Explanatory Notes Research Articles

Winter of the Salamander by Ray Young Bear

330 Western American Literature Winter of the Salamander. By Ray Young Bear. (New York: Harper and Row, 1980. 208 pages, $9.95.) Ray Young Bear’s volume of poetry, Winter of the Salamander, is the tenth in Harper and Row’sNative American Publishing Program. The themes are those of much contemporary Native American literature: confusion, violence and death, despair and loss, anger. However, Young Bear exhibits a beautiful command of the language and an ability to elicit strong emotional responses. At times the impact of the imagery is itself like a blast from a shotgun. His landscape is filled with charred trees, half-dead animals, peel­ ing faces, violated humans. Much of the horror in these poems is a result of the inability of the white and Indian cultures to achieve any understanding at all. Young Bear’s handling of the conflict of views ranges from the ironic to the bitter. In “the character of our addiction” he wryly notes that white culture has separated itself from the natural cycles and needs a machine to dictate the changing of the seasons: . . . the lawn mower speaks for everyone, to the majority of whites on this block it represents the spring. In a number of other poems he depicts a white culture which has lost itself and its gods and seems bent on the destruction of life on this planet. At the same time that he berates the whites, Young Bear shows his understanding of some of the contradictions of modern Indian culture. In “i can still picture the caribou” he reflects upon a tribal gathering: Seventy-five years ago, our places were probably filled with dance and constant prayer, breath made of the day’s offering instead of alcohol. The poetry reveals a painful awareness that for some individuals the festivals and dances have become empty forms which have lost their significance. In the Indian as well as the white world there are those who have forgotten their origins. Despite the eschatological mood of many of the poems there is still a sense of reverence for the ancient traditions and for the land which sustains them. “Four songs of life” celebrates the continuance of life and the power of the ancient songs to create a sense of beauty, comfort and meaning. The first two songs are a contrast between a young man who is unsure of things and an old man who understands “the old hard tests of living.” The last two songs are reflections on the strength of traditions to guide one through life. Reviews 331 While much of the poetry is concerned with the values of the Indian and white cultures there are also those which are considerations of the contempor­ ary situation in general. There are poems on Vietnam, love, nature and dreams. Some are surrealistic visions loaded with startling metaphors and bizarre scenes. Others seem to be stretchings of the language in an attempt to see what new effects might be achieved. Young Bear prepares the reader for all this from the very beginning. On the opening page of the book he states, “There are no elucidations or foresights/merely/experiments with words.” Winter of the Salamander is certainly not an easy night’s reading of lyrical reflections on the romantic ways of native America. It is both an unsettling commentary on the problems of modern America and a vivid demonstration of Ray Young Bear’s poetic talent. PAUL N. PAVICH, Fort Lewis College Gleanings in Europe: Switzerland. By James Fenimore Cooper. Historical Introduction and Explanatory Notes by Robert E. Spiller and James F. Beard. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1980. xlii + 347 pages, illustrations, index, $24.95.) The Pioneers. By James Fenimore Cooper. Historical Introduction and Ex­ planatory Notes by James Franklin Beard. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1980. lvii + 565 pages, $24.95.) Gleanings in Europe: Italy. ByJames Fenimore Cooper. Historical Introduc­ tion and Explanatory Notes by John Conron and Constance Ayers Denne. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981. xlvi + 361 pages, illustrations, index, $24.95.) The Pathfinder. By James Fenimore Cooper. Edited with an Historical Intro­ duction by Richard Dilworth Rust. (Albany: State University of New York Press...

Evelio Buitrago Salazar: Zarpazo the Bandit - Memories of an Undercover Agent of the Colombian Army. Edited, with an Introduction and Explanatory Notes, by Russell W. Ramsey. Translated by M. Murray Lasley. (University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1977, £6.30.) Pp. xix + 169.

Evelio Buitrago Salazar: Zarpazo the Bandit - Memories of an Undercover Agent of the Colombian Army. Edited, with an Introduction and Explanatory Notes, by Russell W. Ramsey. Translated by M. Murray Lasley. (University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1977, £6.30.) Pp. xix + 169. - Volume 12 Issue 2

The Jonathan Richardsons as Milton Critics

The Jonathan Richardsons asMilton Critics PETER M. BRIGGS In his own day Jonathan Richardson the Elder (1665-1745) was known primarily as a portrait painter (second only to Kneller in the opinion of many contemporaries) and as a collector of prints; later interpreters of his period have seen in Richardson an important pre­ cursor to Sir Joshua Reynolds as a theorist and defender of painting as a liberal art? But he was also a Milton enthusiast and an astute, although ‘‘amateur,” interpreter of Paradise Lost.2 Working in col­ laboration with his son Jonathan (1694-1771), who was also a painter, Richardson published in 1734 Explanatory Notes and Remarks on Milton s Paradise Lost, which includes a biography of the poet, a general appreciation of his art, and close commentary on selected passages in the epic.3 Although the Richardsons were satirized for naive enthusiasm in their own day,4 they were among the first to celebrate the suggestive qualities of Milton’s language and to em­ phasize the visual side of Paradise Lost; they expounded sympathet­ ically the humanely representative natures of Adam and Eve; they explained in detail Milton’s idea of the Happy Fall and thus became the best early defenders of the last two books of Paradise Lost;5 they noticed Milton’s emphatic spellings and expressive metrics, and they 115 116 / PETER M. BRIGGS justified the punctuation of the editions printed in Milton’s life­ time.6 Beyond such specific contributions the Richardsons suggested an approach to Milton’s achievements which significantly fore­ shadowed critical events to come. The Richardsons’ Explanatory Notes were written at least partly in response to Richard Bentley’s notorious “corrected” edition of Para­ dise Lost which appeared in 1732.7 Public condemnation of Bentley’s “tampering” with Milton’s text was nearly universal, and his edition has remained for more than two centuries a monument of scholarly narrow-mindedness and critical presumption. Nonetheless, Bentley’s alterations forced readers to look at Milton’s text more closely and critically than they had, and many (for example, Pope) who derided Bentley in public learned in private how better to read Paradise Lost.8 Most of Bentley’s cancellations and emendations are deservedly infamous. He repeatedly misconstrued Milton’s language and syntax, he often tried to curtail the poet’s allusiveness, and a few alterations suggest that he misunderstood Milton’s ideas or deliberately at­ tempted to change them. Apart from misreadings and distortions, Bentley’s Paradise Lost represents a more fundamental, though cov­ ert, attack on Milton. Bentley had a very strict notion of poetic co­ herence: he believed that important truths, particularly moral ones, are simple and straightforward, and that consequently, techniques for expressing them should be equally straightforward. If truth is neither complex nor ambiguous, poetic language, syntax, and meta­ phor should not be so either. Bentley’s methods of interpretation can be made clearer by ex­ amining one of his less notorious notes. He tended in general to be mistrustful of metaphor, usually because of some logical disjunction between tenor and vehicle.9 He wished that there be close analogical truth in poetic comparisons, and that metaphors in themselves be factually accurate. For example, he emended Milton’s famous levi­ athan simile (PL I, 200-208), so as to rationalize it. The poet speaks of a mariner in a night-foundered boat (Bentley changed it to “nighfoundered ”—note that this also cancels a metaphor) mistakenly fix­ ing his anchor on a whale’s “skaly rind.” Bentley comments: The Jonathan Richardsons as Milton Critics / 117 Skaly rind is unlucky here; for it falls out contrary, that the Whale has no Skales; or if he had them, by Proportion with other Fish, they would be so large, thick, and solid, that no Seaman could fix his Anchor through them. But the Author gave it otherwise, With fixed Anchor in his skinny rind. Tis truly a Skin, so soft and thick, as to make it not incredible, that a small Anchor may be fix’d there without the Whale’s feeling the Wound.10 Bentley’s aim “to make it not incredible” went further; he repeatedly canceled words which implied to him...

Orthography and the Text of Paradise Lost: A Final, Final Word

O R T H O G R A P H Y A N D T H E T E X T O F P A R A D I S E L O S T : A F I N A L , F I N A L W O R D R. G. MOYLES University of Alberta Throughout the pages of seventeenth-century texts, in the original works of such poets as Donne, Drummond, Herbert, and Davies, one finds the personal pronouns — he, she, we and ye — indiscriminately spelt, with either a single or a double e. They have not attracted much attention. What has occasioned more interest in Milton’s spelling of personal pronouns is the fact that the Errata, prefixed to the 1668 issue of Paradise Lost, corrects we of 11.414 to wee. Despite the equally significant fact that the printer of the second edition does not comply with the erratum correction, a number of editors and com­ mentators have made a great deal of it. The first to do so were the Jonathan Richardsons (father and son) in their Explanatory Notes on Milton’s Paradise Lost (1734). On no more evidence than the erratum correction they concluded that “he, we, me, ye, are with a double or a single e, as the emphasis lies upon them, or does not.” 1 The Richardsons left it at that and the theory solicited no further comment until Capel Lofft’s edition of 1792.2 Lofft set out to restore the “original system of orthography” and in his preface states that “one leading circumstance per­ vades [Milton’s] whole plan, and characterizes his method of Orthography in both editions: the spelling of the personal pronouns with a double e where emphatic, and with a single where non-emphatic. One of these instances, where the emphasis had not been expressed by the observation of this mode of spelling constitutes an article in the Errata, which were added the year subsequent to the publication of the poem.” 3 He then proceeds to apply his principle which, he felt, the printers of the originals had not consistently observed.4 For the next sixty years the issue of emphatic-unemphatic spelling lay dor­ mant. But in 1873 the Pickering Press brought out a facsimile edition of Paradise Lost in which the editor, R. H. Shepherd, though he could not reform his text, nevertheless unquestionably accepted the principle: “ [Milton ] practised a regular unvarying system [of spelling] formed by himself, and adopted upon choice and afore-thought. Besides, it is evident that, to some at least, if not all, he . . . attached considerable importance [Shepherd then E n g l is h St u d ie s in C anada, vi, i , Spring 1980 quotes the erratum for 11.414]. The explanation is simply this, that although in ordinary cases he is accustomed to spell pronouns we, me, he, ye, with a single e, wherever special emphasis is intended to be put upon them he makes a point of writing wee, mee, hee, yee.” 5 In the following year (1874) the first attempt to validate the theory was made by David Masson. After what was the most exhaustive study of Milton’s spelling made up to that time, Masson concluded that the texts were so inconsistent that no discernible principle could be discovered. The claim that Milton attempted to preserve a distinc­ tion between emphatic and unemphatic pronouns by a system of orthography was, for Masson, unprovable. He maintained, moreover, that such a practice was “needless” and he placed the double-e pronoun in his list of spellings “which need not be preserved.” 6 The reason so many editors were unwilling to discuss the theory or com­ mit themselves to it is obvious. There was no choice but to either adopt Masson’s view and print single-e pronouns or be prepared to undertake a programme of liberal emendation. H. J. C. Grierson, for example, claims to have preserved Milton’s distinction, using as his copy-text the 1674 edition of Paradise Lost. The first book of the 1674 text has only three emphatic spellings; Grierson’s edition has five (two emended to accord with the 1667 version...

Hegel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit. Edited and Translated with an Introduction and Explanatory Notes by Michael J. Petry. Three volumes: Vol. 1: Introductions; Vol. 2: Anthropology; Vol. 3: Phenomenology and Psychology

Hegel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit. Edited and Translated with an Introduction and Explanatory Notes by Michael J. Petry. Three volumes: Vol. 1: Introductions; Vol. 2: Anthropology; Vol. 3: Phenomenology and Psychology

"Hegel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit," edited and translated with an Introduction and Explanatory Notes by Michael J. Petry

"Hegel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit," edited and translated with an Introduction and Explanatory Notes by Michael J. Petry

Explanatory Notes to the Vegetation Map of Papua New Guinea, K. Pailmans, Land Research Report No. 35, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, 1975. 180 x 240 mm., 25 pages, 20 plates. Paperback. Issued in clear plastic envelope with four folded map sheets (scale 1:1 million).

<b>Explanatory Notes to the Vegetation Map of Papua New Guinea</b>, K. Pailmans, Land Research Report No. 35, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, 1975. 180 x 240 mm., 25 pages, 20 plates. Paperback. Issued in clear plastic envelope with four folded map sheets (scale 1:1 million).

Explanatory Notes to the Geomorphology map of Papua New Guinea, E. Loffler, Land Research Series Report No. 33, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, 1974. 180 x 240 mm., 19 pages, 2 figures, 20 plates. Paperback. Issued in clear plastic envelope with four folded map sheets (scale 1: 1 million).

<b>Explanatory Notes to the Geomorphology map of Papua New Guinea</b>, E. Loffler, Land Research Series Report No. 33, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, 1974. 180 x 240 mm., 19 pages, 2 figures, 20 plates. Paperback. Issued in clear plastic envelope with four folded map sheets (scale 1: 1 million).

Explanatory Notes on the Political Economy of Africa

I Want to indicate how the political economy of contemporary Africa is to be explained, and what might reasonably be conjectured about its development. I am mainly interested in the salient features, namely: intense ethnic conflict, the single-party system, the high incidence of efficiency norms in political competition, the recurrence of military coups, political repression, and the poor performance at economic development.

Critical and Explanatory Notes on some passages assigned to Aristotle's Protrepticus

1. Rose, Arist. fr. 57, Ross, Protr. fr. 3. As is well known, this passage is quoted by Stobaeus, who assigns it to Aristotle, and by Maximus Monachus in his Gnomologium. A papyrus probably of the 2nd. century A.D. preserves the same text, giving also a few lines before the part quoted by Stobaeus, and a sentence in the middle which he has omitted (CopL 8i LaXLa-roV, Ross fr. 3 lines 13-16). There are critical notes in Walzer's Aristotelis Dialogorunt Fragmenta (1934) 24-26 and During's Aristotle's Protrepticus (1961). The papyrus text was edited by Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri IV no. 666. Bernays (Die Dialoge des Arist. 161-64) accepted the attribution of the passage to Aristotle, while leaving it uncertain to which of his lost works it belonged. Subsequently the discovery of the papyrus, which includes itg YLXoaopTYeov, made it probable that the Protrepticus is the work in question. If so, the papyrus, which is now in the Bodleian Library, is the only surviving manuscript of any part of that work. I believe that we can add a little to the reconstruction by editors of the fragmentary opening sentence. And the sentence in the middle which, as said above, is preserved by the papyrus alone, has in my opinion been wrongly emended and falsely translated. I propose to discuss these two matters and consider tentatively the position which this passage occupied in the whole work. The papyrus is written in three narrow columns each of 57 lines, but of the first (left-hand) column nothing remains except the ends of lines at the top and bottom. Here is what is preserved according to Grenfell and Hunt:

Explanatory Notes from the Report of the Special Committee on the Question of Defining Aggression

Explanatory Notes from the Report of the Special Committee on the Question of Defining Aggression

Explanatory Notes from the Report of the Special Committee on the Question of Defining Aggression

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The Writings of William Gilmore Simms: Centennial Edition ed. by John Caldwell Guilds

Book Review| July 01 1972 The Writings of William Gilmore Simms: Centennial Edition ed. by John Caldwell Guilds The Writings of William Gilmore Simms: Centennial Edition. Edited by Guilds, John Caldwell. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1970. Volume I, Voltmeier: or The Mountain Men. Introduction and Explanatory Notes by Davidson, Donald; Oliphant, Mary C. Simms. Text established by James B. Meriwether. Pp. xxix, 446. $15.00. Mary Ann Wimsatt Mary Ann Wimsatt Greensboro College Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google South Atlantic Quarterly (1972) 71 (3): 443–445. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-71-3-443 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Mary Ann Wimsatt; The Writings of William Gilmore Simms: Centennial Edition ed. by John Caldwell Guilds. South Atlantic Quarterly 1 July 1972; 71 (3): 443–445. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-71-3-443 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsSouth Atlantic Quarterly Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 1972 by Duke University Press1972 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Scottish Proverbs, Collected and Arranged, with Explanatory Notes and a Glossary. Andrew Henderson. Glasgow : Thomas D. Morison, 1881. New edition, ed. James Donald. Pp. xxiv + 204. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1969

Scottish Proverbs, Collected and Arranged, with Explanatory Notes and a Glossary. Andrew Henderson. Glasgow : Thomas D. Morison, 1881. New edition, ed. James Donald. Pp. xxiv + 204. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1969

Engineering-geological maps of yugoslavia and bulgaria

Two years ago the first Engineering-Geological map of the whole territory of SFR Yugoslavia was published at a scale of ! : 500 000 by the Federal Geological Institute. The map ~ was prepared by a group of authors (P. Cubrllovlc ~ " " ", Lj. Palavestrid, T. Nikolid and B. Ciri6) and a group of editors. A fully documented set of Explanatory Notes, containing 120 pages of text, many schedules, diagrams and photographs was issued with the map.

A Note on the form ‘Mummerin’

AbstractIn his ‘Mummering and Janneying: Some Explanatory Notes’, J. D. A. Widdowson writes:—“The word ‘mummering’ is one of the two most common terms for the activities of disguised Christmas house-visitors in Newfoundland. This variant of ‘mumming’ is not recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary, Wright's English Dialect Dictionary, or such other dictionaries and glossaries as are available to us. It is, however, very precisely recorded three times from Ducklington, Oxfordshire, January 1884, in the Bodleian Library ms. Eng. Poet. c.17 (Falconer Madan mss); and this suggests that further investigation by recorders of local speech in Great Britain may well supply supporting evidence for a British origin of this common Newfoundland usage. The usual printed form ‘mumming’ is occasionally also found in oral use in Newfoundland.”

REVIEWS

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access JOHN MAUCHLINE, Key to the Exercises in the late Professor A. B. Davidson's “Introductory Hebrew Grammar” (25th and 26th eds.) with Explanatory Notes. Third edition, 1969. Pp. 192. ( T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh. Price: 35s.) P. WERNBERG-MØLLER P. WERNBERG-MØLLER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Semitic Studies, Volume 14, Issue 2, AUTUMN 1969, Pages 282-a–282, https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/14.2.282-a Published: 01 October 1969

Mesopotamian and Transtigridian Place Names in the Medinet Habu Lists of Ramses III

The topographical lists on the front pylon of Ramses III's great temple at Medinet Habu are among the most extensive Egyptian monuments of that kind.1 The southern tower of the pylon is inscribed with 125 place names in a relatively good state of preservation. They are arranged in three groups: I. 1-39; II. 40-69; III. 70-125.2 The groups I and II are both written from left to right, they continue each other and form one entity that can be designed as Group I-IL. Group III is written from right to left and is markedly different from Group I-II as to the geographical area it encompasses, although the localities listed in both groups (to judge by the heads of the captives over the name rings) are Asiatic, with the exception of six names in Group II which are African.8 It has long been established that thirty-one out of the fifty-six entries of Group III (Nos. 76-93 and 98-110) have been copied from a topographical list of Ramses II at Karnak,4 and that they refer to places in Palestine, Coelesyria, and the surroundings of Qades-on-the-Orontes,5 i. e. in territories which Ramses II actually possessed or invaded. The same is true for the six entries of Group III (Nos. 7075) that precede the toponyms copied from Ramses II, and for the eleven (Nos. 111-122) that follow them.6 On the contrary, Group I-II shows no connection with the zone of Egyptian rule in Southern Syria and Palestine. The few among its sixty-nine entries that are immediately recognizable point to areas that have either been under Egyptian occupation for only a short time (like No. 6, Aleppo, and No. 29, Carchemish), or not at all (like No. 28, Mitanni). Related to Group I-II are the Asiatic place names on the northern tower (which will hereinafter be distinguished by numbers with asterisks). The northern tower list, the disposition of which is symmetrical to that of its southern counterpart, originally comprised 124 entries, but many of them are now lost.7 Its Group *I-*II (Nos. *1-*38 and ' The latest edition of the hieroglyphic text is that of W. F. Edgerton and J. A. Wilson, Medinet Habu II: Later Historical Records of Ramses III (Chicago, 1932), pl. 101 (southern tower), 102 (northern tower) ; cf. same authors, Historical Records of Ramses III: The Texts in Medinet Habu, Volume I and II, Translated with Explanatory Notes (Chicago, 1936), pp. 105-110 (southern tower), 111-115 (northern tower) ; the translation and commentary of the relevant plates is by J. A. Wilson. Earlier publications by G. Daressy, Recueil de travaux, 20 (1898), pp. 113-119, and W. Max Muller, Egyptological Researches, I (Washington, 1906), pp. 4850, pl. 64-74), are important for variant readings. J. Simons, Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists Relating to Western Asia (Leiden, 1937), pp. 164-173 (Lists XXVII and XXVIII), follows Edgerton-Wilson in the hieroglyphic transcript but notes variant readings by Daressy and MUller. W. Helck, Die Beziehungen Agyptens zu Vorderasien im S. und 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (Wiesbaden, 1962), pp. 249-252, gives a syllabic transliteration only of the southern tower list. The place names from Ramses III's lists are also listed and commented upon in Max Burchardt, Die altkanaandischen Fremdworte und Eigennamen im Agyptischen (2 vols. Leipzig, 1909-10), and H. Gauthier, Dictionnaire des noms gdographiques contenus dans les textes hidroglyphiques (6 vols., Cairo, 1925-29). 2 See diagrams in Wilson, p. 108, and Simons, p. 164. Nos. 95-97 and 123-125 (the numeration followed in this study is that of Edgerton-Wilson). 4But in a different sequence; see concordance in Wilson, p. 108, and Helck, pp. 251-252. No. 94 repeats No. 30 in Group I. 6 See Helek, pp. 220-222, with topographical equation.i proposed by different scholars. 6 70, 71, 75 belong to the area of Qadeg-on-the Orontes, 72-74 bear names of pronounced Palestinian character. By comparison with Amenhotep III's list at Soleb, several items of the 111-112 group can be assigned to the region of Edom and Negeb, but the elaboration of it is beyond the object of the present study. Only five African names are destroyed; the damage to Asiatic names is much heavier.

The Seven Chapters, with Explanatory Notes

The Seven Chapters, with Explanatory Notes

BOOK REVIEWS

Books Reviewed in this article: Mishkāt al‐Masāb?h, English Translation with Explanatory Notes, by James Robson, Sh. Muh. Ashraf, Lahore, 1963–1965. Pp. 1453. Jesus in the Qurān. By Geoffrey Parrinder. Faber and Faber, London, 1965. Pp. 187. 32s 6d. Bukhara: The Medieval Achievement. By Richard N. Frye. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1965. Pp. xiii + 210. $2.75. A Reader's Guide to the Great Religions. Edited by Charles J. Adams. The Free Press, New York, 1965. Pp. xv + 364. The Arab Cold War, 1958–1964: A Study of Ideology in Politics, by Malcolm Kerr. Oxford University Press (Chatham House Series), London, 1965; pp. VIII, 139. Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb. Edited by G. Makdisi. E. J. Brill, Leiden, and Harvard University Press, 1965. Pp. xviii +688. Gld. 120. A History of Islamic Spain. By Montgomery Watt, with sections on literature by Pierre Cachia. Edinburgh University Press, 1965. Pp. x + 210, illustrations, maps. 25s. $6. History of Eastern Arabia 1750–1800: The Rise and Development of Bahrain and Kuwait, By Ahmad Abu Hakima, pp. xix, 213, Beirut, Khayat's. 1965. Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century, By R. Bayly Winder, pp. xiv, 312, London, Macmillan, and New York, St. Martin's Press, 1965. The Origins of the Islamic State. Translation by Philip K. Hitti, Beirut, Kha. yat's Oriental Reprints, No. 11, 1960. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, University of Chicago, March, 1966, Vol. 1, No. 1. The Armenian Communities in Syria under Ottoman Dominion. By Avedis K. Sanjian. Harvard University Press, Mass, 1965, pp. 390. Bibliography. $8.95. Towards Pakistan. By Waheed‐uz‐Zaman, Publishers United, Lahore, 1964, 252 p. Rs. 12.50. History, Archaeology and Christian Humanism. By William Foxwell Albright. Adam &amp; Charles Black, London 1965. pp. x, 342. 35s. net. Egyptian Guilds in Modern Times. By Gabriel Baer, pp. xiii and 192. The Israel Oriental Society (Oriental Notes and Studies, No. 8) (Jerusalem, 1964). $4.50.