Experience Of African Countries Research Articles

A Call for Afrocentric Decolonial Endogenous Marketing and Public Policy Research and Practice: Toward Sustainable Peace and Well-Being in African Societies

Africa experiences one-third of all conflicts globally, resulting in the diminishment of human, social, and economic well-being; high levels of insecurity; poverty; and disrupted marketing systems. Drawing on the experiences of African countries, the article illuminates the ways in which the slave trade and, later, the colonization of the African continent fomented the social and economic convulsions that continue to erupt into continuing cycles of social conflict. Today these are manifested in the neocolonial influence of public policy on the continent by international organizations, funding bodies, and local and international institutions that control the public policy discourse and resources. The authors argue that if marketing systems are to enhance well-being and reduce social conflict, marketing policy makers need to contest failed “external to Africa” policy frameworks and look to endogenous policies better suited to contemporary African challenges. A case study of Rwanda illuminates how endogenous, “home-grown” decolonial and Afrocentric policy can create enduring peace and improve marketing systems and well-being. The authors call for research at the nexus of public policy and African marketing systems that adopts decolonized, endogenous, and Afrocentric perspectives to address this lacuna in marketing and public policy research and practice.

Inspiration from the Experiences of African Countries on the Silk Road to the Process of Development in Sudan: Will the Economic Belt and Silk Road Initiative Save Sudan from the World Bank Prescriptions Trap?

This paper reviews the experience of African countries with the Economic Belt and New Silk Road initiative, which was launched by the Chinese President from Astana University during his visit to Kazakhstan in 2013, the paper reflected original experiences on the ground, and how it changed the face of life in some models from these countries. The paper provides insights into the history of the development of Sino-African relations, and the course of the initiative in African countries, and presented some opinions in the written literature about this experience. The paper also, presented an evaluation of some scholars, politicians and academicians about that, and then presented examples of projects implemented in some African countries and their impact on the development of life in economic, social and developmental terms, as cross-border projects and their impact on linking relations between peoples and facilitating life, then briefly reviewing the history and development of the Sudanese-Chinese relations with a focus on the period of Islamists' rule that was displaced by the 19 December 2018 revolution in Sudan, which was characterized with great momentum due to the period in which Sudan witnessed the successful extraction of oil in commercial quantities, But Sudan did not benefit from that period and the huge money obtained.The researcher cited the reasons that prevented Sudan from benefiting from these huge funds, detailed and discussed this, then presented his visions for the future of Sudanese-Chinese relations and how to benefit from the Chinese experience for the future of Sudan by drawing inspiration from the African experience with the Economic Belt Initiative and the New Silk Road as it is open to all peoples and countries of the world, with an understanding and visions that transcend the difficult conditions of the World Bank, monetary institutions and Western banks, and constitute an alternative and a savior for poor countries from exploitation, harsh conditions, loss of freedom of choice, scratching of national sovereignty and the pressures that always fall into them when they need loans and technology from Western countries.The author concluded that, the Economic Belt and New Silk Road initiative, constitutes a lifeline for Sudan, if it is properly dealt with the opportunities it offers that may not be repeated soon. Keywords: Africa, the New Silk Road, the Economic Belt Initiative, the Chinese experience, Sudan, the rule of Islamists, Win-Win base. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/11-8-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Singapore COVID-19 Pandemic Response as a Successful Model Framework for Low-Resource Health Care Settings in Africa?

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus continues to spread and evolve across the planet. The crosscutting impacts of the virus, individual country responses to the virus, and the state of preparedness of local public health systems greatly vary across the world. The ostensibly late arrival of the virus in Africa has allowed learning, innovation, and adaptation of methods that have been successful in the early-hit countries. This article analyzes how Singapore has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes that adaptations of the Singapore pandemic response model would bode well for Africa's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in ways that also take into account regional differences in health care infrastructures, socioeconomic resilience, poverty, and the vast population diversity in the African continent. As the pandemic evolves, the lessons learned in Asia, in particular, and the emerging new experiences in African countries should inform, ideally in real time, how best to steer the world populations into safety, including those in low-resource health care settings. Finally, we note that the current COVID-19 pandemic is also a test for our collective ability to scale and surge public health in response to future and likely equally challenging zoonosis infections that jump from animals to humans, not to mention climate change-related planetary health calamities in the 21st century. Hence, what we learn effectively from the current COVID-19 pandemic shall have broad, enduring, and intergenerational relevance for the future of planetary heath and society.

Litigation to Access Health Services: Ally or Enemy of Global Public Health?

Background:Some scholars and global health advocates argue that litigation is a strategy to advance public health care, especially in those countries that do not have specific legislation to guarantee access to basic health care services. However, strategic litigation has another side, known as judicialization of the right to health, particularly present in the Latin American region where most countries incorporate the right to health into their constitutions, but their citizens still struggle with health disparities.Objectives:Considering these two perspectives on litigation in health care, this paper examines the phenomenon of litigation in health care and its impact on public health in Brazil, where there is an ambiguous process of litigation in health care.Methods:Comparing the literature of both the use of strategic litigation for advancing public health and the judicialization of the right to health, this paper develops an ethical analysis of the impacts of strategic litigation for individuals and societies, using Brazil’s public health care system and its policies as case-study of the impact of court decisions on the management of the system.Findings:Supporters of strategic litigation present experiences in African countries using this strategy to access a specific medical service led to enforce the creation of health-related policies by authorities and policymakers. However, in Brazil, a country with the right to health guaranteed by its Constitution, strategic litigation creates access to health care for some individuals, but also results in complex sociomedical challenges with significant impact for public administration and distributive justice.Conclusions:Strategic litigation can lead to ambiguous results, which will depend on the local context and the existence or not of public health services and health-related policies. When this strategy is considered, ethical analysis helps to understand how litigation can both benefit and damage individuals’ health and the public health system in the complex context and diverse reality of Brazil. As a result, strategic litigation must be considered from an ethical perspective of prudence and discernment in a close interaction with the local reality, its particular circumstances, culture, policies, and laws.

Mirfin Mpundu: accessing medicines, fighting resistance.

Mirfin Mpundu spoke to Gary Humphreys about his experiences in African countries and in the United States of America, the prospects for containing antimicrobial resistance, and the contribution that faith-based organizations make to health systems in African countries.

The Political Economy of Policies for Smallholder Agriculture

Summary As the experience of the 20th century has shown, implementing policies that increase agricultural productivity among smallholders is a particularly promising strategy to achieve pro-poor growth. However, history also reveals major political challenges to adopting this strategy. The paper compares the experience of Asian countries that were able to launch a smallholder-based Green Revolution with the experience of African countries that are still struggling with this goal. It then reviews the political economy literature to identify the factors that account for these divergent experiences. Finally, the paper develops a conceptual framework to guide empirical research to close the knowledge gaps identified by the review.

Of Shaming and Bargaining: African States and the Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations Human Rights Council

The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the United Nations Human Rights Council promises to be a useful tool for examining human rights situations in states in an objective, non-selective, universal and transparent manner. It is an undertaking imbued with a shift from the former Commission’s policies and practice of shaming to a new consensual and cooperative model of human rights evaluation. The experience of African countries, both during the negotiation over its normative and institutional framework and in the two sessions of the Working Group on UPR, lays bare the challenges to the new human rights body and its unique peer review mechanism. The article critically examines the participation of African countries in the UPR and highlights some of the issues that deserve, at this early stage, the attention of all those who mind to see the objectives of the UPR fully realised.

Formulation of National Environmental Health Policy: The Experience of African Countries

Formulation of National Environmental Health Policy: The Experience of African Countries

Globalisation, social values and human rights NGOs in Nigeria

Globalisation as a social phenomenon has assumed a compelling dimension in the last decade. In this sense, it has been seen as the variable underlying most efforts towards development. especially in the developing nations. The massive spread of globalisation and globalising influences has removed the boundaries between nations and aided the spread of values from one end of the globe to the other. In spite of the ubiquity of this phenomenon, African countries have as usual been seen as late starters. Therefore, the idea of the unevenness of globalisation is often used in descriptionbing the experience of African countries in this regard. Globalisation as a process involves a grand or widespread social change across national boundaries. In other words, it is a socio-political and economic process of change, interchange and interaction between various nations.1 The phenomenon of globalisation in this context should be seen as narrowing the socio-geographic boundaries between nations.