Exports Of Manufactured Goods Research Articles

An Evaluation of Karachi Export Processing Zone: A Preliminary Investigation

The literature on EPZs shows that these are a second-best solution compared with generalised countrywide reforms, but that, where countrywide reforms are difficult to implement, they can be a useful weapon in the development arsenal [World Bank (2001)]. EPZs have been instrumental not only in increasing exports but also attracting export-oriented foreign direct investment (FDI). China is a classic example to be mentioned here where the levels of FDI have gone up massively over the last ten years. Added up with exports increase are also the benefits of employment generation, development of backward and forward linkages and strengthening the industrial base. The phenomenon of export-processing zones (EPZs) is a part of broader context of structural changes in global economic development. During the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in exports of manufactured goods especially from developing countries. EPZs have emerged as an important channel of export generation, especially of manufactured goods, from most of the developing countries e.g. East Asia, Mexico, Morocco etc. Their significance cannot be undermined because of the location-specific advantages and infrastructure facilities possessed by them.

The Impact of Regional FTA on Export of Manufactured Goods: The Implementation of Gravity Model in Indonesia

Indonesian exports have not shown their best performance since Indonesian exports are still based on raw commodities, not manufactured commodities, causing Indonesia to experience a negative trade balance. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of the six regional FTAs applied in Indonesia and related trade factors on Indonesian exports of manufactured goods with 40 partner countries using gravity model during 2002-2019 as a means of evaluation. The result indicates that the regional FTA has positive impact on Indonesian exports of manufactured goods. It also indicates that the regional FTA only causes trade creation effect. Furthermore, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of two countries, economic distance, trade openness and the effective real exchange rate of partner countries significantly affect Indonesian exports of manufactured goods. Thus, it can be concluded that regional FTAs in both countries along with economic growth of Indonesia and partner countries, economic distance, trade openness and real effective exchange rate of partner countries are advantageous for Indonesian trade policy to increase the exports of manufactured goods.

Estimated Export Demand and Supply Functions for Pakistan: A Disaggregated Analysis

This study estimates the impact of demand and supply side factors on the export performance of Pakistan. Using unrestricted autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the period 1971 to 2015, the study analyzes export performance using data both at aggregate and disaggregate levels. The study finds, firstly, that exports are elastic to changes in world income and relative export price at the aggregate level. Secondly, at a disaggregate level, only exports of manufactured goods, leather and cotton cloth are elastic with respect to world income. Similarly, demand for all export categories is inelastic to changes in relative export price. On the supply side, exports at both aggregate and disaggregate levels are significantly elastic to changes in domestic production capacity and relative price. The study concludes that demand and supply side factors are equally important in explaining the export behavior at the aggregate level, whereas at a disaggregated level, the supply side factors exercise relatively high impact on export performance.

DETERMINANTS OF MANUFACTURED GOODS EXPORTED FROM PAKISTAN

This study determined the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) along with other factors on exports of manufactured goods in Pakistan. The study employed time series data from 1990 to 2010. We applied ARDL approach to estimate the determinants of manufactured goods exported from Pakistan. Results showed that FDI, agriculture value added and technology have positive and significant impact on manufactured exports of Pakistan, while real effective exchange rate showed in negative and significant impact on manufactured exports from Pakistan. So, better environment for attracting FDI, investing in agriculture, value addition and introducing the latest technology in the country would further improve the exports of manufactured goods from the country.