Export Of High-tech Products Research Articles

Efektywność wydatków na badania i rozwój w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej na tle średniej unijnej

The aim of this article is assess the effectiveness of expenditure of the Visegrad Group countries on research and development in comparison to the average for EU countries. It will be formulated with indicators showing the amount of exports of high-tech products, the number of patent applications and the number of citations of scientific publications per volume of expenditure. The Eurostat and Scimago Journal & Country Rank databases were used to structure the indicators, and the time scope of the analysis covers the years 2000–2016 and depends on the availability of data. Research and development are important for developing countries due to the technological gap that separates them from highly developed countries and the threat of the middle-income trap. The countries of the Visegrad Group joining the European Union have adopted common rules for shaping economic policy. An important part of it is the innovation policy, which aim is developing the research sphere. Data showing R&D spending as a % of GDP show that V4 countries achieve a lower than the EU average and a 3% level of expenditure assumed in the Horizon 2020 programme. Based on the analysis of effectiveness indicators, it can be stated that in the case of high-tech exports and the number of citations of scientific publications, the Visegrad Group countries achieve higher than average EU effectiveness, while in the case of the number of patent applications they are characterized by lower effectiveness.

The silk road economic belt: balance of interests

The article makes an analogy between the Great Silk Road and the modern Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, also known as ‘One Belt, One Road’ [OBOR]) of China in the context of their significance for the development of international trade, as well as the Central Asian region. The historical role of the Silk Road is considered from the viewpoint of mutual benefit of states along the trade route. The authors consider the concept as the co-development of states, suggested by China within the framework of the BRI, which involves international cooperation on the basis of mutual benefits for all participants, promotion of economic growth and welfare, development of modern infrastructure through joint investments. An attempt is made to assess the interests of Central Asian countries in the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) projects. Common interests include construction of modern road infrastructure, exploration and extraction of mineral deposits, transportation of energy resources, establishment of logistics and industrial zones. There is an increase in the transit role of the Central Asian countries within the framework of the BRI, as well an increase in investments from China. The countries along SREB are concerned about potential threats of the inflow of Chinese labour, the use of technologies that can cause environmental problems, the loss of control over strategic assets, and general growth of financial dependence on China. The article analyses Russia’s perception of the Chinese initiative. It is concluded that the main mutual interest of the two countries is opposing the US’s attempts to establish a dominating role in the region and thus ensuring the security of the transport system through the institutions of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). The authors reveal a trend of changing the role of Russia as the main transit corridor for Chinese goods exported to Europe and European ones imported to China. The key long-term economic interests of China implementing the BRI have been identified: expansion of foreign markets, access to critical resources in the countries of Central Asia, export of capital, transfer of production abroad, increased exports of high-tech products and services, expansion of the RMB currency area and initiation of structural changes in the global management system. The assessment of China’s initiative by the US and Europe is given as a claim to economic leadership and the struggle to balance the country’s geopolitical position with its economic strength. The authors identify the areas of mutual and opposing interests of some European countries and China. It is concluded that, despite high risks and existing threats, the projects of the BRI can be implemented successfully that achieve the balance of interests and long-term mutual benefits of the countries involved.

Some Effects of Intellectual Property Protection on National Economies: Theoretical and Econometric Study

This paper aims to theoretically derive and afterwards econometrically assess the impact of intellectual property protection (IPP) on national economies. The authors’ main hypothesis is that by creating a form of non-market protection, IPP limits free competition and has no positive effects on national economies and the world economy in general. The hypothesis is tested through estimation of relationship between charges for the use of intellectual property and 1) gross domestic product, 2) GDP growth, 3) unemployment, 4) exports of high-tech products, 5) FDI outflow, and 6) expenses on research and development in a panel dataset of 146 countries in years 2005–2014 based Arellano-Bond estimator for dynamic panel models. The data tells us that changes in these charges have not a significant impact on the studied indicators, which counts against claims of positive impact of IPP on economies and growth.

An Empirical Investigation on Internalization of Technology Transfer in Turkey

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of technology transfer channels on internalization of technology in Turkey. For this purpose, standart granger causality test based on the vector error correction model (VECM) and the generalized impulse response function (GIRF) are conducted by using data over the period from 1978 to 2015. In this study, the increase in high-tech products exports represents the internalization of technology. Because countries that transfer technology through different channels will be able to produce and export more high tech products based on technological knowledge if they learn and internalizate the transferred technology.The variables of foreign direct investment and import of high-tech products imports indicate technology transfer channels. According to the estimation results, there is long-term causality from high-tech product import and foreign direct investment inflow to high-tech products export. But the GIRF results show that they have negative effect on it. These findings suggest that Turkey can not internalize the technology transfer. It stem from fact that the technological capacity is insufficient to internalize the technology in Turkey. Therefore, Turkey should develop strategies and policies to improve their technological capabilities.

Prospects for trade in high-tech products between Ukraine and Japan, The People's Republic of China and The Republic of Korea in the conditions of the new industrial revolution

Introduction. Today in the context of the deployment of the fourth industrial revolution for developing countries (such as Ukraine) the problem of preserving and increasing exports of high-tech products in the conditions of curtailment of production is exacerbated. The question of determining the prospects for the development of trade in high-tech products between Ukraine and the Asian countries-leaders by 2020is extremely relevant. Materials and Methods. Methods of statistics, morphological and logical analysis, comparative studies, and correlation-regression analysis have been used for the purpose of research. Results.As result of the study, it has been established that Ukraine has comparative advantages in trade with Japan, China and the Republic of Korea in such groups of goods as air floats and spacecraft, as well as medical equipment and optical instruments. On basis of correlation-regression analysis, relationships between factors were identified and regressive models of foreign trade of high-tech goods of the studied countries were constructed. Recommendations for increasing the efficiency of trade in high-tech goods of Ukraine with Japan, China and the Republic of Korea are developed. Conclusion.For increase Ukraine's high-tech exports to leading Asian countries - technological leaders, it is expedient to implement the following measures: (1) state support and encouragement of private and state-owned enterprises to high-tech production; (2) creation of "technological infrastructure" by adapting education to the current needs of production, developing industrial clusters, etc.; (3) increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian high-tech exports, especially those sectors where comparative advantages were found; (4) searching for opportunities to enter new markets.

ANALISIS MIDDLE INCOME TRAP DI INDONESIA

This paper aims to analyze middle income trap in Indonesia where per capita income is the main indicator in determining whether a country is included in the middle income category or not. By looking at the effect of high technology products , education level, direct investment and dependent ratio on per capita income in Indonesia. The results of this model use the ordinary least square method, which shows that the export of high-tech products has a positive and significant effect on per capita income, the level of education has a positive and significant effect on per capita income, direct investment has a negative and significant effect on per capita income, the ratio has a positive and significant effect. income per capita and high-tech product exports, level of education, direct investment, and the ratio have a significant effect on income per capita in Indonesia.

Reasons, trends and problems of international high-tech projects

The article considers the main reasons for the countries’ participation in international high-tech projects. It is shown that till now the experts’ dispute about the terms «high-tech», «innovative», «scienceintensive» products classifying has not abated. The article suggests classification criteria for these products, and marks signs of high-tech projects. It is shown that after a high-tech exports increase in 2000, the share of high-tech products fluctuated in the recent years at the level of 17–18.5 % and despite the decrease in economic growth rates, in demand and in the volume of international trade in virtually all countries, any long trend of decline or growth of this indicator in the ten-year period was not observed. Trends of economic development, the level of national economies competitiveness are analyzed. While analyzing data concerning the 39 developed countries a heterogeneity in terms of R & D funding, investment volumes and exports of high-tech products is shown. In spite of stagnation, the trend to develop high-tech industries and search for new sources and models for financing high-tech products remains. An important area of international cooperation is the participation in international high-tech projects complicated by economic sanctions against Russia. To realize the effective participation of Russia in international hightech projects it is important to choose right partners, investment mechanisms and instruments of investment activity, to locate intangible assets, and to optimize the available sources of investment financing.

Double Measurement of Foreign Trade Comparative Advantage in Sino-US High-tech Industry Under Intra-product Specialization

Since China developed technology, its exports of high-tech products increased rapidly. Whether trade comparative advantage in China is reversal? Is export structure optimized? This paper measure the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of technology of China and the U.S., and measure the export domestic added value comparative advantage (AVCA) based on non-competitive input-output model. The results show that China’s RCA has increased except special industries; the RCA exceed the U.S. in some technical industries; while the domestic value added coefficients are always less than American; compared with the U.S., RCA of different technologies after adjustments has decreased significantly in China

The russian еconomy in 2015–2017

В статье представлены основные итоги социально-экономического развития России в2015 году и за семь месяцев 2016 года. Дана аналитическая оценка изменений макроэкономических показателей на ближайшие три года. Основное внимание уделено проблемным вопросам развития реального сектора экономики, роста промышленного производства, стимулирования спроса на продукцию и услуги отраслей национальной экономики, инвестиционной активности, разработки и реализации федерального бюджета, состояния социальной сферы. Сопоставлена динамика показателей российской экономики с мировыми трендами. Намечены пути преодоления отставания в технологическом уровне производства, в том числе за счет привлечения частных и зарубежных инвестиций, а также повышения эффективности капитальных вложений и экспорта высокотехнологичной продукции как ключевых факторов обеспечения устойчивого экономического роста. Проанализированы причины падения объемов кредитования нефинансовых организаций и роста задолженности населения банкам по кредитам. Отмечены недостатки действующей системы управления социально-экономическим развитием и особенно бюджетирования и прогнозирования. Предложены меры по преодолению негативных явлений, препятствующих выходу из глубокого структурного кризиса, в котором находится реальный сектор экономики и социальная сфера. Дана оценка качества антикризисных мер по обеспечению стабильного развития экономики, государственных прогнозов и бюджетных проектировок. Проанализированы результаты воздействия зарубежных санкций и российских контрсанкций, а также влияния цен на энергоресурсы, курса национальной валюты, инфляционных ожиданий на социально-экономическое развитие. Определены важнейшие факторы, способствующие макроэкономическому развитию экономики. Большое внимание уделено проблемам разработки и реализации системы стратегического планирования.

Optimization of High-Tech Products Export Program in Terms of Resource and Time Constraints

Background/Objectives: The article discusses the conflict between the satisfaction of domestic demands and the export product supply in conditions of limited production capacities of high-technology enterprises. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Economic and mathematical modeling has been applied to objectively determine the conditions of the proposed dynamic strategy application and assess its effectiveness. The optimality criterion is considered to be the total volume of high-tech products supply to the domestic market for the planned period. Findings: The authors have built a dynamic model of a high-tech enterprise or industry, the production of which is distributed between the export and the domestic market supply. The dynamic problem of optimal production distribution between the internal and external markets has been solved. The authors have substantiated the structure of the optimal dynamic export strategy: first of all, the priority shall be given to the product export in order to increase capacity, and at a certain point it is necessary to focus the attention on the preferential satisfaction of the domestic market. The conditions for the effective implementation of this strategy have been determined; the authors have proposed the method of assessing benefit from its use ensuring a potentially attainable growth in high-tech products supply for domestic customers for the planned period. The dependence of the benefit from exchange rate changes, duration of the planning period and from the minimum acceptable volume of supplies to the domestic and foreign markets has been studied. Application/Improvements: In conditions of investment resources deficit and depreciation of the domestic currency, it is expedient to give preference to export supplies, which will quickly increase the production capacity of enterprises.

YENİLİKÇİLİK VE TEKNOCOĞRAFYA İLİŞKİSİ

Constantly changing and evolving technology is seen as an important factor in terms of higher living standards. However technology producing countries (especially high tech products) with countries using this technology varies as levels of development. The innovation and reinnovation is observed as the most important element of global competition. In this sense, the industrial countries are now described as the industrial society and today this country information society are also called, became the head of the country drew significant technological progress. Developing countries are increasing the investment R&D in innovative may be in the name in order to get more competitive in the global market are trying to capturing a new vision of competition. In this context, companies are the most important players in the national innovation purpose. Companies are able to internalize the innovation, entrepreneurial spirit they may have, has great importance in terms of reinnovation and competitive advantage can only be owned in this way. The geography of technology can be reshaped that by the center (production) of information and competitive market. The study emphasizes the importance of innovation in the global competition. In this context, emergence of origin of forming industrial society-information society, innovation and firms role of innovation and as a reflection of these cases were referred to the relationship between the companies Technogeography. High tech products export of some developed and developing countries are taken as a data for innovation capacity. According to western countries are described as industrial society-information society and since the 1980s, the high growth rate capturing East Asia (Asian Tigers) countries are standing at an important place in terms of innovation and competitiveness. Innovative capability provides a major contribution to the national economy has been successfully realized in the data of these countries.

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL IN THE SPHERE OF HIGH-TECH MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

The presented research topic is particularly relevant due to the high value and the need to strengthen fi nancial control for the development of the military-industrial complex (MIC), to ensure the country's economic security, preservation and development of scientifi c and technical potential. The urgency of acquiring those aspects of economic relations which are connected with the supply the export of high-tech military products in a limited budget funding State should have levers of infl uence on the functioning of the military-industrial complex, the ability to pursue an independent foreign military-technical policy. In the new economic conditions, it became necessary to address the problems of fi nancial security of the defense-industrial complex, in order to strengthen the independence and security of Russia, as well as the need to give priority nature of the measures of state control in the economy related to the implementation of the defense order, ie, in the sphere of military-industrial complex. At the present stage of economic development of Russia, the rate of growth of the national economy largely depends on what the situation is in the military-industrial complex (MIC). This is due to the fact that the defense industry is the most high-quality, high-tech economy. It concentrated the largest part of the Russian potential, the best staff of scientists and experts. Products and DIC technology widely used in other industries. The modern military-industrial complex produces a signifi cant part of civil production. DIC integration with civilian industries – it is also a technological basis for solving the basic problems currently facing the Russian economy, and, above all, the basis of the formation of a new technological basis for the development of high technology and competitive products, which determines the pace of scientifi c and technological progress and the growth of the national economy. Objectives. The aim of the paper is the development of guidelines, forms and ways to improve the effi ciency of the state fi nancial control in the sphere of military-industrial complex (MIC), as a means of providing fi nancial and defense interests of the State and the identifi cation of fi nancial resources to accelerate economic development of Russia. Methods. The methodological basis of this article are the economic and statistical analysis methods, regulatory documents in the fi eld of economic security and fi nancial controls, publications in the fi eld of economic and fi nancial security and the state fi nancial control, public analyzes in the fi eld of development of the defense-industrial complex. Results. Considering that the defense industry management will be converted, you must use the positive international economic experience to improve the eff ectiveness of state fi nancial control in the MIC. However, in the interests of the state and society to create a system of eff ective state fi nancial control of defense companies require a special approach and the following tasks: The need to determine the fi nancial content and objectives of state control in the sphere of militaryindustrial complex; The need to analyze the defense industry as a specifi c object of fi nancial control by the state in the market conditions for its implementation; Identify the features of the implementation of fi nancial control in the process of military-technical cooperation, as well as to reveal the main problems of state fi nancial control; determine the status of the organization of state fi nancial control DIC and reserves for its improvement. Implementation of eff ective state fi nancial control of the military-industrial complex, as well as the determination of the directions of its improvement in the transformation of the market economy is an objective necessity. Conclusions and Relevance. The practical signifi cance of the work lies in the orientation of the provisions of the conclusions and recommendations of the work in wide use to improve the effi ciency of state fi nancial control in the fi eld of defense and security, and the proposals contained in the article (on improvement of state fi nancial control in the MIC) may be used by the legislative and executive bodies of Russian Federation, including bodies of state fi nancial control and the Ministry of Defence, in the current activity.

Support for renewable energy in Germany as an example of effective public policy

This article aims to analyze the process of energy transformation in Germany and renewable energy state support as an example of a strategic and effective policy. Energy transition in Germany, which leads to replacement of conventional energy with renewable sources and increase of energy efficiency is a long-term project requiring a strong state intervention. This project is supported with European Union green energy policy giving favorable legal and institutional framework for green technologies development. The process of energy transformation in Germany started more than two decades ago and nowadays this economy benefits from growing number of new jobs and export of high-tech products. The article analyzes the concept of "green growth" in the EU, which is both determinant and the effect of energy transformation in Germany. It discusses support mechanisms and instruments for German green energy sector, transformation goals in that area, financing sources and the most important economic effects.

Effect of ODA on the Donor's Economy: Localization and Technological Innovation Efforts of Recipient Country and the Sectoral Differentials of Effects

Most research on Official Development Assistance (ODA) targeted the recipients, but this study examines the effect of ODA on the donor's exports to the recipient. To do this, a panel analysis was carried out with ODA and macroeconomic data on the United States and 33 other countries from 1999 to 2009. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The economic influence on the donor varies with the recipient's localization effort. (2) High-tech exports to the recipient are independent of ODA. (3) In medium-to-low-technology areas, ODA has a positive effect on exports to the recipient with low absorption efforts. (4) Both High-tech and LM-tech product exports decreases with the technological innovation efforts of recipients with high absorption efforts, while High-tech product exports only increases with that of recipients with low absorption efforts. These results indicate that a strategic approach for ODA program is more effective and useful to the donor's economy.

High-Tech Products Export Competitiveness, BRIC Countries in U.S Market: A Comparative Analysis

This paper compares the competitive advantages of high technology products export from BRIC countries to the United States using quantitative (ESI and RCA index) and qualitative analyzing of export value and distribution performance. We estimate a Varying Coefficient Model on panel data for BRIC countries from 2000 to 2010, using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimator to correct cross-sectional heteroscedasticity and serial autocorrelation. We found that BRIC countries high tech products have comparative advantages. Research and Development investment and patents are significantly positively related to the high tech export of the United State market while FDI still does not directly promote the competitiveness. The BRIC countries should learn from each other’s successful ways concerning FDI management, patent application and research regulation to achieve better and more comprehensive improvement of high tech export competitiveness.

Study on national innovation capacity and international connection

National innovation capacity plays a significant role in national technology development, and national development can be triggered by continuous innovation. Currently, as a result of globalization, countries are able to frequently interact with one other. Given this situation, it is necessary to measure the formation and effect of national innovation capacity from the perspective of international connections. In a study of 58 countries, it was found that international connections consist of foreign image, attitude toward globalization, international experience, foreign high-skilled employes and foreign investors. The capacity for international connections significantly and positively influences national innovation capacity, such as scientific research and the export of high-tech products. Studies have demonstrated the necessity of enhancing technology development by upgrading international connections. This study attempts to construct a correlation model between international connections and national innovation capacity to function as a criterion for the Taiwanese government to enhance national competitiveness.

Openness, Absorptive Capacity, and Regional Innovation in China

This paper systematically investigates the impacts of openness on regional innovation in China, especially the role of absorptive capacity in mediating the spillover effect brought about by openness. Based on provincial-level data over the period 1997–2007 and adopting patents as indicator of innovation, the empirical results show that the estimated patents–R&D elasticity is lower than that for OECD countries, while there is a significant R&D spillover effect across regions in China. Technology import overall has no significant influence on fostering innovations, but it is significantly positive for coastal regions. Openness to trade, in terms of FDI and high-tech product exports, is witnessed to exhibit a significantly positive impact on promoting regional innovation. Crucially, the effects of technology imports and FDI on innovations vary significantly between coastal and non-coastal regions. Using human capital as a proxy for absorptive capacity, we find it helps in learning external sources of knowledge and then contributes to innovations. Moreover, absorptive capacity is expected to play an important role in mediating the spillover effect brought about by openness to trade.

Strukturální charakteristika nabídkové strany české ekonomiky

This article explores development of the industrial structure of the Czech economy in the last ten years from the point of view of the gross value added and employment. It goes from the macroeconomic view at the level of the basic sectors to more detailed view focused on the individual branches. Increased attention is paid to manufacturing, which is analysed in more detailed structure. The accent is put on the labour productivity development and its main factors. The comparison is carried out in the time series, as well as within the EU member states. Besides the analysis on the level of individual sectors and industries the attention is paid to the groups of activities by technological and knowledge intensity in the manufacturing and services. In addition to industrial view the product view is applied for imports and exports of high-tech products.

ЦИКЛИЧНОСТЬ ЭКСПОРТА ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ В ИТАЛИИ

The article studies the structure of the dynamics of exports of high-tech products on the example of Italy. The article is an integral part of the study, which also analyzes other countries with a high world level of exports of high-tech products according to the proposed author's methodology. Cycles were identified in the dynamics of Italy's exports of high-tech products with periods of 6.1 and 3.0 years, and the level of influence of the cyclical component on the overall trend was calculated