 52 patterns of metaphors and idioms encompassing figurative, personification, simile, verbal, phrase, sentence, and adjectival idioms. These expressions convey a wide range of meanings, from descriptive phenomena and social values to complex concepts, such as hedonism, pessimism, and domestic issues. Moreover, metaphors and idioms reflect diverse character traits, including responsibility, courage, patriotism, honesty, and humility, which align with Islamic teachings. This study highlights the potential of Wayang metaphors and idioms to enrich dialogue between Javanese culture and Islamic values, fostering tolerance, inclusivity, and cultural preservation in the era of globalization. Despite the limitations of focusing on the five selected plays, the research underscores the significance of harmonizing religious and cultural values to promote a more civilized society.

Image and Poetic Imagination in the Book of Malaga notables

This study explores the interplay of image and poetic imagination in The Book of Málaga Notables, focusing on how the text employs vivid imagery and evocative language to encapsulate the cultural, historical, and artistic identity of Málaga, Spain. Through the lens of poetic imagination, the work transcends mere documentation, transforming the lives and contributions of Málaga's notable figures into a rich tapestry of metaphor, symbolism, and aesthetic expression. Key themes include the reimagining of historical and cultural narratives, the fusion of tangible and intangible heritage, and the evocation of place as a living, breathing entity. The analysis highlights the book’s ability to intertwine the factual with the poetic, offering readers an immersive journey that bridges the real and the imaginative, thereby elevating Málaga’s legacy into a realm of timeless artistic resonance.

A study on multimodal metaphor of emotions in emojis

ABSTRACT This study explores the construction and function of emotional metaphors in emojis across Chinese social media platforms. Through multimodal metaphor analysis, 500 emojis are categorised into positive, neutral, and negative emotional metaphors. The findings show that positive metaphors, like those for happiness and love, are most common, while negative metaphors for emotions such as anger and fear are more complex. These metaphors are grounded in physiological and physical responses, in accordance with cognitive theories of metaphor. The research concludes that emotional metaphors in emojis enhance narrative expression and facilitate social interaction by compensating for the lack of non-verbal cues in digital communication. An innovative aspect of this study is its comprehensive analysis of how these multimodal metaphors bridge linguistic and emotional gaps, enriching communication in digital interactions. This research underscores the importance of effective emotional expression in the evolving landscape of online communication.