Forest Exploitation Research Articles

The Role of Ngos in Localizing UN-REDD+ In Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia

This study explores the role of national and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in localizing the UNREDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) norm in Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. UN-REDD+ aims to mitigate climate change by promoting sustainable forest management in developing countries. Sulawesi Tengah was selected as a pilot province due to its extensive forest cover and relatively undisturbed deforestation activities. However, despite international support, the initiative encountered resistance from local communities, influenced by national and local NGOs. This research examines the complex interactions among international, national, and local NGOs by applying Acharya's norm localization theory. While international NGOs provided technical expertise, local NGOs significantly shaped the community perspective. These local NGOs raised concerns about the potential exploitation of forests and disruption to indigenous cultural values, fuelling opposition to the program. Consequently, the localization failed, and UN-REDD+ was discontinued in Sulawesi Tengah in 2012. The findings highlight the importance of considering local actors and their concerns in global environmental governance. Local NGOs, closely connected to communities, played a decisive role in rejecting the program, underscoring it, and addressing local values and governance issues.

Land Use Change and its Impact on Terrestrial Biodiversity of Surrounding Areas of Jim Corbett National Park

Located at the Shivalik Himalayas' foothills, near the worldwide popular hill-station of Nainital, the beautiful park is famous for being home to a huge number of Bengal tigers, the highest among any Indian national park. So many other mammals, including tigers, leopards and elephants (wild), roam in this park. On the edge of the Western Ramganga Reservoir, the Sonanadi zone is habitat to elephants and leopards, along with more than hundreds of species of fowl. Also CNP is a prime protected area of Uttarakhand forest as it provides ecological viable, profitable and sources of different income for local people. Dense forest cover is one among the most natural resources for every animal (Including human) directly and indirectly. But rapid excessive exploitations of the different vegetation, woods, shrubs species for human development here are now under the threat of biodiversity loss and uncovering forests. Present study focused on significance of terrestrial biodiversity, reason of land use changes and threats to terrestrial biodiversity (TB) because of land use change, terrestrial biodiversity of the local area is influencing by various ways. For continuous use of the forest ecosystems, it is very important to find the land use land covers changes and its negative impacts on biodiversity and surrounding environment. Forest resources are the full of vital material, base of direct and indirect human’s continuous progress and it needs to monitor the status and change of forest resources timely for logical exploitation of forests and its renewal. Present study focused on monitoring the changes in the forest areas, surrounding barren land, build-up area and natural resources.

Network for forest by-products charcoal, resin, tar, potash (COST Action EU-PoTaRCh)

COST Action EU-PoTaRCh establishes a network focused on the past, present and future use of the major forest by-products in Europe. The Action emphasizes forest by-products, mainly potash, tar, resin, and charcoal (PoTaRCh), as representatives of the traditional heritage of forest exploitation, including extractives used along the time for their specific chemical, biological activity and therapeutic effect. The scientific objective of the Action is to demonstrate the value of these products for the communities and their socio-economic growth, as well as their impact on biodiversity and climate throughout time. The general aim is to identify and assess changes in production and use of PoTaRCh and extractives, along with their social and environmental impacts on sustainable development, and draw lessons for the future based on this legacy. In this way, the Action supports the sustainable use of forests and the transfer of knowledge about circular economy practices, as a contribution to the systemic shift to the new circular bio-economy. A key component of the Action is to support stakeholders that are knowledgeable about PoTaRCh goods and are interested in them because they are used in production, education and promotion of our natural and cultural heritage. The Action meets a wide range of demands thanks to the participation of partners with various activity profiles (museums, state forests, forest industry, tradition bearers associations, tourism industry, etc.). The EU-PoTaRCh Action highlights three COST inclusivity policies: the participation of inclusivity Target Countries with a long history of developing PoTaRCh, a special emphasis on gender balance, and the involvement of young researchers in leadership positions.

清康雍乾时期内蒙古中西部地区山林开发与林权问题探析

During the Qing dynasty, the wood tax was a non-negligible part of the source of customs duties of the imperial court, therefore, the nationwide mountain and forest exploitation activities carried out by both the official supervision as well as the local and social businessmen and citizens were very active. In the wave of resource exploitation and utilization, the Mongolian Banner Mountain products, which were still under the domain of Mongolia, had also been stolen and sold, becoming a “special area” under the situation of banning. There are countless discussions of different dimensions on the mining process as well as the banning and unbanning time of Daqing Mountain and Muna Mountain forests in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia. However, it is still necessary to discuss in depth about how the imperial court handled the mining, transportation and sale of the mountain forests in this area under the “blocked” state. In other words, why did the Qing court strictly impose a policy of banning the border areas while allowing the smuggling and selling of mountains and forests to occur, and even the official supervision and commercial office of felling and transporting wood plants in the Muna Mountains. In addition, during the process of mining and selling mountain wood vegetation, the ownership right of its mountain forest has gradually formed in the unique form of “boundary” or “the forbidden”, which has become a unique form of mountain forest ownership in Mongolia. Among them, the process of temples in Mongolia region confirming the rights to the surrounding mountains and forests is clearer than that of the local society or the country, which fully demonstrates its unique nature.

Mechanization and transportation of timber: innovative approaches in forest exploitation and forestry operations

Mechanization and transportation of timber: innovative approaches in forest exploitation and forestry operations

Community-based Sustainable Ecotourism at Tangkahan Tourism Destination, Langkat Regency

Ecotourism is a sustainable tourism method that uses local ecosystems and community culture to preserve nature and generate benefits. Tangkahan, an ecotourism area in Indonesia, has a history of forest exploitation and illegal logging. The local community is working to make it a sustainable conservation area. This research will explain Community-Based Sustainable Ecotourism in Tangkahan Tourism Destination, Langkat Regency. This descriptive research uses a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews, FGDs, observations, and focus group discussions, and uses data analysis techniques as suggested. The results showed that the management of Tangkahan Ecotourism involved cooperating parties such as the North Sumatra Natural Resources Conservation Centre, Gunung Leuser National Park Centre, Forest Management FMU, Conservation Response Unit, PT Perkebunan Nusantara II, Tourism Office, and two Tangkahan Tourism Area Villages namely Namo Sialang Village and Serdang Village. The Tangkahan Tourism Board manages the area, including marketing, guide services, and rescue efforts. However, land licensing issues, trust, and access difficulties hinder development. The development model should be open and community-based, integrating ecotourism development with other community activities. Critical programs include regulatory regulations, tourist facilities, infrastructure, human resources, cooperation, and collaboration with relevant parties.

Biological Spectrum of the Vegetation of North-East Haryana in India

The present paper deals with the study of the Biological spectrum of the vegetation of North-East Haryana. A detailed study of different life-forms indicated that Nanophanero phytes (N) and Hemicryptophytes (Hc) are poorly represented. The study also indicates the presence of therochamaephytic (42%, 22%) flora. The dominance of therophytes might have partly resulted from disturbance in vegetation due to heavy grazing and exploitation of forests for extensive cultivation. A comparison of the biological spectrum of this area with those of other regions of India reveals that the climate is semi-arid.

CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE OF FOREST AND LAND FIRE CAUSES

During the globalization era, forest exploitation has become more frequent, one of them is burning land as a cause of rapid reduction in forest area. Forest and land fires caused by human activities can be categorized as legal acts, i.e. those occurrences or events that can trigger legal consequences. Therefore, forest and land burning is not included in ordinary criminal offenses. This research aims to analyze the arrangements for criminal liability for criminal negligence that causes forest and land fires (Ius Constitutum) and to analyze the considerations of the judges for negligence for causing forest and land fires in Decision Number 71/Pid B/LH/2021/PN Snt. The method used is a normative method with a statutory approach, legal concepts and theories. The result of this research is that criminal liability for the causes of forest and land fires can be identified from several legislations that have been established and are applicable at this time, both those committed intentionally and due to negligence, and both those committed by individuals and those committed by corporations. The Judges’ consideration in Decision Number: 71/Pid B/LH/2021/PN Snt, imposed a fine and additional punishment on the defendant that is PT Mega Anugrah Sawit. The judge only recognized the defendant’s guilt due to negligence, while from the facts of the trial there was an element of intent.

Long Live the Forest! The Forest Exploitation Procedures and the Power of the Institutions. The Case of the Romanian Communal Villages

This paper examines forest exploitation in Romanian communal villages from a new-institutional perspective. Using mixed-methods research but with an emphasis on qualitative data, it explores the specificities of forest exploitation. Starting from three research questions, the paper addresses the ideas of corruption, illegal logging, and the types of institutions that exist(ed) in the Romanian obşti and their forest exploitations. Findings reveal that although institutions tend to be inclusive, extractive elements and challenges related to illegal logging and corruption persist. Thus, although the State increases its power, the situation is far from perfect.

Legal regulation of the use of forest resources

The purpose of the study was to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the legislative framework in the field of forest resource management in Albania in the context of forest ecology, and species diversity, and to identify the main problems and prospects for sustainable development of the country’s forestry. The research methodology included the analysis of statistical data from the National Institute of Statistics of Albania on the structure of forest ecosystems and forms of their management. The results of studies conducted by international organizations such as the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, and Oikon d.o.o. were also used. The structure and composition of Albania’s forest resources, including those of natural and semi-natural origin, are analysed. The legal framework in the field of forest management in Albania is summarized. Different management structures for forestry land are characterized, with the identification of the specifics of use for different forms of ownership. The main problems of forest management are identified, including intensive exploitation of private forests, lack of subsidies and investments, as well as imperfect legislative regulation. Adaptation measures to increase the sustainability of Albania’s forests within the framework of the Albanian Forest Policy Document for the period 2019-2030 are substantiated. Strategic areas of development, such as the expansion of protected areas, the development of ecotourism and the attraction of green investments, are proposed. The study also emphasizes the importance of international cooperation for financial and technical support, which will facilitate the implementation of sustainable forest management practices and biodiversity conservation. The practical significance of the study is that these results can be used to develop strategic directions for the development of the forest sector in Albania, aimed at ensuring sustainable management and conservation of forest resources, which is a key factor for the country’s economic and environmental well-being

Last-Century Forest Dynamics in a Highland Pyrenean National Park and Implications for Conservation.

Ecological records from before and after the creation of natural parks are valuable for informing conservation and management but are often unavailable. High-resolution paleoecological studies may bridge the gap and provide the required information. This paper presents a 20th-century subdecadal reconstruction of vegetation and landscape dynamics in a national park of the Pyrenean highlands. The park lands had traditionally been used for cultivation, extensive grazing, forest exploitation, and hydroelectricity generation following the damming of numerous glacial lakes. A significant finding is that forests have dominated the landscape, with negligible changes in composition, and only experienced fluctuations in forest cover, influenced by both climatic and anthropogenic factors. The creation of the park (1955) and the initial restrictions on forest exploitation did not significantly affect vegetation cover or composition. Major forest expansion did not occur until several decades later, 1980, when the park was enlarged and forest exploitation was further restricted. This expansion peaked in the 1990s, coinciding with a warming trend and a decrease in fire incidence, before declining due to warmer and drier climates. This decline was coeval with the ongoing global forest dieback and may be exacerbated by the predicted global warming in this century, which could also increase fire incidence due to dead-wood accumulation. Currently, the main threats are global warming/drying, fire, and tourism intensification. Similar high-resolution paleoecological records in protected areas are globally scarce and would be capable in providing the long-term ecological scope required to properly understand forest dynamics and optimize conservation measures.

Analysis of Some Practical Life Uses and Applications of Exponential Function

We have sorted out some practical uses of exponential function that we are going to study in this report. The report is given more emphasis on real life use of Euler number i.e. e and also on the uses of other exponential function. The sorted out uses of exponential function is based on following topic: real value of money, bit coin value, household saving, production in a factory, and exploitation of forest. Later on, we have also focused on consequences of those problems and find its solution. This work is motivated by the work of [1-13].

The political economy of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon

The Colombian Amazon has experienced rapid forest loss in the past decades due to growing colonization, infrastructure development, and commercial agriculture expansion. While much of the analyses of deforestation in the Amazon have been in Brazil, there is a need to extend to Colombia where forest and land use exploitation are driven by post-conflict social and political dynamics. This research contributes to this knowledge gap by unpacking the mechanisms underpinning deforestation on the northwestern side of the Colombian Amazon. We used theory-building process-tracing to guide us in conceptualizing the underlying logics of deforestation in the region through qualitative text analysis of policy documents, articles, reports, and grey literature, and virtual semi-structured interviews with key national, regional and local actors. Findings indicate that the power vacuum resulting from the demobilization of FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia), Marxist-Leninist guerrillas, acted as a window of opportunity for peasants, squatters, narco-traffickers, cattle ranchers, landlords, and other investors to access public lands and capitalize from converting forests to coca crops and pastures for cattle ranching. Accumulation of land and surplus primarily from cattle ranching and coca production has increased the ability of these actors to reshape the landscape and societal structures. Traditional elites and old and emerging narco-bourgeoisie have capitalized on preexisting power asymmetries by disproportionally accumulating land, money, gun power, influence, and prestige seeking to consolidate territorial hegemony, and controlling the means for material reproduction in society. Powerful actors use their resources and prestige to displace historically marginalized groups – such as indigenous communities, peasants and squatters – from their means of subsistence and production, resulting in the installation of a capitalist economy based on land rent and drug trafficking, where less powerful and marginalized actors engage in deforestation as means for capital accumulation and subsidizing their peasant and subsistence economies. All this has deepened forest loss, inequalities, and conflict over land access between actors. 

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES IN THE BRAZILIAN NATIVE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION CHAIN

The charcoal production chain in Brazil over the last century has always been linked to labour analogous to slavery. After actions by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, this crime has diminished, but it is still part of a system of illegalities that range from land grabbing, to the waste of raw materials, the approval of fraudulent forest management projects, to poor supervision and a high level of corruption on the part of environmental management institutions. With the Complementary Law 140/2011, the competence to manage forests comes under the federation states, which has meant that local political interference has made environmental management bodies nothing more than caretakers for the illegal production of timber and native charcoal. The charcoal makers as the weakest actors in the production chain and without proper protection from the state, since their profession is not even recognized and they wear PPE that makes it difficult to carry out their work, continue to produce native charcoal independently as a means of survival. This work is part of the doctoral thesis defended by the author at the Open University (UAb), Lisbon, on 19/01/2022 and sought, by searching of semi-structured interviews with 23 charcoal burners (their names have been omitted), to understand a little more about how they are involved in the illegal exploitation of Brazilian forests, in the Amazon, in the Cerrado and Pantanal.

Study and Analysis of Some Practical Life Uses and Applications of Exponential Function

We have sorted out some practical uses of exponential function that we are going to study in this report. The report is given more emphasis on real life use of Euler number i.e. e and also on the uses of other exponential function. The sorted out uses of exponential function is based on following topic: real value of money, bit coin value, household saving, production in a factory, and exploitation of forest. Later on, we have also focused on consequences of those problems and find its solution.

HABITAT MIKRO TABAT BARITO (Ficus Deltoidea Jack) DI KELURAHAN JAMBU KECAMATAN TEWEH BARU DAN DESA PENDREH KECAMATAN TEWEH TENGAH KABUPATEN BARITO UTARA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH

The high diversity of plants in Indonesia provides many benefits for the community, one of which is the use of plants as traditional medicines so that the prospects for rnedicinal plant agro-industry in lndonesia are very large. The exploitation of forests and land for plantation and rnining activities in North Barito District is currently threatening the existence of the tabat barito as one of the plants that live in the forest. The objectives of this study were to identify the microhabitat characteristics of barito tabat in its native habitat. Tabat barito was found to live attached to 2 types of host trees, namely kuyum bakei trees (Elaeocarpus sp. ) and kacuhui trees (Shorea sp.). These two types of host plants have similarities in terms of habitat where they grow and similar trunk characteristics, namely thick, grooved bark, easily cracked and porous and can peel. The microclimatic conditions measured were elevation 29 - 64, ternperature range 32 - 33.1 "C, relative humidity 58 - 67% and light intensity 394-732 lux.

Recent tree diversity increase in NE Iberian forests following intense management release: A task for animal‐dispersed and drought‐tolerant species

Abstract Under increasing human‐related threats to forests, many studies suggest that increasing tree species diversity may boost forest resilience by enhancing the range of species' responses to disturbances. However, it remains unclear whether passive or active forest management strategies should be applied to increase tree diversity. This issue would benefit from investigating which management and environmental factors, together with species' functional traits, influence temporal changes in tree species diversity. We explored the influence of the bioclimatic region, land‐use history, forest cover, protection, management, forest structure and changes in temperature and precipitation, to explain tree species diversity changes in NE Iberian forests, by comparing 3141 plots from the Spanish National Forest Inventory sampled between 1989 and 2016. Moreover, we assessed which species' functional traits (dispersal habit, drought and shade tolerance) were most relevant for diversity changes. After 27 years, tree species richness and diversity moderately increased in the tree and regeneration layers. This trend occurred mostly in long‐established, non‐recently managed forests and in those with a lower initial basal area. Increasing temperature had negative effects for diversity increase in the tree layer but positive for the regeneration compartment, while decreasing precipitation showed the opposite effects. Tree species with higher drought tolerance, and especially those animal‐dispersed ones arriving from the regional pool, mostly contributed to the local diversity increase. This pattern occurred in all forest types, although the taxonomic array of species varied. Synthesis and applications. The main drivers influencing the passive increase in tree species diversity suggest a primary role of diminishing forest exploitation in this recovery process, fine‐tuned by climatic changes. This ecological scenario has particularly favoured animal‐dispersed tree species with higher drought tolerance, which mostly led the diversity increase. A higher presence of such highly mobile and drought‐tolerant species can be crucial to increase functional diversity and, ultimately, increase forest resilience under future scenarios of greater aridity. In light of these results, management strategies should continue fostering the restoration of diversity in once intensively exploited forests while ensuring the maintenance of the already gained tree species diversity.

Wildlife conservation society’s activities and biodiversity conservation in protected areas in cross river state, Nigeria

Despite the activities of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in protected areas in Cross River State, a high level of forest resource exploitation is still occasioned by indiscriminate logging, wildlife poaching, bush burning, and dangerous fishing. Previous studies in the study area and Africa have identified some reasons for this continuous biodiversity exploitation. However, the effect of the activities of the WCS has yet to be analyzed. This study used a correlational research design to examine the Wildlife Conservation Society's (WCS) activities and biodiversity conservation in Protected Areas in Cross River State. A sample of 1360 respondents from a population of 76,704 inhabitants in the 25 support Zone Communities in Afi, Mbe, and Okwangwo Divisions of Cross River National Park (CRNP) was drawn. After receiving face and content validity from experts, a 30-item structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The instrument's Cronbach alpha reliability indices varied between 0.83 and 0.89. The data analysis method employed was Simple Linear Regression analysis. The analysis revealed that conservation education activities, alternative livelihood support, and anti-poaching patrols significantly contributed to biodiversity conservation in Protected Areas in Cross River State. Based on this result, it was concluded that the activities of WCS to ensure adequate conservation of biodiversity-ecosystem in Protected Areas in Cross River State yield intermediate results. It was recommended that WCS intensify efforts in educating community people around protected areas in Cross River State, increase and monitor alternative livelihood support, and intensify anti-poaching patrols in all the protected areas.

Assessment of Forest Biomass and Carbon Storage in Habitat 9340 Quercus ilex L. to Support Management Decisions for Climate Change Mitigation

The assessment of forest biomass has been a focus of research, aiming to understand matter–energy relationships in forest ecosystems and address forestry practice issues. In recent decades there has been increased societal interest in rational forest resource exploitation, necessitating accurate biomass estimation. In Greece there has been limited efforts in estimating forest biomass, and the current study focuses on habitat type 9340, “Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests,” located in the protected areas “GR1420004–Karla–Mavrovouni–Kefalovryso Velestinou–Neochori” and “GR1430001–Oros Pilio and Paraktia Thalassia Zoni (Mount Pilion and Coastal Sea Zone)” in the Natura 2000 network. The habitat falls within the thermo-Mediterranean zone and the study aims to estimate the biomass and carbon storage to contribute to sustainable EU forest strategies. Due to resource limitations, a generalized allometric equation was proposed as an alternative to traditional biomass estimation methods. The above-ground biomass per hectare was estimated, ranging from 16.10 to 205.27 Mg ha−1 (mean 61.91 Mg ha−1). Furthermore, two approaches were used to estimate the total biomass in the habitat: regional averages based on spatial distribution and spatial interpolation using a geographic information system. The total estimated biomass for habitat 9340 is 183,505 Mg, with the carbon storage in standing dry biomass amounting to 83,725.25 Mg. Despite the absence of sampled biomass specimens, this study combines robust statistical techniques with published empirical values to provide a solid framework for estimating assimilated CO2. Sequestered CO2 in the study area is estimated at 306,992.58 Mg. Therefore, the significant role of Quercus ilex L. in carbon storage in Mediterranean forest ecosystems is highlighted by sequestering a substantial amount of CO2.

The Challenges of Deforestation and Management in Nigeria: Suggestions for Improvement

This paper appraises the dangers posed to forests regions in Nigeria resulting from deforestation impacts. The country is deprived with socio-economic and environmental benefits due to the over exploitation of forests and land cover. Nigeria is losing steadily economic opulence, leaving her with hazard from erosion, flooding and desertification culminating into climate change. Like some tropical world regions, many people illegally engaged in export of log/wood, and get solace in unlawful taxes and illegitimate royaltieswhich fetch them personal income from this repulsive job. This work employs a classical review in examining the challenges and poor management facing the economic forest regions in Nigeria. The main goal is centred on the pressures on the forest population leading to a number of causes like; urbanization, overpopulation and over expansion of agricultural lands. The work suggests that, the stakeholders and governments need to establish some laws and regulations that can check the indiscriminate felling of trees and degrading of the environment in Nigeria. Government is also advised to find alternative means of power generation and introduce modern farming techniques for the populace. The public enlightenment campaign is also imperative for citizenry in order to forestall dangers posed by un-restrained deforestation.