Experience Of Other Forms Research Articles

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of gender-based violence affecting women and girls worldwide and is exacerbated in humanitarian settings. There is evidence that neighborhood social processes influence IPV. Perceived neighborhood social cohesion (P-NSC)—a measure of community trust, attachment, safety, and reciprocity—may be protective against women’s experience of and men’s perpetration of IPV and controlling behaviors.MethodsA quantitative social network study, comprised of individual verbally-administered surveys, was conducted in Bokolmayo refugee camp in Dollo Ado, Ethiopia in 2019. In total, 302 Somali refugees (147 women and 155 men), sampled using snowball sampling, participated in the data collection. Logistic regression was used to examine P-NSC and its association with IPV to inform an IPV and HIV prevention intervention.ResultsLow P-NSC and men’s perpetration of physical IPV in the past month were strongly associated (adjusted AOR = 23.6, 95% CI: 6.2–89.9). Low P-NSC, conversely, was associated with decreased odds of women’s experiences of controlling behaviors by an intimate partner in the past year (AOR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.0–0.5). Women’s experiences of other forms of IPV, including physical, sexual, and emotional IPV within the past year, were not associated with P-NSC in adjusted models; P-NSC was significantly associated with all forms of IPV in unadjusted models.ConclusionSocial cohesion programs and other neighborhood approaches to improve P-NSC should be explored as potential avenues to prevent and reduce IPV, with a focus on male IPV and controlling behavior perpetration.

An online survey was conducted among Ukrainian immigrants living in Poland (N = 726) in order to investigate the relation between exposure to hate speech, acculturation stress, and mental health. Mediation analyses were used to test whether exposure to hateful language predicts posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms and whether these effects are mediated by acculturation stress while controlling for experiences of other forms of discrimination. Exposure to hate speech predicted PTSD and depression symptoms. Both effects were mediated by acculturation stress and were significant after controlling for experienced discrimination. The study provides evidence for the existence of a relation between exposure to hate speech among migrants and mental health problems. The study also provides support for a potential mechanism of this effect: acculturation stress and evidence for the fact that the effect holds over and above the effect of discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Sexual harassment (SH) and other forms of mistreatment continue to be a significant problem at workplaces, leading to negative health and work-related outcomes. Previous studies have mainly examined SH and other types of workplace harassment separately. In this study we investigated whether harassment related to any of the seven Swedish legal grounds for discrimination (sex, transgender identity or expression, ethnicity, religion or other belief, disability, sexual orientation, or age) and derogatory treatment were associated with SH at a large Swedish university. Using cross-sectional survey data obtained from 33% of all staff, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate associations between harassment, derogatory treatment, and SH. We found a sixfold increased risk of SH among women with experience of other forms of harassment and a three-times-higher risk among women with experience of derogatory treatment, indicating that SH co-occurs with other forms of mistreatment. This pattern was similar among men, although men reported lower prevalence of mistreatment. Our findings have implications for preventive strategies at academic workplaces indicating that issues related to the defence of power and various types of abusive behaviours, including SH, both need to be addressed to create more equal opportunities for all employees.

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the who of anti-racism education by examining who the teachers are that are doing anti-racist work and what experiences influenced them to counter racism in their education practices. Taking a pragmatic approach, I use data on racism and anti-racism in schools from interviews with 27 upper secondary school teachers in Sweden to capture notions of becoming. To that end, I present five types of experiences: 1) personal experiences of racism, 2) personal experiences of other forms of oppression, 3) political socialisation, 4) encounters with anti-racism in education, and 5) experiences of racism in the professional teaching context. This plurality of experiences offers different paths to becoming an anti-racist teacher and emphasises the need to situate questions of anti-racist education in the day-to-day struggle of teachers’ lives.

BackgroundResearch shows that transmasculine people experience discrimination based on their gender identity and/or expression (i.e., cissexism) while obtaining health care. However, studies examining the experience of other forms of discrimination in health care settings among diverse subgroups of transmasculine individuals, including those from minoritized racial/ethnic backgrounds, are very limited.MethodsGuided by intersectionality, we designed a qualitative research study to explore how transmasculine people of color experience—and resist—multiple, intersecting forms of discrimination in health care settings. Guided by a purposive sampling strategy, we selected 19 transmasculine young adults of color aged 18–25 years to participate in 5 mini-focus groups conducted between February and May 2019 in Boston, MA. Focus group transcripts were analyzed using a template style approach to thematic analysis that involved both deductive and inductive coding using a codebook. Coded text fragments pertaining to participants’ experiences of health care discrimination were clustered into themes and sub-themes.ResultsTransmasculine people of color described experiencing notable challenges accessing physical and mental health care as a result of structural barriers to identifying health care providers with expertise in transgender health, finding providers who share one or more of their social positions and lived experiences, and accessing financial resources to cover high health care costs. Further, participants discussed anticipating and experiencing multiple forms of interpersonal discrimination—both independently and simultaneously—in health care settings, including cissexism, racism, weight-based discrimination, and ableism. Moreover, participants described the negative impact of anticipating and experiencing multiple interpersonal health care discrimination on their health care utilization, quality of care, and mental and physical health. Lastly, participants discussed using various strategies to resist the multiple, intersecting forms of discrimination they encounter in health care settings, including setting boundaries with health care providers, seeking care from competent providers with shared social positions, engaging in self-advocacy, drawing on peer support during health care visits, and obtaining health information through their social networks.DiscussionEfforts are needed to address cissexism, racism, weight-based discrimination, ableism, and other intersecting forms of discrimination in clinical encounters, health care institutions and systems, and society in general to advance the health of transmasculine people of color and other multiply marginalized groups.

Child sexual abuse as a risk factor for dating victimization in adolescent girls and young adult women in France

Esta investigación describe las características de un grupo de 21 víctimas de abuso sexual por un representante de la Iglesia Católica en Chile. Se evaluaron las características de la victimización sexual y del victimario, la revelación, notificación y la vivencia de otras formas de victimización por personas no pertenecientes al clero. Los resultados muestran que los abusos se iniciaron en la pubertad, incluyeron contacto físico, fueron cometidos por varones, sacerdotes o párrocos, y fueron revelados por las víctimas en la edad adulta, notificando habitualmente a la propia Iglesia. La mayoría de víctimas también sufrieron malos tratos por parte de sus padres o cuidadores principales y abusos sexuales por parte de otras personas, lo que las convierte en polivíctimas y subraya la gravedad de estos casos.

BackgroundUnderreporting of childhood sexual abuse is a major barrier to obtaining reliable prevalence estimates. We tested the sensitivity and specificity of the face-to-face-interview (FTFI) method by comparing the number of disclosures of forced sex against a more confidential mode of data collection, the sealed-envelope method (SEM). We also report on characteristics of individuals associated with non-disclosure in FTFIs.MethodsSecondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014, with n = 3843 children attending primary school in Luwero District, Uganda. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated, and mixed effects logistic regression models tested factors associated with disclosure in one or both modes.ResultsIn the FTFI, 1.1% (n = 42) of children reported ever experiencing forced sex, compared to 7.0% (n = 268) in the SEM. The FTFI method demonstrated low sensitivity (13.1%, 95%CI 9.3–17.7%) and high specificity (99.8%, 95%CI 99.6–99.9%) in detecting cases of forced sex, when compared to the SEM. Boys were less likely than girls to disclose in the FTFI, however there was no difference in prevalence by sex using the SEM (aOR = 0.91, 95%CI 0.7–1.2; P = 0.532). Disclosing experience of other forms of sexual violence was associated with experience of forced sex for both modes of disclosure.ConclusionsThe SEM method was superior to FTFIs in identifying cases of forced sex amongst primary school children, particularly for boys. Reporting of other forms of sexual violence in FTFIs may indicate experience of forced sex. Future survey research, and efforts to estimate prevalence of sexual violence, should make use of more confidential disclosure methods to detect childhood sexual abuse.

The study, conducted among maize farmers in the Nanumba North District of the Northern Region of Ghana, examined the willingness of smallholder farmers to participate in the market for drought index crop insurance.A total of 100 farmers participated in the study.The study employed the logistic regression analysis to predict decision to participate in crop insurance. Quantitative and qualitative data collection methods wereemployed to allow for triangulation. These included questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews.The results demonstrate that access to credit, education and experience of other forms of insurance are the most important determinants of farmers’ willingness to participate in crop insurance.Total damage incurred also increased the probability of decision to participate, whereas return period of disaster event in the past and number of non-nature dependent income sources reduce the probability of decision to participate in crop insurance. The results emphasize the need to integrate crop insurance into micro-finance to enhance buy-in by farmers. Mass education via Radio and television are keys to improving access to information on crop insurance by farmers. However, significant investment in education in rural areas is critical, in the long term, to ensure the adoption of crop insurance. Keywords:Crop insurance, climate change, participation, weather-indexed insurance, agriculture, climate change, adaptation, maize, farmers.

School belongingness has proven its positive effect on a wide range of outcomes that lead to school success. However, the factors that influence school belongingness received little research attention. Hence, the goal of this study is to explore the impact of ethnic victimization on ethnic minority students’ school belongingness. Hereto, we examine the relative impact of ethnic and non-ethnic victimization, since ethnic minority students belong to a stigmatized social category, which creates unique stressors such as ethnic victimization, but does not spare them from the general stressors that exist in life. Moreover, we approach victimization from a social-ecological perspective. First, by focusing on both victimization by peers and victimization by teachers and second, by taking the ethnic school composition into account. A multilevel analysis on a largescale dataset (N = 1160 ethnic minority students, 54 schools) collected in the third year of secondary education in Flanders (the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium) shows that victimization had a negative influence on ethnic minority students’ sense of school belonging. Furthermore, the experience of ethnic victimization was more detrimental for ethnic minority students’ sense of school belonging than the experience of other forms of victimization. Thirdly, it did not matter for ethnic minority students’ sense of school belonging if they felt victimized by teachers or by peers. Finally, when experiencing ethnic teacher victimization in a school with fewer ethnic minority students, this was more negative for ethnic minority students’ sense of school belonging than in a school with more ethnic minority students.

This article considers the construction of identity in Henry Tonks' portraits of soldiers with facial injuries incurred during the 1914–18 war. The discussion draws on a number of theoretical perspectives to analyse in different ways the relationship between the physical body and the inner self, and provide critical tools for thinking through issues of identity in surgical portraiture, where the surfaces of the face are damaged, and interior flesh is exposed. Tonks' portraits occupy an ambiguous middle ground between portraiture and medical record, and the article analyses the different modes and contexts of viewing required by portraits and by medical illustrations, and considers how a close reading of the viewer's interaction with the portrait sitter in surgical portraits can also suggest ways of theorizing the viewer's experience of other forms of portraiture.

Initial reporting and validation of the Camino miniaturised fibreoptic cerebral intraparenchymal pressure monitoring device has indicated that this tip transducing system (a) allows direct measurement of brain tissue pressure, (b) has a rapid response rate to intracranial changes and (c) correlates well with intraventricular pressure. However, there are no specific reports of this form of monitoring during non-traumatic coma in children, or any evaluation of change in clinical practice when compared with experience of other forms of invasive intracranial pressure monitoring. Over a 5-year-period (1985-1989) on the General Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, 74 children with presumed raised intracranial pressure complicating non-traumatic coma have had invasive intracranial pressure monitoring with a variety of devices. An intraventricular catheter was used in 16 patients, a subdural catheter in 6 patients, a subarachnoid screw in 35 patients and a fibreoptic intraparenchymal catheter in 17 patients. In 1985 to 1986 our preferred technique was the subarachnoid screw (33/49 patients monitored). Between 1987 and 1989 we have mainly used the Camino fibreoptic intraparenchymal monitoring system (17/25 patients monitored). In the whole series there were no cases of acute haemorrhage related to monitoring and only one patient developed infection and in this child an intraventricular catheter was used. The experience with the fibreoptic system has been favourable and the technique for insertion does not require additional expertise in comparison with standard subarachnoid screw pressure monitoring. Therefore in young children with raised intracranial pressure complicating non-traumatic coma, cerebral fibreoptic intraparenchymal pressure monitoring should be used in preference to standard subarachnoid screw pressure monitoring.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)