Export Orders Research Articles

International Trade and Export

The aim of the present study is to examine the foundations and principles of international trade and export. The research method is descriptive-analytical and uses library resources. Exporting causes economic growth by increasing the skilled labor force and technology in the domestic market. Therefore, exporting is considered as a tool for economies of scale that lead to improved efficiency and productivity in the long run. Since the success of a company in exporting can be evaluated by its export performance, identifying the factors affecting exports in order to increase export performance is more important than ever. Given the importance of this issue, exports and international relations have always had a special place for countries. However, achieving a high level of performance in the field of exports is a major challenge due to reasons such as physical route, cultural differences between independent business partners and different competitive situations. Exporting will lead to product and market development and, as a result, profitability for firms. Exporting may help a firm to achieve the effects of the experience curve and economic position in its home country. Ownership advantages include the firm’s assets, international experience, and the ability to develop low-cost or differentiated products. Locational advantages of a particular market are a combination of costs, market potential, and investment risk. Internationalization advantages are the advantages of maintaining core competencies within the firm and building them into the value chain rather than licensing, outsourcing, or selling them.

Особенности функционирования зернопродуктового подкомплекса АПК России и условия его развития

The article defines the role of the grain-product subcomplex of the agroindustrial complex of Russia in ensuring the country's food security. The features of the functioning and development of the Russian grain product subcomplex in modern realities are outlined. It is noted that geopolitical tensions, economic sanctions and changes in the global food market situation are forcing Russia to look for new opportunities to sell agricultural products. The expediency of reorienting exports to developing countries in Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia, as well as the need for a large-scale restructuring of export activities, is substantiated. The need for the development of a holistic scientifically based strategy for the development of Russian agricultural exports in order to improve the quality of strategic planning and management, as well as to ensure consistency of strategies at various levels (regional and municipal) is substantiated.

Navigating the complexities of export order processing: challenges for Indian agri exporters

PurposeThe study aims to identify the major challenges encountered by Indian exporters of agricultural products in the course of fulfilling export orders.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the objectives, a questionnaire and interview method are used to gather data from a randomly selected sample of 300 agri-exporters in Haryana, India. The study categorizes the various perceived constraints into problem variables or factors using factor analysis. Then, the aggregated scales are regressed against predictors, to validate the proposed hypotheses.FindingsThe results demonstrate that the broad challenges faced by agri-exporters of India are related to logistics, technological and quality assurance, financial, supply-chain bottlenecks and customs-related documentation. Furthermore, the findings confirm that the predictors have a significant effect on the identified constraints. Notably, the export experience emerged as the most influential variable contributing to overcome the challenges faced by Indian agri-exporters.Research limitations/implicationsThe study’s exclusive focus on the exporter’s perspective limits a comprehensive understanding. Incorporating data from logistics providers, customs agents and financial institutions could offer a more holistic view of the challenges.Originality/valueThe study offers new insights and contributes to the existing knowledge base by presenting a comprehensive analysis of the challenges faced by exporters and modeling them.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AGRI-FOOD SECTOR’S EXPORTS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF INNOVATIVE COUNTRIES AND THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Export promotion is used as an effective development strategy for many countries, while innovations and technologies have a major impact on the overall value and structure of exports. Exports, especially of agricultural products, have a special and greater importance for the economic development of developing countries, compared to developed countries. The subject of research in this paper is the export of the agri-food sector of the Republic of Serbia in relation to economically developed and innovative countries, and the aim of this research is to indicate the impact of the export of this sector on economic development. The OLS panel regression showed a positive impact of both the agri-food and the whole agribusiness sector on economic and sustainable development, thus confirming the research hypotheses. The Republic of Serbia and developing countries should follow the development strategies of innovative and economically developed countries. This means changing the structure and diversifying exports in order to increase the added value of products and their competitiveness on the international market. The way to achieve this is to introduce innovations in the production process and to increase productivity, which will increase the degree of processing of primary agricultural products, and create a precondition for structural transformation from primary to other sectors and economic development of countries.

Exportação de nutrientes em cultivares de maracujazeiro-azedo irrigado com água salina e biofertilizante de esterco bovino

ABSTRACT Nutrient export analysis is a reliable parameter to help sour passion fruit producers in the recommendation of fertilization and replacement nutrients to plants. Among the factors that can reduce export of nutrients to the fruits of sour passion fruit, the low-quality genetic material, inadequate supply of nutrients to the plants, and irrigation with saline water are the most limiting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the liquid cattle manure biofertilizer in the soil on the export of nutrients by the harvest of fruits of sour passion fruit cultivars irrigated with moderately saline water. The experiment was conducted in Nova Floresta, Paraíba, Brazil, in a randomized block design and in a 3 × 5 factorial scheme, with three replicates and three plants per plot, referring to three cultivars (‘Guinezinho’, ‘BRS SC1’, and ‘BRS GA1’) and five concentrations of biofertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%), applied monthly in a constant volume of 5 L per plant with water of 1.2 dS m-1. Liquid cattle manure biofertilizer should be applied at concentration of 40%, as it promotes an increase in the export of phosphorus, potassium, and copper to the fruits. ‘Guinezinho’ and ‘BRS GA1’ were the sour passion fruit cultivars that showed the highest export of nutrients by fruits. Nitrogen and copper were, respectively, the most and least exported elements to fruits of sour passion fruit, in the following order of export: [N > K > Ca > Mg > P] > [Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu].

Resilience components of the supply chain in the apparel sector of Pakistan throughout COVID-19

This study examines the significant impact of COVID-19 on Pakistan's apparel industry, which has faced severe challenges due to global supply chain disruptions and the cancellation of $2.1 billion in export orders by major international buyers. As a key contributor to Pakistan's economy and a major source of employment, especially for women, the apparel sector has been severely strained, with brands like H&M and Walmart reducing business. This has led to factory closures and widespread job losses. Using an explanatory research design and deductive approach, the study focuses on supply chain resilience in the garment sector during the pandemic. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire targeting HR and administrative personnel familiar with company policies and strategies. A sample of 150 respondents was surveyed to assess vulnerabilities, operational sustainability, capabilities, and supply chain resilience. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 26), supported by data from newspapers, online sources, and observations. A pilot study confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. The study highlights the need for greater collaboration among governments, international buyers, and textile organizations to support the industry during crises. It also identifies the health risks faced by workers and emphasizes the importance of policy measures such as stronger labor protections and continued government support. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and industry leaders to enhance resilience and sustainability in the global garment industry.

The Impact of Global Economic Policy on Corporate Internationalization Pathways: A Comprehensive Analysis of Trade Agreements, Exchange Rate Fluctuations, and Import-Export Restrictions

This article outlines the effects of global economic policy on corporate internationalization, with an emphasis on trade agreements, exchange rates and import-export controls. In using a representative sample of MNCs in multiple industries, this paper employs a quantitative framework to investigate how such policy considerations influence firms market entry decisions and use of resources. Findings show that trade agreements tend to make it extremely tempting for firms to use high-capital entry channels like FDI, by minimising tariffs and standardizing rules. Conversely, exchange rate volatility pushes firms towards low-capital activities such as exports in order to offset currency risks. Additionally, strict import-export regulations force firms to respond by manufacturing in-house or domestically sourcing inputs, thereby altering competitive positioning. These studies offer useful insight into the complicated connection between global economic policy and international business practices and the need for flexible financial models to deal with changing policy environments.

SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES IN PRC UNDER CRISIS

The research examines the effects of the ongoing global crisis on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). It emphasizes the underlying causes and the resultant challenges stemming from the contraction of export markets, which include diminished export orders, escalating operational costs, reduced productivity, an increase in business closures, a significant rise in unemployment, eroded investment confidence, disrupted funding channels, and limited resources. Furthermore, the paper provides an initial evaluation of the countermeasures implemented by the PRC government, particularly its support initiatives for SMEs, while also addressing the challenges encountered in the execution of these policies. The research offers policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the growth of SMEs, proposing relevant strategies such as tax reductions for SMEs, the enhancement of service frameworks, and the fortification of self-development mechanisms within these enterprises.

Examining the e-cigarette scenario based on distribution, availability, marketing, and banning: A GIS-Based qualitative study in Bangladesh.

Globally, over 81 million people use e-cigarettes, and the majority of them are young adults. Using e-cigarettes causes different types of adverse health effects both in adults and elderly people. Over time, using e-cigarettes has detrimental consequences on lung function, brain development and numerous other illnesses. This study employed a mixed-methods conducted between June and September 2023, comprising two phases: Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping of available e-cigarette point-of-sale (POS) locations and conducting 15 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with e-cigarette retailers, along with 5 key informant interviews (KIIs) involving tobacco control activists and policy experts. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis, creating distribution and type maps, and buffer and multi-buffer ring analyses were conducted to assess proximity to hospitals and academic institutions. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics for GIS mapping and qualitative analysis for interview transcripts, utilizing a priori codebook and thematic analysis. A total of 276 POS were mapped in the entire Dhaka city. About 55 POS were found within 100m distance from academic institutions in Dhaka city, which offers the easy accessibility of young generations to e-cigarettes. The younger generation is becoming the major target for e-cigarettes because of their alluring flavors, appealing looks, and variation in flavors. Sellers have been using different marketing tactics such as postering, offering discounts and using internet marketing on social media. Moreover, they try to convince the customers by saying that e-cigarettes are 'not harmful' or 'less harmful'. However, retailers were mostly taking e-cigarettes from local wholesalers or distributors. Customers buy these products both from in-store and online services. Due to the absence of laws and regulations on e-cigarettes in Bangladesh, the availability, marketing, and selling of e-cigarettes are increasing alarmingly. E-cigarette retail shops are mostly surrounded by academic institutions, and it is expanding. Besides, frequent exposure, easy accessibility, and tactful promotion encourage the younger generations to consume e-cigarettes. The government should take necessary control measures on manufacturing, storage, advertising, promotion, sponsorship, marketing, distribution, sale, import, and export in order to safeguard the health and safety of young and future generations.

Examining the confluence of climate change and conflicts on agricultural and livestock exports in Somalia

Climate-induced extreme weather events and conflicts are jointly contributing to disruptions in agricultural supply chains and destabilizing global food trade. Since the literature has identified that variations in climatic conditions hamper farming and animal raising, it is necessary to explore the consequences of climate change on crop and livestock exports in order to implement policies that mitigate the exposure and enhance exports. In this context, this study aims to examine the confluence of climate change and conflicts—internal and external—on agricultural and livestock exports in Somalia during 1985–2017. The evidence from the cointegration analysis verified the presence of a consistent long-run cointegration between the variables. The empirical results of the ARDL approach indicate that average rainfall enhances agricultural and livestock exports in Somalia in the short-run and long-run, while mean temperature particularly hampers agricultural exports in the long-run. Despite livestock production was found to be statistically insignificant, crop production positively contributes to agricultural exports. In addition, increases in rural population enhance both export categories in the short-run and long-run. A striking finding from the study indicates that internal and external conflicts decrease crop and animal exports in the long-run, although the coefficients of external conflicts were statistically insignificant. The long-run findings were validated using the FMOLS cointegration approach. Moreover, the causality findings demonstrate a unidirectional causality from agricultural exports to precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and internal conflicts. Furthermore, the study shows that agricultural labor Granger causes farm and livestock exports. To this end, this study recommends policymakers promote product diversification, foster sustainable land management practices, facilitate market access, and invest in resilient farming systems.

INFLUENCE OF FIRM AND MARKET CHARACTERISTICS ON EXPORT PROFIT OF AUTO COMPONENT INDUSTRY

Exports contribute to the economic development of a country and provide a competitive edge for business organizations in the global market in earning foreign exchange. For the development of a nation, increasing export sales volume is important as it reduces the international trade gap and enhances employment and production and also facilitates the overall development of the country. The main objectives of the study are to find out the influence of firm characteristics and marketing characteristics on export profit in the auto component industry. The target respondents for the survey were the managers who have occupied the positions of export in-charge, export manager, or vice president of marketing. For this purpose, a structured questionnaire was issued to fill the data. The interaction was made with senior-level people who have knowledge about export operations. This survey was implemented by personal visits to auto component manufacturing firms. The total number of auto component companies operating in India is 647, with these firms being members of ACMA (Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India). Of these companies, 146 auto component companies are located in South India, of which 119 companies are component-exporting companies and are actively involved in both export and domestic business out of which, 92 companies have responded. Linear regression was used as a statistical tool for the analysis purpose. The results found that firm age, firm’s export experience, firm’s total employees, number of innovations, number of employees deputed for export, export sales, share of outsource in export orders, number of quality certifications, number of foreign customers, and firm’s total sales have found significant influence on export profit of auto component manufacturers in South India.

Combined modelling of production of merchantable phosphoric ores using parallel processors and their transportation by pipeline

Combined modelling of production of merchantable phosphoric ores using parallel processors and their transportation by pipeline

The potential of China's tea trade and how it affects China's economic growth

Tea is an essential commodity for China's agriculture trade, which faces fierce competition in the global tea trade. The export share of tea in China has a smaller proportion than other products, which means that it can influence on the economic growth or otherwise. This study aims to examine the potential destination countries for China's tea trade in the international market and its impact on economic growth. In this study, the panel-based gravity model was applied by identifying the potential destination countries for tea by using data of bilateral trade between China and 78 importing countries from 2010 to 2020. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) from 1991 to 2020 was used to evaluate the effect of China's tea export on economic growth. The result confirmed that 39 countries were identified as a potential destination for China's tea trade. A positive and significant effect of the tea trade on the country's economic growth in the long and short run was also found, particularly through export activity. China needs to increase the production of tea and to establish relations with the identified potential destination countries for tea exports in order to achieve a higher level of economic growth.

Ransys Partners Ltd: digitalizing supply chain

Learning outcomes The case depicts an opportunity for undergraduate and postgraduate students to be exposed to the basic digitization of supply chain management, technology adoption, change management and cost-benefit analysis concepts. The study aims to encourage them to use the data given in the case and exhibits to compare and contrast physical and digital supply chains (SC); design the digitized version of the traditional SC; examine the nitty-gritty of technology adoption in the SC context; develop the change management plans for the successful adoption and implementation of SC digitization; design the risk register and Explore the business process management; and conduct the return on investment analysis. Case overview/synopsis Amber Yen, Chief Operating Officer Apparel Sourcing at Ransys Partners Ltd (RSL), was presented with the task of reducing physical sample production cost and time without impeding order pipeline. RSL was experiencing significant capacity constrain during the COVID-19 crisis, failing to deliver physical samples to international brands. To win large export orders, RSL had to adopt a new innovative way to reduce the sample approval process while meeting customer requirements. Ms Yen wanted to convert the entire sample approval process into a digital mode. She was facing multiple challenges related to the design, implementation and adoption of the digital sample approval process to coordinate the entire SC. She had limited time and was grappling with other impending constraints such as increasing cost, intense competition, demanding customers, shortage of labor due to COVID-19, reducing the bottom line. It was her time to test the idiom “necessity is the mother of innovation”. Complexity academic level The target audience for this case is management or business school students. This case can be used to teach digitization of SC, operations management, organization behavior, digitization of enterprises, IT for business, new service development, supplier management technology adoption, and change management in management or business schools. Supplementary material Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 9: Operations and Logistics.

Taiwan’s Electricity Demand Under the COVID-19 and Supply Chain Disruption

ABSTRACT Our research aims to find the alteration in electricity consumption during supply chain disturbance following the COVID-19 pandemic, while seeking to elucidate the island-wide power blackout in Taiwan in May 2021. The inquiries addressed are as follows: initially, the income elasticity of electricity consumption decreases over time. We present evidence indicating a decoupling between electricity consumption and GDP, linked to higher overseas production ratio of export orders being produced. Secondly, as a result of the supply chain disruption, the income elasticity of electricity consumption escalates, and Taiwan experiences GDP growth. Electricity consumption increases rise through both channels. Lastly, utilizing a nonlinear model for prediction yields more accurate projections, potentially averting power outages.

The impact of COVID 19 pandemic on marine fisheries sector: A case study from Andhra Pradesh, India

This study discusses the impact of first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine fisheries sector of Andhra Pradesh, India, covering the aspects of active fishing days, perception on reduction or enhancement of demand for fish, trends in price realisation, challenges encountered in marketing the fish, perceptions on government interventions as well as changes in socio-behavioural issues. The study was conducted during the period from June to September 2021, among a sample of 152 stakeholders involved in fishing and allied activities from Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Krishna districts in Andhra Pradesh. Average number of active fishing days in a month was found to be 11.44 during the first wave and 15.10 during the second wave periods. Nearly three-fourth of the respondents (73.68%) perceived that there was reduction in demand for fish during the first wave of the pandemic, and it was to the tune of 40%. Reduction in the daily earnings was reported to the tune of 37.09%. The challenges encountered in marketing the fish were, getting export orders, access to market, availability of storage, transportation and logistics. Peer interaction, time spent with family members and time spent in social media were higher than usual during both waves of the pandemic. Changes or disruptions in usual marketing channels were reported during both the periods. Satisfied perception was expressed on government interventions such as ration, timely advisories, health care and sanitary measures. A few positive impacts on fisheries observed during the pandemic were product innovations, new distribution channels such as online marketing, e-commerce and home deliveries, shortening of supply chains including elimination of auction at fishing harbour, lowering of ocean pollution as well as government reforms. From the results of the study, we propose socio-economic interventions to be taken up by concerned governments for ensuring that the impact of the pandemic is mitigated and also that any future pandemic can have minimal impacts on the fishing community. Keywords: Export market, Livelihood, Lockdown, Nutritional security, Policy interventions, Socio-behavioural issues, Supply chains

Buyers’ Sourcing Strategies and Suppliers’ Markups in Bangladeshi Garments

AbstractWe study differences in markups earned by Bangladeshi garment exporters across buyers with different sourcing strategies and make three contributions. First, we distinguish buyers with a relational versus a spot sourcing strategy and show that a buyer’s sourcing strategy is correlated across products and origins. Buyer fixed effects explain most of the variation in sourcing strategies, suggesting that these depend on organizational capabilities. Second, we use novel data that match quantities and prices of the two main variable inputs in the production of garments (fabric and labor on sewing lines) to specific export orders. We derive conditions under which these data allow measurement of within exporter-product-time differences in markups across orders produced for different buyers. Third, we show that exporters earn higher markups on otherwise identical orders produced for relational, as opposed to spot, buyers. A sourcing model with imperfect contract enforcement, idiosyncratic shocks to exporters, and buyers that adopt different sourcing strategies trading off higher prices and reliable supply rationalizes this and other observed facts in the industry. We discuss alternative explanations and policy implications.

Трансформация внешней политики ЕС как центра полицентричного мира в период украинского кризиса

The article examines the principles and directions of EU foreign policy, which have become particularly important in connection with the events of the so-called Ukrainian crisis. The purpose of this study is to identify the features that most clearly manifested themselves in European foreign policy during these events. The author of the article uses structural-realistic approach. The article draws following conclusions. Firstly, it emphasizes the high degree of homogeneity of the collective West. Secondly, it is important that the EU simultaneously seeks to use the traditional 'pillar' of its security in the form of NATO and to lay the foundations for its future greater strategic independence. The next important conclusion of the study is that the EU seeks to consolidate its structural role in the collective West as a pillar of soft power, while strengthening its «hard» potential, and through this combination of roles, to participate with the United States in influencing the dynamics of «soft multipolarity» of the world order, deepening its activity in promoting European norms outward. Finally, a significant topic is the change in the nature of the export of EU norms outward: the EU has to streamline and structure these exports in order to guarantee future development until its own «hard» structural transformation is secured.

INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT POLICY IN MAINTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OF MARINE BIOTA THROUGH THE EXPORT PROHIBITION OF LOBSTER SHRIMP SEED

The Indonesian government prohibits the export of Lobster seeds through the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 17/PERMEN-KP/2021 where lobster shrimp seeds are prohibited for export in order to preserve the environment for marine biota in Indonesia, this is related to the decreasing population of Lobster Shrimp in the wild caused by the capture of Lobster Shrimp seeds that are not properly controlled. This research is included in normative legal research using data contained in laws and regulations related to the protection of the environment, especially the problem of environmental protection of marine biota in Indonesia in terms of controlling the lobster shrimp population. The discussion of this research uses a qualitative method, namely by discussing from a legal perspective the background in which the regulation was issued, by comparing the opinions of experts in the environmental field. The results of this study show how important the export ban on lobster seeds is in order to preserve the environment for marine life and control the capture of lobster shrimp seeds so that they do not become extinct in the future, thus it is hoped that the preservation of marine life can be passed on to future generations.

Jamshed Jiji Irani (1936 –2022)

Dr. Jamshed Jiji Irani passed away on 31.10.2022 at the Tata Main Hospital in Jamshedpur. He was 86 and was ailing for some time. In fact, Dr. Irani had received severe internal injuries as he slipped in February, 2021, in the bathroom at his house near Beldih Golf Course in Jamshedpur. He was rushed to the Tata Main Hospital, where he was treated and discharged, but did not fully recover thereafter. Dr. Irani is survived by wife Daisy Irani and three children Zubin, Niloufer, and Tanaaz. Dr. Irani had a close Nagpur connect, as he was born here and had his education upto the post graduation level in the Orange City. Starting his school education in SFS School, he did B.Sc. from College of Science (now Institute of Science) in 1956 and post graduation in geology from the Nagpur University, P. G. Department of Geology in 1958. He decided to switch over to metallurgy and was awarded the J. N. Tata fellowship to study abroad. Dr. Irani earned his master's in 1960 and doctorate in 1963 in metallurgy from the University of Sheffield, U.K.. After a stint with British Iron and Steel Research Association, U. K., he returned to India in 1968 and started his innings with Tata Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. (TISCO), now Tata Steel. He soon rose to higher ranks, getting promoted to the post of Managing Director in 1992. Dr. Irani took over as MD from the high profile Mr. Russi Mody. Soon after, Dr. Irani took steps to make his company's steel prices competitive for the world market and bagged export orders. At this time Tata's steel prices were the lowest in the world. His position as the Head of Tata Steel and his apt handling of the company earned him the title "Steel Man of India" who reinvented Tata Steel. He took giant steps to enable local entrepreneurs around Jamshedpur develop their skills and become suppliers to the Tata companies, including Tata Motors, Jamshedpur. With his initiative, Jamshedpur soon became a hub for ancillary suppliers. With Dr. Irani at the helm of affairs, a new work culture of 8-hour shifts began at Tata Steel. He was elevated as Director, Tata Sons, a post that he held till 2011, along with boardroom posts in other Tata companies including Tata Motors and Tata Tele Services. Dr. Irani continued to remain on the Tata Steel board as Director till 2011. Dr. Irani was conferred an honorary knighthood (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 1997. He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 2007 from Government of India. In 2004, the government appointed him as the Chairman of the Expert Committee for formulation of the new Indian Companies Act. He also held the post of National President of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) during 1992-93. Dr. Irani was always a cricketer till his last years and also an avid stamp and coin collector. The leader and great visionary retired from all the posts of Tata companies in 2011, settling down at Jamshedpur to lead a peaceful life. Dr. Irani maintained a deep connect with the Gondwana Geological Society and his moral and philanthropic support always came by, whenever requested for. Our Society is extremely grateful to Dr. Irani for his encouragement and support and has sadly lost one of its most esteemed members. We deeply condole the passing away of Dr. Irani.