Export Capacity Research Articles

SUNFLOWER OIL MARKET IN UKRAINE: STATE AND CHALLENGES

This paper aims to provide analysis of state and challenges of the sunflower oil market in Ukraine. To conduct purposes in the article, the significance of agriculture was highlighted and evaluation of Ukrainian sunflower oil market was done. Market research of sunflower oil market was divided on two periods: (1) before the russian invasion to Ukraine; (2) the period of the hostilities on the Ukrainian territory. The period until hostilities characterizes by growing tendency of sunflower oil production in Ukraine and increase of export capacities. Indeed, in 2020/2021 MY 5010 thousand t of sunflower oil was produced, where 93% was exported that is 40% on the world supply of sunflower oil on the market. At the same time Ukraine cover sunflower oil domestic needs, i.e. approximately 10% of total production. The indices of self-sufficiency ratio was increased each years and in 2020/2021 MY was equalled to 9.61%. The second period in Ukraine could be distinguish by problems, which negatively harm the sunflower oil market due to hostilities, i.e. disturbance of supply chains due to blocked ports; partially mined the territory and ongoing hostilities, which decrease harvested area under sunflower; increase prices of input factors for sunflower oil production; sunflower seeds and sunflower oil prices volatility. In turn, these lead to the situation, when sunflower products manufacturing, export and economic indices are unpredictable. Taking into account the fact that Ukrainian sunflower oil is export oriented product, accordingly on domestic market are influenced prices that formed at the world markets of vegetable oils. In the article the sunflower oil prices were forecasted for short time period. It showed price increase and at the end of the year could be reach to 1700 US dollar per tone. Indeed, positive trend on the world market will bring benefits for processing enterprises despite on uncertainty of country environment

Back to Nature-Based Agriculture: Green Livelihoods Are Taking Root in the Mekong River Delta

Background and objective Vietnam is prioritizing agricultural production for food export capacity in all national policies. As a result, for three decades, its agriculture has been making quite many remarkable achievements. Methods The most successful one is that the nation has become one of the world’s leading rice exporters and ensures its national food security. Through these endeavors, the Mekong River Delta (MRD), in particular, has emerged as a key region in ensuring national food security and rice export. Results The new era can now see Vietnamese agriculture turning to place special emphasis on commodity quality and the improvement of the living environment. This is evidenced, for example, by the phenomenon that the MRD, as a rice basket of the whole country, is making moves back to nature-based agriculture with attempts to restore the natural ecology, including preserving and restoring local traditional rice seeds, adopting natural farming practices and minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Conclusion The case studies of nature-based farming practices in the MRD indicate that, while the national agriculture is generally developing large-scale production, the small-scale farming in the region, integrated with tourist and educational activities on-site, is meeting the demands of a highly potential domestic niche market. Moreover, this model appears to be a sustainable farming approach that defines itself as a working green livelihood for the region.

Characterization of cooling equipment in the food industry: Case study of the Colombian meat, dairy, and fruit and vegetable sectors

The food industry contributes to environmental impacts through the intensive use of energy. Therefore, it is important to understand the characteristics of cooling systems as a material service to develop strategies to decrease their environmental impacts and improve productivity. This study analyses three food sectors in Colombia that use refrigerant systems based on the requirements of the quality, processing and preservation of products and material service in emerging economies, where it is important to determine the baseline technology level and identify beneficial system innovations. This paper provides an overview of the value chains, production levels and trends, cooling systems, material services and maintenance processes for three sectors using qualitative and quantitative methods and different knowledge sources, including a survey and previous studies related to refrigeration in the food industry. The results show that the infrastructure most used is a cold chamber or cold storage, followed by refrigerators and the equipment used in the refrigeration systems, including compressors, condensers, evaporators and, to a lesser extent, chillers, on which preventive and corrective maintenance is performed every three to four months. The equipment and accessories largely come from the United States, Europe and China, and purchasing decisions are based on price. The results also indicate that it is important that decision makers in these three sectors increase their awareness and knowledge of cooling equipment and its environmental impacts with the aim of improving productivity and decreasing pollution. In particular, material services that require resources such as energy and other materials should be more environmentally friendly. Based on these findings, the government could design different instruments for technological change. The majority of cooling systems in the three sectors have been in operation for over 10 years. Thus, in a country where agricultural diversity and export capacity are key contributors to development and economic growth in rural areas, strategies to implement cold chain systems that are less polluting and more productive are essential. The findings of this study are important for establishing actions for change and technology transfer and promoting the modernization of the agricultural market through exports. It is important to ensure an effective cold chain utilizing environmentally friendly and efficient refrigeration systems, which may provide access to new markets for natural and fresh food products.

The novel SLC40A1 (T419I) variant results in a loss-of-function phenotype and may provide insights into the mechanism of large granular lymphocytic leukemia and pure red cell aplasia.

Variants in the solute carrier family 40 member 1 (SLC40A1) gene are the molecular basis of ferroportin disease, which is an autosomal dominant hereditary hemochromatosis. Here, we present a patient with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL) associated with an extremely high levels of serum ferritin and iron overload syndrome. Whole exon sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous variant in SLC40A1 (p.T419I), which was found in his daughter as well. A series of functional studies in vitro of the T419I variant in ferroportin were conducted and the results revealed a reduced capacity of iron export from cells without changes in protein localization and its sensitivity to hepcidin. Intracellular iron storage in mutated cells was significantly higher than that of wild-type. These findings suggest that the novel variant p.T419I can cause the classical form of ferroportin disease and an elevated intracellular iron level indicates a potential novel pathogenic mechanism underlying PRCA and LGLL.

The Role of Regional Transport and Logistics Infrastructure in Development of a Single Economic Space

The objective of the article is to show the importance of modernisation and development of the transport and logistics system of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area (hereinafter – YNAA) for socio-economic development of the country, of its single economic space, and implementation of its export capacity. The current state of the transport system of YNAA is analysed considering a particular role of transport system of the region in development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (hereinafter –the AZRF), while showing the inconsistency of the existing level of its development with the needs of the economy and the population of the area, the strategic goals of development of the Russian Arctic and the country. The research used general scientific methods, e.g., analysis and synthesis.The implementation of several large infrastructure projects in YNAA being initiated at the federal level requires the corresponding development of the regional transport and logistics infrastructure and the solution of transport problems in this region. Modernisation and development of the regional transport and logistics infrastructure through implementation of infrastructure projects will allow: to form a single interconnected transport space with a significant reduction in infrastructure constraints for development of YNAA; to achieve the required level of population mobility and transport accessibility of municipalities for all categories of population; to combine the mainland and port infrastructure within a single logistics system through implementation of federal infrastructure projects in parallel with measures to develop the existing regional transport infrastructure; to integrate the transport complex of YNAA as part of the transport system of the Russian Federation into the world transport system.The development of an effective regional transport and logistics system within the framework of the corresponding federal system, considering the geostrategic features and geo-economic potential of the region, will remove infrastructural constraints for development of the national economy and the region’s economy.

Venting Out: Exports during a Domestic Slump

We study the relationship between domestic-demand shocks and exports using data for Spanish manufacturing firms in 2002–2013. Exploiting plausibly exogenous geographical variation caused by the Great Recession, we find that firms whose domestic sales declined by more experienced a larger increase in export flows, controlling for firms’ supply determinants. This result illustrates the capacity of export markets to counteract the negative impact of local demand shocks. By structurally estimating a heterogeneous-firm model of exporting with nonconstant marginal costs of production, we conclude that these firm-level responses accounted for half of the spectacular increase in Spanish goods exports over the period 2009–2013. (JEL D22, E32, F14, L60)

Технологічні умови паралельної роботи ОЕС України з суміжними країнами, приєднаними до ENTSO-E

A large-scale reform of relations in the electricity sector, which has been taking place in recent years in Ukraine, is explained by the desire of integration into European Union, and these prescripts, in particular, by the Law of Ukraine “On ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union”. One of the important steps towards Ukraine's integration into the EU is the accession of the United Power System (UPS) to the Association of Transmission System Operators of Continental Europe (ENTSO-E) for which, in particular, in July 2019, a new electricity market model was introduced in Ukraine, built on principles compatible with the EU, currently functioning in accordance with the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On the Electricity Market of Ukraine" and by-laws, in particular, "Market Rules", "Market rules" for the day ahead and intraday market ". The conditions of parallel operation of the UPS of Ukraine with the energy systems of neighboring countries that are part of ENTSO-E are considered, in particular, the structure of generating capacities, characteristic graphs of electrical loads, the presence and capacity of interstate power transmission lines and the value of the maximum allowable import and export capacity. The data presented can be used as input information for modeling the operating modes of the generating capacities of individual power systems, ensuring the readiness to integrate the power system of Ukraine with the power system of Continental Europe ENTSO-E and serve as the basis for modeling the synchronous functioning of the UPS of Ukraine in parallel operation with the power systems of neighboring countries. Keywords: energy system, ENTSO-E, technological conditions

Assessing the internal devaluation policy implemented in Greece in an empirical stock‐flow consistent model

AbstractΑn empirical stock‐flow consistent model is constructed aiming to investigate the impact of the internal devaluation policy on the real GDP, the unemployment rate and the sector financial balances. The private expenditure of the aggregate private sector is affected by functional income distribution, which in turn is determined by the minimum wage and flexible employment, among other factors. The model is then applied on the Greek economy. Findings suggest that the implementation of internal devaluation fueled the destabilizing dynamics at play and hindered the export capacity of the economy through a negative effect of lackluster demand on productivity.

Analysis of the impact of epidemic situation on economic production loss

Under the background of increasing economic development pressure in China, this paper evaluates the impact of COVID-19 in 2020 from the perspective of economic losses. Entropy method model was used to evaluate the impact of the current epidemic on all walks of life in China through entropy weighting method for selected indicators. Among them, residents' consumption capacity, industrial capacity, general trade import and export capacity, and fixed asset investment capacity have a certain negative impact. With the gradual increase of the outbreak time, the data reflected from January 2019 to December 2020 are studied and analyzed.

The comparative advantages and the patterns export of vietnam agricultural product at integration context

The paper aims to identify agricultural produce with comparative advantages in addition to the structure of Vietnam's agricultural exports in the context of international trade integration in the period from 2000 to 2018. By using the Worldbank data (the SITC- revision 3), the indicators of the product structure analysis HHI and the revealed comparative advantage RCA indicated that given rapid commercial integration of Vietnam from 2000 to 2018, Vietnam only focused on limited key agricultural produce and neglect those with huge export potentials, though the structure of the export industry has been more diversity while that of export markets barely show changes. This implies that Vietnam is only focusing on certain markets and has not made good use of the trade agreements it has entered into to exploit the remaining markets. Through the research results, the authors believe that Vietnam has great room and opportunity in taking advantage of trade agreements, especially the EVFTA agreement (effective from August 1, 2020) to improve Vietnam's export capacity. Finally, through the research results and related references, the authors give 6 recommendations to the government and enterprises operating in the field of agricultural produce to maximize the export capacity of agricultural produce in particular and the export capacity of Vietnam in general.

Unraveling Genetic Diversity Amongst European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Varieties in Turkey.

European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is a diploid (2n = 22), monecious and wind-pollinated species, extensively cultivated for its nuts. Turkey is the world-leading producer of hazelnut, supplying 70–80% of the world’s export capacity. Hazelnut is mostly grown in the Black Sea Region, and maintained largely through clonal propagation. Understanding the genetic variation between hazelnut varieties, and defining variety-specific and disease resistance-associated alleles, would facilitate hazelnut breeding in Turkey. Widely grown varieties ‘Karafındık’ (2), ‘Sarıfındık’ (5), and ‘Yomra’ (2) were collected from Akçakoca in the west, while ‘Tombul’ (8), ‘Çakıldak’ (3), ‘Mincane’ (2), ‘Allahverdi’ (2), ‘Sivri’ (4), and ‘Palaz’ (5) were collected from Ordu and Giresun provinces in the east (numbers in parentheses indicate sample sizes for each variety). Powdery mildew resistant and susceptible hazelnut genotypes were collected from the field gene bank and heavily infected orchards in Giresun. Every individual was subjected to double digest restriction enzyme-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) and a RADtag library was created. RADtags were aligned to the ‘Tombul’ reference genome, and Stacks software used to identify polymorphisms. 101 private and six common alleles from nine hazelnut varieties, four private from resistants and only one from susceptible were identified for diagnosis of either a certain hazelnut variety or powdery mildew resistance. Phylogenetic analysis and population structure calculations indicated that ‘Mincane’, ‘Sarıfındık’, ‘Tombul’, ‘Çakıldak’, and ‘Palaz’ were genetically close to each other; however, individuals within every varietal group were found in different sub-populations. Our findings indicated that years of clonal propagation of some preferred varieties across the Black Sea Region has resulted in admixed sub-populations and great genetic diversity within each variety. This impedes the development of a true breeding variety. For example, ‘Tombul’ is the most favored Turkish variety because of its high quality nuts, but an elite ‘Tombul’ line does not yet exist. This situation continues due to the lack of a breed protection program for commercially valuable hazelnut varieties. This study provides molecular markers suitable for establishing such a program.

The pro-export effect of subnational migration networks: new evidence from Spanish provinces

The paper investigates the effect that subnational networks of immigrants and emigrants had on exports from Spanish provinces (NUTS3) over the period of 2007–2016 by integrating state-of-the-art advances in the gravity model literature. In particular, it allows for heterogeneity in provincial export capacity, which significantly reduces pro-export effects, and select the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood as the most suitable estimator according to diagnostic tests. When both immigration and emigration are instrumented, the pro-export effect of immigrants found by previous studies vanishes and that of emigrants, instead, appears appreciable. The results obtained suggest that over the period that encompasses the double-deep crisis, immigrants did not show significant information and enforcement effects in the considered context, while the effects of emigrant demand for home-country goods may have been important. The prevalence of emigrant over immigrant effects appears attributable to a change in the composition of the migration stocks over the considered period of crisis.

Technical Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity Growth of Indonesian Manufacturing Industry: Does Openness Matter?

In this paper, we examine the contribution of openness variables such as import, export, absorptive capacity and foreign-shared capital to Indonesian firms’ technical efficiency and total factor productivity (TFP) growth. We use the most recent firm-level panel data of 23 subsectors in the manufacturing industry over the period from 2008 to 2015. We employ time-varying stochastic production frontier to examine factors affecting technical efficiency and to decompose the components of TFP growth. The results reveal that export and absorptive capacity alone contribute to the efficiency improvement of the firms under study. To speak specifically of foreign firms, they contribute to improving efficiency if they interact with absorptive capacity and imported raw material intensity. We identify that, on an average, the manufacturing industry in Indonesia experienced positive TFP growth. However, among 23 subsectors, there are only few subsectors that benefitted from the openness variables. In 2014, 15 out of 23 subsectors experienced negative TFP growth. This implies that, in 2014, there were some macroeconomic issues regarding the contracted policy, for example, the subsidy removal and the basic electricity tariff. JEL Classifications: C23, D24, F23, O14

Analisis Faktor yang Berpengaruh terhadap Ekspor Biodiesel di Uni Eropa

Biodiesel is a substitute product for fossil oil or diesel which is made from vegetable oil. Indonesia as a producer of biodiesel which is made from palm oil. This derivative product of palm oil is supported by Government policies in its utilization and supply. This policy boosted the palm oil industry, so that production and export capacity increased for a decade. The European Union is the largest consumer of biodiesel. Therefore, Indonesia exports biodiesel to the European Union and has become one of the largest exporters in the region. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence Indonesia's biodiesel exports in the European Union. The research method used is multiple linear regression analysis using OLS to examine the factors that affect the amount of Indonesian biodiesel exports in the European Union. The results show, the regression test of the factors that affect the amount of Indonesian biodiesel exports in the European Union, namely; EU biodiesel production and biodiesel consumption have a significant or positive effect on total exports of 0.54% and 0.14%; the factor of the Rupiah exchange rate against the Euro, Indonesian biodiesel consumption, the dummy anti-dumping duty policy, international biodiesel prices and Indonesian diesel consumption have negative effects - respectively -0.04%, - 0.63%; -71.7%; -0.27%; -0.04, while the CPO production factor and oil palm land area did not significantly affect the amount of biodiesel exports to the European Union. From these factors, the government needs to increase biodiesel production and maintain biodiesel consumption in the EU so that it does not decline. Increased bilateral diplomacy to partner countries in offering biodiesel needs to be increased so that Indonesian biodiesel has a very strong competitiveness and does not depend on just one trading partner.

Challenges and prospects of the fishing export potential development in the Far East

According to the objectives of the federal project "Export of Agribusiness Products", the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) should increase the export of aquatic biological resources (ABR), including fish, to USD 1,338 million by 2024. Fish and fish products are among the top three agricultural exports in Russia (along with grains and oilseeds). The Far East is the main region in the Russian Federation for the capture of fish and other ABR. The article deals with the indicators of production and export of ABR of the fisheries industry of the FEFD, which includes also the Kamchatka Territory, Primorsky Territory, and the Sakhalin region. The authors consider problems that hinder its effective development and analyze directions and measures to solve existing problems. The main negative factors are associated with the infrastructural shortcomings, such as physical and moral deterioration of the fishing fleet, the lack of modern processing facilities, which do not allow producing fish products with high added value in the proper amount. To develop the concerned industry sector and resolve the issues constraining the growth of production and export capacity in the entities of the FEFD, the Russian government has developed special programs to promote investment activity, the construction of the necessary fishing fleet and infrastructure facilities, and modernization of existing facilities.

E&P Notes (May 2021)

E&P Notes (May 2021)

An empirical analysis using panel data gravity models and scenario forecast simulations for the Romanian exports in the context of COVID-19

The paper focuses on the trade performance of Romania, a representative country for the Central and Eastern European region, strongly connected with its European partners in global value chains and thus affected by any change in these countries’ relationships with the rest of the world in general and China in particular. Using panel data gravity models for the 2008-2019 period, we find that Romania’s exports are significantly influenced by the demand of its major trade partners in the EU, and imports from China and the rest of the world. In addition, exports are vulnerable to the effectiveness of the government in relation to the other countries, corruption control and cultural values such as collectivism. We also assess the capacity of Romanian exports to regain their ascending trend displayed before the COVID-19 pandemic by using simulation forecasting scenarios based on the shape of the economic recovery and the type of shock transmission across economies. We observe a sharp decrease in 2020 followed by an important recovery in 2021 in a V-shape scenario and uniform transmission of the pandemic shock in the internal demand and in the foreign trade, or followed by a very slow recovery in 2021 (in a U-shape scenario and non-uniform transmission type in the two previously mentioned elements), especially when the global relation with rest of the world is included.

How Many Wells? Exploring the Scope of Shale Gas Production for Achieving Gas Self-Sufficiency in Poland

Poland has been estimated to possess large volumes of technically recoverable shale gas resources, which has raised national hopes for increasing energy security and building export capacity. In this paper, we aim to examine political claims and hopes that Poland could achieve natural gas self-sufficiency and even become a gas exporter by harnessing domestic shale potential. We do so by relying on well-by-well production experience from the Barnett Shale in the USA to explore what scope of shale gas extraction, in terms of the number of wells, would likely be required to achieve such national expectations. With average well productivity equal to the Barnett Shale, at least 420 wells per year would be necessary to meet the domestic demand of 20 Bcm in 2030. Adding Poland’s potential export capacity of five Bcm of gas per year would necessitate at least 540 wells per year. Such a significant amount of drilling and hydraulic fracturing would require reconsideration and verification of national energy security plans and expectations surrounding shale gas production. A more informed public debate on technical aspects of extraction would be required, as extensive fracking operations could potentially have implications in terms of environmental risks and local land-use conflicts.

IMPACT OF NON-OIL FOREIGN TRADE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

This study probed the impact of non-oil foreign trade on economic growth of Nigeria within the period 1986 to 2018.The specific objectives of this research are to examine the impact of non-oil import on economic growth of Nigeria and the impact of non-oil export on economic growth in Nigeria. The study adopted the ex post facto research design. The data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria’s Statistical Bulletin. The study employed the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to investigate and analyze the long-run and short-run impact of non-oil foreign trade, proxy by non-oil export and non-oil import; on economic growth, proxy by gross domestic product (GDP). Findings revealed that in the long-run, increase in non-oil export and non-oil import will lead to decrease in the GDP. However, the VECM results indicate that, in the short-run, increase in non-oil import will lead to increase in the GDP, while increase in non-oil export in the short- run will lead to decrease in GDP. From the findings, this study concludes that non-oil import trade has a positive impact on GDP while non-oil export has a negative impact on GDP in Nigeria. This study recommends that Nigeria’s non-oil export should be heavily invested in non-oil high-earning productive sectors such as agriculture and mining. This will create a multiplier effect and increase the productive capacity of non-oil export for sustainable economic development in Nigeria. It is also recommended that non-oil import of Nigeria’s economy should be curtailed by making policies that will encourage import-substitution and enhance economic growth in Nigeria.

TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE STRUCTURE OF INVESTMENT IN THE AUSTRALIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR

The objective of this paper is to assess whether trade liberalisation has improved the structure of investment from domestic to export capacity in the Australian manufacturing sector. This has critical implications for export growth at a time of losses in the domestic marker emanating from the move towards free trade and hence production in this sector. The empirical results reveal trade liberalisation has played a major role in re-orienting investment towards export capacity which promotes quicker export growth thereby offsetting the losses in the domestic market and hence safeguarding manufacturing production.