Explanatory Constructs Research Articles

EVITABILIDADE DO ÓBITO INFANTIL E FETAL: INTERLOCUÇÃO ENTRE COMITÊ E ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE

Objetivo: evidenciar como ocorre a interlocução entre o Comitê de Prevenção do Óbito Materno, Infantil e Fetal e a Atenção Primária à Saúde no município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.Método: estudo de caso único, com abordagem qualitativa, que teve como contexto o referido Comitê, justificado pelo caso decisivo, o Distrito Sanitário Norte. Na coleta de dados foram utilizadas quatro fontes de evidência e, na análise, a técnica de construção da explanação.Resultados: evidenciou-se a implantação e organização do Grupo Técnico de Estudos sobre Mortalidade Materno-Infantil, como o agente interlocutor entre o Comitê e a atenção primária, que revisa condutas e processos de trabalho e propõe melhorias na assistência durante o pré-natal.Conclusão: as estratégias de gestão implementadas pelo Distrito Norte podem ser tomadas como exemplo para outros cenários, sobretudo para a promoção de uma interlocução efetiva com a atenção primária.

Типологія синтаксичного зв’язку в простому реченні, ускладненому конкретизувальними одиницями в українській мові

The article examines the typology of syntactic connection in a simple sentence complicated by specific constructions. In syntactic science, the question of syntactic connections is important, because they provide a combination of words that are involved in the formation of sentences. The purpose of the article is to determine the typology of the syntactic connection of specific constructions. Syntactic specifies, as N. Fomina notes, are explanatory constructions, refinement members of the sentence, substantive constructions, homogeneous members of the sentence with a prepositive generalization word, and other adjacent semantic-syntactic phenomena. This is a two-component construction in which the first component needs an explanation or limitation of its value, while the other one expresses or identifies, or more narrow, specific value of the first component. It is necessary to find out with which syntactic links these components are combined. Some linguists believed that this was a subordinate link (O. Peshkovsky), a coordinated connection (L. Chesnokova, Yu. Ledeniov) or a special explanatory connection (I. Slinko, N. Guivanyuk, M. Kobylyanska), others emphasized that the specificity of the connection is revealed in stress, intonation and punctuation (I. Ashmarina, M. Shatukh). A. Pryatkina observes that the syntactic nature of the explanatory relations is so peculiar that it can not be described only within the framework of one concept — coordination or subordination. In Ukrainian linguistics, attention is drawn to a certain subtype of subordination, and it is called an indirect subordination. One of the first peculiarities of the indirect syntactic connection was proved by I. Vykhovanets. An indirect subordination is characterized by the syntactic inequality of the sentence members connected to it, one of which (dependent) is subordinate to the reference, on the one hand, and through the mediation of the reference relates to the third member or the predicative core, for which the semantic-syntactic functions of the reference and dependent components are coordinated, combined by indirect subordination, on the other hand. According to scientists, the types of subordination typical for this type of means of expressions are conjunctions that is and or, the fixed component order, and so on. Consequently, the specific constructions with the grammatical basis of the sentence is combined, as determined by the linguist, by an indirect subordination. Although there are other views about connection — application, double syntactic connection. This question is not completely determined, therefore, it requires further thorough study.

ESTRATÉGIA SAÚDE DA FAMÍLIA MEETINGS: AN INDISPENSABLE TOOL FOR LOCAL PLANNING

ABSTRACT Objective: to demonstrate the structure, functioning and contributions of the Estratégia Saúde da Família work meetings regarding local health planning. Method: a single case study with five integrated units of analysis, represented by the coordinator of the Health Centre and four Estratégia Saúde da Família teams. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation and documentary research from October to December 2014. Data were triangulated, organized with MaxQDA®Plus software, and analyzed according to the explanatory construction technique. Results: three analytical categories were identified: Structure and functioning of the Estratégia Saúde da Família work meetings; Participation of professionals in the Estratégia Saúde da Família work meetings for local planning; Processes that contribute to local health planning. Conclusion: work meetings are essential for the construction of local health planning. They provide professional integration through discussions, and facilitate decision-making and information exchange.

Como e por que fazer de Câmara Cascudo um objeto de pesquisa sociológica?

Realizar uma análise sociológica de uma atividade intelectual implica a construção explicativa das condições sociais de sua produção. O método pede a consideração relacional e a interdependência de elementos que dentro de uma determinada lógica encontram grande parte da fundamentação de suas existências, além da crítica e da reflexividade da própria construção do objeto. A feitura de uma análise sociológica da atividade intelectual de Câmara Cascudo deve trabalhar com duas dimensões que formam uma só, mas se diferenciam enormemente: as relações sociais, culturais e de poder no chamado mundo local e as relações sociais, culturais e de poder nacionais. Além disso, construir analiticamente as diversas fases diferenciadas e os elementos de constância em suas diferentes cores.

Lost in a Universe of Markets: Toward a Theory of Market Scoping for Early-Stage Technologies

This article examines market scoping for early-stage technologies, a fundamental yet underexplored marketing activity. Market scoping refers to managerial activities directed at the identification of market spaces for early-stage technologies. This discovery-oriented research aimed at theory development draws on an extensive, multiyear database of email trails and archival records detailing market-scoping efforts for early-stage technologies emerging from a global research university. From this longitudinal database, the authors provide an in-depth examination of managers’ market space decisions and advance an initial theory of market scoping. They isolate managers’ market-scoping mindset—which manifests as market ambiguity avoidance or acceptance—as a key explanatory construct shaping market space decisions and outcomes. Market ambiguity avoidance results in managers’ downstream orientation toward end users; this mindset, counterintuitively, may lead to technology commercialization failure. In contrast, market ambiguity acceptance results in managers’ upstream orientation; this mindset directs attention away from end users but helps uncover indirect paths to viable market spaces. This article lays the groundwork for advancing marketing research in the context of early-stage technology commercialization.

O PROCESSO DE ANÁLISE DA EVITABILIDADE DOS CASOS DE ÓBITO INFANTIL E FETAL: ESTUDO DE CASO ÚNICO

RESUMO Objetivo: evidenciar o processo de análise da evitabilidade dos casos de óbito infantil e fetal realizado por um Comitê municipal de uma capital do Sul do Brasil. Método: estudo de caso único com duas unidades integradas de análise, realizado com nove representantes institucionais de um comitê de prevenção de óbito infantil e fetal. A coleta dos dados ocorreu de forma triangulada por entrevista focada, observação direta não participante e pesquisa documental durante janeiro e abril de 2016. A análise foi realizada com técnica de construção da explanação. Resultados: o resumo do caso de óbito infantil e fetal evidencia-se como um instrumento de discussão. Os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência do óbito infantil e fetal e as situações que desencadeiam os óbitos sintetizam o processo de análise do caso de óbito na perspectiva da evitabilidade. No processo de análise são utilizadas informações sobre percurso da gestante e da criança dentro da rede e nos três níveis de atenção à saúde. Conclusão: o processo de análise da evitabilidade dos casos de óbito infantil e fetal permite a compreensão dos fatores e situações que levam à sua ocorrência, possibilitando propor ações de saúde que possam contribuir para redução das taxas de mortalidade.

Realist Research Design and Evaluation for Integrated Care SIG (RIC) - Part 2: Realist Quantitative Methods for Integrated Care Design and Evaluation

Background: Realist research methodology is increasingly being used for the design and evaluation of integrated care initiatives. Much of current realist research and evaluation is qualitative in nature and yet many realist methodologists, including Pawson, Tilley, Sayer and Olsen, have argued for the use of mixed methods. There remains much debate regarding the role of quantitative methods, including statistics, within a critical realist philosophical framework. For many realist researchers the use of quantitative methods is both a philosophical and methodological stumbling block. Yet quantitative methods can contribute to realist theory building,, design and theory testing through their ability to use observable events to infer the existence of underlying mechanisms and to detect changes in both context and outcomes. This workshop will examine debates about the use of quantitative methods in realist research and evaluation, either as part of a mixed-method design or on their own. Examples of their use for both theory development and theory testing will be provided. The workshop will provide practical demonstration of the use of quantitative methods for both small and large scale studies. Knowledge, techniques and practices to be addressed include: The philosophical debates concerning the use of quantitative methods for realist research and evaluation Quantitative methods used for explanatory theory building research Construction of quantitative tools from qualitative data Quantitative methods used for evaluation and theory testing Application of quantitative methods within realist mixed method study designs Practical application of quantitative analysis to infer mechanistic action. By the conclusion of the workshop, participants should be able to: Understand the philosophical rejection of quantitative methods for both natural and social scientific realms Determine how to interpret quantitative methods and incorporate them into realist research and evaluation while maintaining a distinction between method and methodology Describe quantitative methods for inclusion in realist mixed method research and/or evaluation study designs Undertake practical realist analysis of quantitative study data using simple statistical methods. Aims and Objectives: 1) To examine debates about the use of quantitative methods in realist research and evaluation, either as part of a mixed-method design or on their own. 2) To demonstrate the use of realist quantitative methods for both integrated care design and evaluation. Format: 90 minutes, one speaker and facilitator, Group work at tables using problem-based learning. Discussion, debate and learning resources. Target Audience: Integrated care design and evaluation practitioners and researchers. Qualitative and quantitative researchers. Mixed methodologists. Learning and Takeaway: Increased understanding of how quantitative methods can be appropriately used with realist methodology. Introduction to the use of advanced quantitative methods for design and evaluation of integrated care initiatives including latent class analysis, latent variable pathways, and discontiuity quasiexperimental designs.

Exploring undergraduates’ conceptions of elasticity, within a plate tectonics context, before and after experience with rock’s elastic behavior

The elastic rebound theory is a fundamental explanatory geoscience construct introduced in most introductory undergraduate geoscience courses. Classroom experience, supported by a recent case study of undergraduate students’ model-building activities, indicates that learning this theory tends to be incomplete, in spite of instruction employing external representations and other analogies. Using conceptual metaphor theory as a lens to investigate such instruction, this project sought to document students’ understandings of elasticity within a plate tectonics context, and identify and describe learning demands that must first be addressed for analogies and models to be effective. The project also evaluated the efficacy of an instructional intervention that provides learners with an experience with rocks that most daily encounters do not: the elastic deformation of rocks. Using a nonequivalent groups design of 81 undergraduate students enrolled in a 100-level geoscience course, this work revealed that prior to instruction all participants were familiar with the concept of elasticity. However, only 35.8% were able to demonstrate an understanding aligned with the scientific consensus. Relevant to the elastic rebound theory, just over 50% conceptualized tectonic plates and Earth’s upper interior as being composed of rocks, and 67.9% identified tectonic plates as elastic. However, indicative of a shallow understanding, only 18.5% recognized that rocks, which make up tectonic plates, behave elastically. The instructional intervention that allowed students to bend rocks resulted in a statistically significant increase in the number of students who conceptualized rocks as well as other solids as elastic on the posttest.

Grounding the neurobiology of language in first principles: The necessity of non-language-centric explanations for language comprehension

Recent decades have ushered in tremendous progress in understanding the neural basis of language. Most of our current knowledge on language and the brain, however, is derived from lab-based experiments that are far removed from everyday language use, and that are inspired by questions originating in linguistic and psycholinguistic contexts. In this paper we argue that in order to make progress, the field needs to shift its focus to understanding the neurobiology of naturalistic language comprehension. We present here a new conceptual framework for understanding the neurobiological organization of language comprehension. This framework is non-language-centered in the computational/neurobiological constructs it identifies, and focuses strongly on context. Our core arguments address three general issues: (i) the difficulty in extending language-centric explanations to discourse; (ii) the necessity of taking context as a serious topic of study, modeling it formally and acknowledging the limitations on external validity when studying language comprehension outside context; and (iii) the tenuous status of the language network as an explanatory construct. We argue that adopting this framework means that neurobiological studies of language will be less focused on identifying correlations between brain activity patterns and mechanisms postulated by psycholinguistic theories. Instead, they will be less self-referential and increasingly more inclined towards integration of language with other cognitive systems, ultimately doing more justice to the neurobiological organization of language and how it supports language as it is used in everyday life.

ПРИНЦИПЫ СОСТАВЛЕНИЯ «ИДЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО СЛОВАРЯ ЯЗЫКА И. ГАСПРИНСКОГО»

The article highlights the principles of composing “Ideographic Dictionary of I. Gasprinski’s Language”. The paper considers the foreign and domestic attempts of the ideographic description of vocabulary, by the example of which the scientific systematization of the lexicon of one of the most famous personalities of the Turkic world is realized. The creation of the dictionary lexical field is carried out by examining the array of words of the newspaper “Terciman” and sampling the lexical units, semantisized by the author, from it. The author’s explanatory constructions in the dictionary are distributed among six main classes: “person”, “nature”, “geographical objects”, “artifacts”, “time” and “measurements”. The interpreted meaning and definition are interconnected by synonymous or equivalence relations.

Normative foundations of human cooperation.

A large literature shares the view that social norms shape human cooperation, but without a clean empirical identification of the relevant norms almost every behaviour can be rationalized as norm driven, thus rendering norms useless as an explanatory construct. This raises the question of whether social norms are indeed causal drivers of behaviour and can convincingly explain major cooperation-related regularities. Here, we show that the norm of conditional cooperation provides such an explanation, that powerful methods for its empirical identification exist and that social norms have causal effects. Norm compliance rests on fundamental human motives ('social preferences') that also imply a willingness to punish free-riders, but normative constraints on peer punishment are important for its effectiveness and welfare properties. If given the chance, a large majority of people favour the imposition of such constraints through the migration to institutional environments that enable the normative guidance of cooperation and norm enforcement behaviours.

Examining the effects of contextual variables on living a calling over time

Grounded in the Psychology of Working Theory (PWT; Duffy, Blustein, Diemer, & Autin, 2016), the current study examined the relations of contextual variables - social status and work volition - to living a calling over time with a diverse sample of employed adults. Participants were surveyed at three time points over six months, with an initial sample size of 601 and mean age of 35.75 years (SD = 11.32 years). Structural equation modeling was used to test for significant, cross lagged effects between the three constructs and test for mediation. Workplace autonomy was also included in the model as a plausible, alternative explanatory construct of living a calling, capturing individual's perceptions of their work environment. Social status was found to significantly predict work volition over time and work volition was found to significantly predict living a calling over time. Additionally, work volition at Time 2 was found to significantly mediate the effect of Time 1 social status on Time 3 living a calling, as well as the effect of Time 1 social status on Time 3 workplace autonomy. These results support core propositions from the PWT as well as previous, cross sectional research in the calling literature. Specifically, over time feeling choice in one's career decision making may predict the ability to live out a calling and be employed in autonomous work environments. Additionally, work volition may be a key reason why individuals from higher social status backgrounds experience more autonomous and fulfilling work. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Constructionist Grounded Theory - GT. Conceptual and Methodological Clarifications

In this article we aim to bring a series of epistemological and conceptual clarifications on a particular method of qualitative research entitled Grounded Theory (GT) in its social-constructive approach. The peculiarity of this research method is the exploratory character, the theoretical explanatory construction based on data gathered from the field and not from a series of assumptions taken from the literature, or built from the missing knowledge areas within it. The socio-constructivist dimension emphasizes the context dependence of the obtained results and the generated interpretative model.

Constructionist Grounded Theory -GT. Conceptual and Methodological Clarifications

In this article we aim to bring a series of epistemological and conceptual clarifications on a particular method of qualitative research entitled Grounded Theory (GT) in its social-constructive approach. The peculiarity of this research method is the exploratory character, the theoretical explanatory construction based on data gathered from the field and not from a series of assumptions taken from the literature, or built from the missing knowledge areas within it. The socio-constructivist dimension emphasizes the context dependence of the obtained results and the generated interpretative model. How to cite: Sandu, A. (2018). New Rights of the People, Deriving from the Content of the Right to Peace. Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty, Section: Economy and Administrative Sciences, 3 (1), 73-100. https://doi.org/10.18662/lumeneas/06

O walorach poznawczych negatywnego ujmowania … świadomości (?)

Tak bogata, wielowątkowa i wewnętrznie zróżnicowana tradycja problematyki świadomości, jak i jej wyjątkowa złożoność i trudność, jednoznacznie „podpowiada” oraz uzasadnia nieodrzucanie zaraz na początku, z góry, jakichkolwiek możliwości podejścia do tego szczególnego przedmiotu i jakichkolwiek sposobów jego ujmowania; w tym możliwości podejścia apofatycznego i apofatycznego sposobu ujmowania go. Ich poznawcze walory zdaje się sugerować możliwa, przynajmniej możliwa, interpretacja: zasady ekonomii wyjaśniania (parsimony principle) – podstawowej zasady określającej tryb wyjaśniania realizowany z perspektywy trzecioosobowej – w kategoriach negatywnych i pozytywnych momentów/wątków jej zawartości, Ayera eksplikacji fenomenu prywatności oraz Marcela propozycji ukazania specyfiki (konstruktu) świadomości przy pomocy idiomu over and above, wskazującego nie tylko na nie-zwyczajność świadomości jako konstruktu wyjaśniającego, lecz także odsyłającego do nie-zwyczajności wyjaśnianego przezeń zachowania. Takie apofatyczne podejście – najpierw do zachowania, a potem jego mechanizmu – i takie ich (zachowania i jego mechanizmu) najpierw apofatyczne ujęcie zdaje się naprowadzać tak na samą możliwość, jak i na kierunek oraz sposób pozytywnego do nich podejścia i zawartość pozytywnego ich ujęcia; i taki zdaje się być ich (podejścia i ujęcia) podstawowy poznawczy walor. To, czy ten tryb roboty, zastosowany do pewnej postaci prywatności – wyróżnionej jeszcze na etapie negatywnego do niej podejścia i jej negatywnego jeszcze ujęcia – pozwoli później, na etapie pozytywnego już do niej podejścia i pozytywnego już jej ujęcia, w pewnym momencie na jej identyfikację z najmocniej rozumianą świadomością, to najważniejsza, ale zarazem i najtrudniejsza, z pozostających do rozważenia spraw.

Corporate governance in Spanish savings banks and its relationship with financial and social performance

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present empirical evidence about relationships between the corporate governance (CG) mechanisms of the Spanish savings banks, their financial and social performance and their profitability prior to their collapse.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a structural equation model (SEM), taking the return on assets as the dependent variable, and CG, corporate social responsibility and efficiency as explanatory constructs. SEM methodology provides interesting features that allows a better definition of some organisational characteristics.FindingsResults indicate that CG characteristics, including the politicisation of governance bodies, did not affect the financial performance. The size of the board of directors had a significant influence on social responsibility. In addition, results suggest that the whole board focused on social issues, whereas non-executive members were less concerned about economic issues. Greater money allocation to social welfare programmes resulted in higher profitability, which can be explained by competitive advantages, reputation and customer satisfaction.Social implicationsNowadays, some political parties demand either for the creation of a public banking sector or banks with social goals. This paper provides interesting insights into the debate.Originality/valueThe influence of personal attributes of board members on performance needs to be analysed in greater depth in the non-profit sector. The SEM methodology allows us to include some board attributes and performance dimensions in a better way than with other methodologies.

Who are the farm shop buyers? A case study in Naumburg, Germany

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence consumers’ shopping behaviour from farm shops.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Data were gathered in 2015 and 2016 via a quantitative written survey of 135 pedestrians in a structured questionnaire in Naumburg, East Germany. The authors use the variance-based, partial least squares subfamily of structural equation models for the analysis, allowing the authors to investigate the causes of the formation of attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) related to buying from farm shops.FindingsSeen through the TPB prism, the most powerful explanatory construct in the model is PBC. This is followed by favourable attitudes towards buying at the farm gate. Interestingly, the injunctive norms construct is not significant, while the descriptive norms construct is. This means that the observed behaviour of relevant peers is more strongly linked to buying at the farm gate than what significant others want respondents to do.Originality/valueFarm shops are one of the innovative distribution channels used by farmers to sell regional products directly to consumers. Studies that analyse the factors that have an effect on consumer behaviour when buying food from farm shops are very scarce. This paper fills this gap and the findings have implications for communications to consumers and labelling.

Функційно-стильові особливості синтаксичних конкретизаторів в українських засобах масової комунікації.

Syntactic specifiers, as N. Fomina notes are explanatory constructions, refinement members of a sentence, substantive turns, homogeneous members of the sentence with a prepositional generalization word, and other adjacent semantic-syntactic phenomena. In the mass media one can distinguish constructions that specify the subject, the predicate, the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier. Syntactic specifiers are used to present to the readers, viewers an unknown participant in the plot, the person of the event mentioned for the first time, to characterize the professional activity, age and character traits, to specify the properties of the object or subject, time, place, mode of action, the explanation of certain concepts that require additional information in order to express the author's assessment of the message.

Measuring Processing Fluency: One versus Five Items

While there is an ample amount of consumer behavior research that recruits processing fluency as an explanatory construct, the question how to best measure the fluency experience has received little attention. Therefore, there is a lack of consistency in measuring the construct, particularly with regard to the use of single‐item versus multi‐item measures. The current research, thus, aims to investigate how processing fluency can be consistently measured across different experimental fluency manipulations and which type of measure has the highest validity. Based on classic scale development procedures, we propose a reliable and valid multi‐item measure and compare this measure against a single‐item measure in terms of predictive validity. We show that both measures mediate the effect of five established fluency manipulations and that the single‐item measure is sufficient. In addition to providing a measure for future research that can be adapted to different empirical settings, we provide empirical evidence on the replicability of fluency effects and on the theoretical conjecture that people have a uniform fluency experience across different manipulations of fluency.

The Problem with Screen Time

Background Since 1999, a “two hours a day” restriction has been recommended for screen time for children, yet American households continue to consume far more media than such recommendations allow. At the basis of such largely ignored admonitions is a dosage model of technology in which a presumed homogeneous substance called “screen time” is the intervention and changes in some set of continuous and measurable variables (e.g., literacy, aggression, social acuity, BMI) are the outcomes. However, to treat “screen time” as a meaningful unit of analysis is to carve the world at the wrong ontological joints. If we want to make claims about what is and is not good for children and counsel parents on how to regulate, mediate, and participate in media use in the home, we need to understand the black box of screen time and unpack how technology is used in specific ways in specific material and social contexts, and the relationship of that activity to systems of meaning beyond the device or screen. Purpose In this article, we unpack the notion of screen time as a way to problematize the dosage model of media use and the regulatory admonitions given parents based on it. Research Design In this investigation, we use Stake's instrumental case study methods to examine in detail a single child's activity in the videogame Madden; the meaning, function and context of this play; and how it is tied to other forms of engagement and the activity of American football. “Madden” is our bounded case, but, as we will show, the meaning of playing Madden comes from its location within the broader activity of “American football.” Data Collection and Analysis Observations of the 7-year-old male's gameplay and attending activities for a period of 3.5 months, with multiple informal interviews about his activity across that observational period, including a 90-minute structured interview midway through observations. Field notes and screenshots were taken on both informal and formal observations. Findings This case study illustrates how digital games, streamed and live video, print documents, tangible manipulatives, and physical action are caught up in a single coherent transmedia endeavor whose means and instruments are constructed first, perhaps, by media producers but then deconstructed and repurposed by users themselves. The videogame as practiced is a simulated system tied to the real world it represents, and, as such, play is deeply embedded in a complex semiotic, material, and social context. Conclusions Constructs such as screen time quantity distract us from other, more explanatory constructs such as productive practice, critical consumption, developmental progressions, and intertextuality.