Export Of Materials Research Articles

Peran World Trade Organization (WTO) dalam Menyelesaikan Sengketa Dagang Antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia Terkait Kebijakan Pelarangan Ekspor Mineral Mentah Nikel

The background of this research is the WTO as an international trade organisation under the economic and social council is authorised to regulate international trade as well as resolve international trade disputes. As for nickel as a potential raw mineral material in terms of economic value and a source of world electricity, it then became an issue when Indonesia issued a policy to ban the export of nickel raw minerals. The purpose of this research is to find out the implications of Indonesia's nickel export ban on international trade, and to find out the WTO dispute settlement system in the nickel case between Indonesia and the European Union. This type of research uses descriptive analysis research that describes the results of the author's analysis. The result of this research is that there are 2 (two) types of implications of Indonesia's defeat of the European Union's lawsuit related to the ban on exports of nickel raw materials, namely legal implications which can be in the form of imposing an obligation to pay losses to the plaintiff and non-legal implications, namely disrupting the downstream of nickel mining in Indonesia.

The Impact of Indonesian Crude Oil Demand Prices on the Indonesian Biodiesel Industry

Biodiesel is one of Indonesia's potential export commodities as there is a production surplus that occurs every year from 2006 to 2020. The study used the 2SLS method with a validation and simultaneous equation model. Data processing using SAS/ETS version 9.4. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Indonesia's crude oil demand price on Indonesia's biodiesel industry. The findings indicate that the demand for Indonesian biodiesel is positively impacted by a rise in the global real price of crude oil by 0.11%. This increase is due to both the biodiesel industry's and the local market's need for Indonesian palm oil. The local price of Indonesian biodiesel would rise by 0.49% due to the increase in demand for the fuel. The amount of biodiesel produced in Indonesia will increase by 0.87%, this increase in production is due to increasing domestic demand for Indonesian palm oil, and the volume of biodiesel exported to destination countries will increase by 0.01%. Exports of palm oil may be more impacted by the policy of raising the actual world price of crude oil. This implies that the program may potentially result in a rise in raw material exports. On the other hand, the biodiesel industry and other industries also see a spike in palm oil as a result of the strategy of raising the real world price of crude oil.

Feasibility of Establishing and Re-operation of Industrial Projects in Iraq Through import-substitution strategy

The research idea originated from the significance of the industrial sector and its pivotal role in inducing structural and systemic changes at the national economic level. Given the numerous challenges the industrial sector faces in Iraq, many industrial projects have partially or entirely ceased operations. In contrast, state-owned industrial companies have become a burden on the government. Import substitution through manufacturing is considered one of the leading strategies and most vital industrial approaches that have historically catalyzed industrial growth and structural transformations in the economy. This has been evident in the development of countries that initially relied on primitive economic models centred around simple agriculture and the export of raw materials and transitioned into diversified economies with a significant industrial component, producing numerous high-quality and technologically advanced products. Based on this, the study aims to assess the compatibility of this strategy with the current Iraqi economic landscape. It seeks to shed light on inactive industrial projects and companies, exploring the feasibility of reactivating them or establishing new industrial ventures. Priority will be given to projects aligned with its objectives and goals. Additionally, the study aims to provide a forward-looking perspective on the state of the industry in Iraq's prospects, diagnose existing problems, and attempt to find solutions and remedies that can contribute to establishing a reliable industrial sector.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF PROVIDING INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY IN THE CONDITIONS OF INCREASED INFLUENCE OF FACTORS OF A MILITARY NATURE: THE EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE AND THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

The purpose of the article is to analyze the state of innovative development of the economy of Ukraine and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and to identify the problems of its provision in the conditions of martial law. The results of the study prove that factors of a military nature have an ambiguous effect on stimulating the innovative development of the country's economy. It has been established that economic evolution through innovation is a prerequisite for strengthening its competitiveness in countering modern challenges and threats. The results of the empirical study made it possible to find out that during the large-scale aggression of Russia on the territory of Ukraine in 2022, a decrease in the level of innovative economic development was also observed in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. It was established that in 2023, the countries of the analyzed group managed to increase the indicators of innovative activity of business entities and the parameters of the innovative development of the economy. Important problems in ensuring economic progress through innovative activity have been identified: (1) shortcomings of the legislation regulating the innovation sphere; (2) lack of formation of a unified innovation infrastructure; (3) significant tax burden; (4) lack of an effective system of taxation and provision of tax benefits and preferences; (5) lack of effective investment mechanisms in the field of innovation; (6) low level of technological capacity of production facilities; (7) imperfection of the education system; (8) low level of financing of research activities; (9) focus on the export of raw materials and dependence on high-tech imports. In order to ensure sustainable innovative development of the country's economy, it is necessary to create appropriate conditions for the development of innovative potential, activate the creation of cross-border innovation clusters, and strengthen the country's investment attractiveness.

The impact of agricultural value chains on sustainable industrial development in Sub-Saharan Africa

This research identifies the critical challenges surrounding agricultural value chains and their role in fostering sustainable industrial development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) between 1990 and 2022, utilizing the Panel Least Squares (PLS) technique. The paper reports that agricultural value added (p < 0.01), farm machinery (p < 0.05), human capital (p < 0.01), and access to electricity (p < 0.01) exhibited a positive and significant influence on industrial sector output. Conversely, agricultural raw materials exports (p < 0.01) had a negative and significant impact on industrial sector output (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the study underscores the critical role of agricultural value chains in fueling sustainable industrial development in SSA and recommends that policymakers formulate plans to leverage agricultural value chains as catalysts for enduring economic growth and development.

A robust bi-level programming model to enhance resilience in supply chain network considering government role, taxing, and raw sale: An iron ore case study

The mining industry plays a substantial role in any economy because of its enormous influence on other sections of a country. Despite the significant challenges in this industry, such as government regulations, taxing policies, raw material sales, and disruptions, there are rare studies that have considered mining supply chain network design. Thus, this paper proposes a mixed-integer linear bi-level programming model under operational and disruption risks to design a robust and resilient mining supply chain network. The government is considered as the leader that aims to decrease the sales of raw materials, boost the export of final products, and maximize its profit. Moreover, the closed-loop mining supply chain is introduced as the follower level that maximizes the total profit. In other words, this study presents a bi-level model that balances the export of raw materials and final products, for the first time. Additionally, a data envelopment analysis approach is applied to rank the candidate mine areas and reduce the model’s complexity. Finally, a real-world case study of the Iranian iron ore supply chain is applied to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the addressed model. The results indicate that the effect of raw material price on the upper level is 22% higher than the lower level under the same conditions. Moreover, the exchange rate has a great impact on the objective functions of both levels. Furthermore, Yazd province has great potential to be introduced as a steel pole in Iran.

In dustrial development status and strategy of improving quality and efficiency of ginger, a resource for both medicine and food use

China cultivates characteristic resource plant Zingiber officinale for both medicine and food use, with a long history of cultivation, production, and application. With the continuous excavation of the health and skin care values of ginger products due to scientific and technological progress, the scale expansion and quality improvement of the ginger industry have been effectively promoted, forming an industrial cluster with rich germplasm resources and diverse product categories represented by the north and south regions of China, and China has been developed as the biggest producer and exporter of raw materials and processed products of ginger.The present situation of ginger germplasm resources, ginger production, market price, and quality control of ginger products was reviewed in this paper. According to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO), United Nations International Trade Database, Chinese Network for Ginger Trade, and China Industry Information Network, the market fluctuation and trend of ginger products in China and abroad were discussed, and the current development and utilization of Chinese and international ginger industries were analyzed. In addition, through the research group's field investigation of the main producing area of ginger in China, analysis and prediction were made, and measures to improve the quality and efficiency of ginger industry use were put forward,so as to offer experience for relevant departments to study and formulate the development plan and production layout of ginger industry,help practitioners in ginger industry to cope with challenges, and provide a reference for promoting the quality and efficiency of ginger industry and high-quality development.

Changes in mesophotic carbonate‐platform export across the end of the last glacial cycle (Saya de Malha Bank, western Indian Ocean)

AbstractThe export of neritic material from the top of carbonate platforms is a key process in the construction of their slopes. However, our knowledge of the supply pattern of materials from platforms is dominantly based on platforms lying in the euphotic zone during the present sea‐level highstand. This is a somewhat biased perspective as through geological time not all platforms were euphotic. The Saya de Malha Bank in the Mascarene Plateau is an example of a modern mesophotic carbonate platform, and as such, its flooding and export patterns differ from those of euphotic ones. Using cores collected on the western slope of the Saya de Malha Bank, the export patterns of the platform since the last glacial maximum were explored. Material on the platform edge is winnowed and transported to the slope by multiple possible processes. The material on the platform is a combination of high and low magnesium calcite as well as high and low strontium aragonite, integrating pelagic and neritic sources. The ratio of these constituents varies over time with changes in the platform production capability as it was flooded and drowned during the Holocene transgression. The material from the platform is transported in both confined flows, mainly during lowstands, and unconfined flows, mainly during late transgression and early highstand. In the present state of the highstand, supply may have diminished, leading to erosion of the canyon shoulders.

Precessional forcing of biogeochemical and nutrient cycling in the tropical western Pacific during the late Pleistocene

Unravelling the biogenic material export production and its relationship to surface ocean nutrient conditions, along with their external forcing, will provide insights into the ocean carbon biogeochemical cycle. In this study, we present data on coccolith particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) export production, coccolith carbon isotopic vital effects, and planktonic foraminifer cadmium to calcium ratio in the tropical western Pacific over the past 250 kiloyears (kyr). These proxies indicate the strength of the coccolith-based carbonate counter pump or coccolithophore productivity, and phosphate concentration in the surface ocean. Our results show that low phosphate concentration correlates with enhanced coccolith-based carbonate counter pump in the precessional band (a cyclicity of 19–23 kyr). Additionally, low phosphate concentration, which indicates high degree of phosphorus utilization, is coupled with enhanced nitrogen fixation, as shown by a nitrogen isotope record in the tropical western Pacific. Greater precipitation in Papua New Guinea (PNG) can occur during local insolation maxima, suggesting a dominant control of precession. This will in turn drive the biogeochemical and nutrient cycling in the tropical western Pacific. We propose that higher amounts of the PNG riverine input caused by greater precipitation can provide additional nutrients and trace element iron (Fe) for phytoplankton. An increased bioavailable Fe in the surface ocean can promote the growth of nitrogen-fixing diazotrophs, which results in a high degree of phosphorus utilization and relieves a potential nitrogen limitation. This may ultimately lead to increased biological productivity, e.g., the coccolith PIC.

Mitigating resource curse impact through implementing circular economy effective strategies

The main goal of the study is to investigate and to evaluate the selected indicators of the circular economy with a relation to the international trade in order to create the effective tools and policies in the circular economy system. This is supported by the three research questions comprising the issues of the circular economy regarding the import and the export of the resources. Firstly, the intra-union and extra-union import of the materials and their impact along with the resource curse effects. The relations between the both import types and the circular material use rate are confirmed through a majority of the appropriate research hypotheses. Secondly, the resource curse negative impacts caused by the import and the export of the circular economy materials. The international trade brings the resources movements that would be not possible without it. Almost all the assigned research hypotheses confirm that the mentioned impacts are mitigated by these movements. Thirdly, the influence of the import and the export of the materials on the circular material use rate regarding the waste sort recycling rates. An influence of the international trade is occurred in the recovery rate that represents an outcome of recycling rate. Each research hypothesis is assigned to the particular explored indicator. Altogether, there are the 21 indicators examined in the regression analysis. Many relations regarding the statistical significance of the regressor are found. The testing phase follows after the regression model outcome. The discussion section demonstrates the implications arising from the analytical outcomes with a potential of altering the current policies in the circular economy system and the creation of the new ones in order to more efficiently use the available resources. The study outcome represents a valuable platform for potential construction of the effective policies and strategies necessary for implementing transition of the economies within the circular economy framework.

Diversification of export activities: essence, purpose and state in Ukraine

Introduction. Export diversification is an essential tool for accelerating economic growth in developing countries. After all, these countries' exports are concentrated on raw materials and agricultural products, which are primarily sensitive to external shocks. By diversifying their exports, countries can reduce their vulnerability to fluctuations in foreign markets, including changes in demand, prices and terms of trade. This will stabilise the country's export earnings, ensure uninterrupted financing of imports and the development of various sectors of the national economy. In addition, diversifying export activities contributes to the structural transformation of the national economy and the country's innovative development. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the essence and functional purpose of export diversification in ensuring the country's economic development. The objective will be achieved by analysing the state of diversification of Ukraine's exports of goods and studying its relationship with the country's economic development. Results. Based on the analysis of changes in Ukraine's export commodity structure, the paper shows that in 2014-2023, there was a deepening of specialisation in Ukraine's exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products. At the same time, the share of medium and highly processed goods in Ukraine's export structure has decreased significantly. These trends are confirmed by the relatively high degree of specialisation of Ukrainian exports of goods over the period considered, as calculated by the normalised Herfindahl-Hirschman index. It is noted that the deepening concentration of Ukrainian exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products has been accompanied by slow growth or decline in GDP per capita. This confirms the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the diversification of export activities and a country's economic development level. Conclusions. According to the study's results, one strategy for Ukraine's economic growth under current conditions should be to diversify export activities and develop trade in goods with a medium and high degree of processing.

ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME THE USSR'S LAG IN THE FIELD OF PETROCHEMISTRY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1960S

The purpose of the publication is to investigate the problem of the evolution of the state industrial policy in the field of petrochemical development in the second half of the 1960s on the basis of declassified archival documents. It is proved that the country's leadership had all the data indicating both the significant role of petrochemistry in the economy of developed countries, the active growth of production volumes, and the significant lag of the Soviet Union in a number of areas. The data provided by Soviet diplomats and experts in this field accelerated the consideration of these issues in the Central Committee of the CPSU. The conclusion is formulated that measures were taken to overcome the backlog, but they proved insufficient and did not bring the expected results. Among the blocking factors are: the predominance of the interests of individual departments; planning miscalculations; lack of financing; low prices for oil and petroleum products, constraining the development and implementation of energy-saving technologies, economical power plants; wasteful consumption of raw materials, products of its processing; forcing the export of raw materials, including to the COMECON countries. It was often political motives that prevailed in this case, but not economic expediency.

Indonesian Government Policy in Increasing State Revenue Through Raw Material Export Prohibitions

Purpose: To increase state income and revenues by prohibiting the export of raw materials, especially mining and mineral materials, by converting raw materials into semi-finished or finished materials so that added value can be added. Method: This study uses normative legal research which examines the policies of the Indonesian government as outlined in Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Minerals and Coal, which prohibits raw mining and mineral materials from being exported abroad. The research approach is through a qualitative juridical approach, namely by examining it from a legal standpoint as well as providing explanations related to the ban on the export of minerals and minerals. Results and Conclusions: The policy of prohibiting the export of raw mining and mineral materials generates greater state income and revenue, because it gets a large added value by imposing high taxes, and also opens up employment opportunities and reduces unemployment in Indonesia. Research implications: The Indonesian government's policy of prohibiting the export of mineral and mineral raw materials raises pros and cons in the country, but the Indonesian government remains adamant that this policy is to increase state revenues and revenues, added value and employment. Overseas, the government's policy of banning the export of mineral and mineral raw materials is opposed by the United States and the European Union because it will harm them as importers of mineral and raw materials from Indonesia Originality/value: Importing countries of mining and mineral raw materials such as China, the United States and Europe have established mining and mineral raw material (Smelteer) processing companies in Indonesia.

Regulation of Strategic Investment Downloading in The Growth of Indonesia's Leading Sectors

Indonesia has great economic potential with abundant natural resources. However, so far Indonesia is still trapped in the global value chain as an exporter of raw materials. This causes the added value obtained by Indonesia to be low and the Indonesian economy does not grow optimally. The Indonesian government has realized this problem and has issued various policies to encourage downstream investment. This research aims to analyze the downstream regulations for strategic investment in the growth of Indonesia's leading sectors. This research uses normative legal research methods. Research data was obtained from a study of documents and laws and regulations related to downstream investment. The data analysis technique used is qualitative analysis. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and interpretive methods. The research results show that the Indonesian government is using an acceleration strategy to increase investment to increase the rate of downstream investment in leading sectors for national economic growth. Regulations for the downstreaming of strategic investments in the growth of leading sectors are regulated in several policies including Law Number 3 of 2020 concerning Amendments to Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining, mandating that no longer export raw materials, Law Number 3 In 2014 regarding Industry, OJK issued a policy in the banking industry to support the acceleration program for Battery-Based Electric Motor Vehicles (KBL BB) as well as the development of its upstream industry.

Determinants of Rural Development in European Union Countries and Türkiye

There are many variables that can affect rural development. The aim of the study is to find out what variables affect rural development in Türkiye and European Union countries. The data period used in the study was, annual data for the period 2002-2020. According to the results of the random effects model, Inflation, Rural Population, and Rural Population Increasing variables from 8 independent variables affect Rural Development. According to the results of the Generalized Estimation Equality Mass Average Test based on the Random Effects Model, population growth in Rural Areas, Population in Rural Areas and Inflation variables were statistically significant. In the study, the Granger causality test was performed to measure the causality links of the variables. It was found that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between the exports of Agricultural Raw Material and the employment rate of young people aged 15 -24 in rural areas. Results with unidirectional causality or no causal relationship were found among the remaining variables.

Preface

Providing the national and world economy with mineral raw materials is an integral part of development and scientific and technological progress. The modern world is moving to new forms of interaction, concentrating its trends on digitalization, computerization and automation of all processes of human life. However, these trends require the use of strategically important minerals (coal, natural gas, ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rare earth metals, construction raw materials, etc.), as well as critical raw materials, the list of which is supplemented every year in accordance with the trends of scientific and technological progress and the development of the state’s economy.About half of the industrial potential of Ukraine and up to 20% of its labor resources are related to the mining and use of minerals. Due to the export of mineral raw materials and products of their processing, Ukraine receives about 60% of the total amount of export revenues. At the same time, the subsoil of Ukraine still has a significant potential for building up the mineral and raw material base.The issue of mining and processing of minerals during the war requires special attention in Ukraine. The conference “Challenges of ensuring Ukraine’s mineral resources in the context of post-war reconstruction - 2023” is designed to contribute to solving the urgent issues of reconstruction and modernization of Ukraine after the end of the war and the country’s integration into the European Union.List of the committee members who organized the conference is available in the pdf.

Strengthening the role of local agri-food systems in overcoming the consequences of using food as a weapon in Ukraine

One of the vulnerabilities of Ukraine, which was highlighted by the use of food as a weapon in the Russian war against it, was its excessive raw material export orientation and weak internal rooting of the agri-food system, as well as the insufficient resilience of its local links. The purpose of this study was to substantiate the potential for strengthening local agri-food systems through the fuller involvement of small-scale agricultural producers with a focus on meeting the food needs of all segments of the population. The study employed the following methods: system analysis, grouping and classification, statistical analysis, formalisation, abstract and logical. The study covered the manifestations of Russia’s use of food to achieve political and military goals in Ukraine, as well as the role of small agricultural producers in mitigating their adverse consequences. It was found that the key to strengthening the sustainability of the agri-food system at both the local and national levels is to provide farm enterprises and household farms with diversified access to domestic markets by stimulating demand for their agricultural products. The study substantiated the forms of implementation of this task through the introduction of programmes of linked food subsidies for vulnerable groups of the population, public procurement from small producers for school meals, and promotion of solidarity food security at the community level. The study assessed the need for resources for these programmes and the potential of small farms to produce the necessary products, showing that the introduction of these programmes will facilitate the transition of agriculture to agroecology. The study also covered the possibility of financing measures to overcome the consequences of the use of food as a weapon while supporting small producers through the use of the National Bank’s targeted issue with partial involvement of budgetary funds within the framework of strengthening the national rootedness of the agri-food system, as well as donor support.The practical significance of the findings of this study lies in the possibility of their use in the implementation of food support measures for vulnerable groups and the preparation of a lawsuit to the International Criminal Court regarding the weaponisation of food by the Russian Federation in the war against Ukraine.

FOOD AVAILABILITY AND STATE SUPPORT FOR FOOD SECURITY DURING WAR

FOOD AVAILABILITY AND STATE SUPPORT FOR FOOD SECURITY DURING WAR

Exploring The Impact of Green Accounting and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure on Firm Value Through Profitability In Mining Companies In Indonesia

This study is dedicated to examining how the implementation of green accounting and the disclosure of corporate social responsibility impact the value of mining companies in Indonesia through profitability. Green accounting is a relatively novel area of research in Indonesia, particularly in the context of the mining sector. Given the ongoing governmental reforms in the mining industry, with the prohibition of raw material exports under Law Number 3 of 2020 amending Law Number 4 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal Mining, the study finds it intriguing to explore the implications of green accounting. The ban on nickel ore exports, as stipulated by the aforementioned legal amendments, sparked strong opposition from the European Union, leading to Indonesia being taken to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in early 2021. This policy aligns with the broader objective of downstreaming, which seeks to secure a domestic supply of raw materials for mineral processing and refining, thereby mitigating adverse environmental effects. To initiate the research, the first step involves gathering data on pertinent variables from the financial statements of mining companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). Subsequently, SPSS will be employed to conduct tests and assess the influence of green accounting and corporate social responsibility disclosure on firm value, with profitability acting as a mediating factor.

Characterization of the benthic biogeochemical dynamics after flood events in the Rhône River prodelta: a data–model approach

Abstract. At the land–sea interface, the benthic carbon cycle is strongly influenced by the export of terrigenous particulate material across the river–ocean continuum. Episodic flood events delivering massive sedimentary materials can occur, but their short-term impact on carbon cycling is poorly understood. In this paper, we use a coupled data–model approach to estimate the temporal variations in sediment–water fluxes, biogeochemical pathways and their reaction rates during these abrupt phenomena. We studied one episodic depositional event in the vicinity of the Rhône River mouth (NW Mediterranean Sea) during the fall–winter of 2021/22. The distributions of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), sulfate (SO42-) and methane (CH4) were measured in sediment porewaters collected every 2 weeks before and after the deposition of a 25 cm sediment layer during the main winter flood event. Significant changes in the distribution of DIC, SO42- and CH4 concentrations were observed in the sediment porewaters. The use of an early diagenetic model (FESDIA) to calculate biogeochemical reaction rates and fluxes revealed that this type of flood event can increase the total organic carbon mineralization rate in the sediment by 75 % a few days after deposition. In this period, sulfate reduction is the main process contributing to the increase in total mineralization relative to non-flood deposition. The model predicts a short-term decrease in the DIC flux out of the sediment from 100 to 55 mmolm-2d-1 after the deposition of the new sediment layer with a longer-term increase by 4 %, therefore implying an initial internal storage of DIC in the newly deposited layer and a slow release over relaxation of the system. Furthermore, examination of the stoichiometric ratios of DIC and SO42- as well as model output over this 5-month window shows a decoupling between the two modes of sulfate reduction following the deposition – organoclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) intensified in the newly deposited layer below the sediment surface, whereas anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) intensified at depth below the former buried surface. The bifurcation depth of sulfate reduction pathways, i.e., the sulfate–methane transition zone (SMTZ), is shifted deeper by 25 cm in the sediment column following the flood deposition. Our findings highlight the significance of short-term transient biogeochemical processes at the seafloor and provide new insights into the benthic carbon cycle in the coastal ocean.