Experience Of South Korea Research Articles

A Study on the Irrigation Development Strategy in Malawi : Using the Yeongsan River Basin Integrated Agriculture Project Experiences in South Korea

Malawi recognizes irrigation as a means to transform the agricultural sector and alleviate rural poverty; however, this sector is not given much attention to perform the much expected wonders. In this study, two closely related elements of institutional policy, legislation and technological research, were examined using the experience of the Yeongsan River Basin Integrated Agriculture Project in South Korea. This study used a comparative analysis based on the hypothesis that effective institutional policy in the agricultural water infrastructure development can open the grid lock within the process of transforming the agricultural sector in Malawi. The aim was to contribute to the analytical knowledge base on transformative agriculture and to provide viewpoints for policy making regarding irrigation development in Malawi. The result of the comparative analysis that legislation, type of governance and organization, and, comprehensiveness of related acts (which were being revised to reflect changing economic environment) has contributed to the transformation of agricultural sector in South Korea. Further, scientific research led to high degree of technological and innovative advancement. From the study, the following policy proposals were suggested: 1) Malawi should consider revolutionizing related legislation in the lines of governance and organization, comprehensiveness of the acts and financing; and 2) Malawi should also consider rationalizing scientific research in the areas of water resource development and management, enhancement of agricultural productivity and investment in rural development.

Referral patterns and patient characteristics at the first visit to a scoliosis center: a 2-year experience in South Korea without a school scoliosis-screening program.

OBJECTIVE The need for scoliosis screening remains controversial. Nationwide school screening for scoliosis has not been performed in South Korea, and there are few studies on the referral patterns of patients suspected of having scoliosis. This study aimed to examine the referral patterns to the largest scoliosis center in South Korea in the absence of a school screening program and to analyze the factors that influence the appropriateness of referral. METHODS The medical records of patients who visited a single scoliosis center for a spinal deformity evaluation were reviewed. Among 1895 new patients who visited this scoliosis center between April 2014 and March 2016, 1211 with presumed adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were included in the study. Patients were classified into 4 groups according to the referral method: non-health care provider, primary physician, hospital specialist, or school screening program. The appropriateness of referral was labeled as inappropriate, late, or appropriate. In total, 213 of 1211 patients were excluded because they had received treatment at another medical facility; 998 patients were evaluated to determine the appropriateness of referral. RESULTS Of the 998 referrals of new patients with presumed adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 162 (16.2%) were classified as an inappropriate referral, 272 (27.3%) were classified as a late referral, and 564 (56.5%) were classified as an appropriate referral. Age, sex, Cobb angle of the major curve, and skeletal maturity were identified as statistically significant factors that correlated with the appropriateness of referral. The referral method did not correlate with the appropriateness of referral. CONCLUSIONS Under the current health care system in South Korea, a substantial number of patients with presumed adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are referred either late or inappropriately to a tertiary medical center. Although patients referred by school screening programs had a significantly lower late referral rate and higher appropriate referral rate than the other 3 groups, the referral method was not a significant factor in terms of the appropriateness of referral.

Influence of Trauma Experiences and Social Adjustment on Health-related Quality of Life in North Korean Defectors

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the influence of trauma experiences and social adjustment on health-related quality of life in North Korean defectors. Methods: The subjects were 117 North Korean defectors living in B and Y city. The data were collected from September 1 to September 20, 2014, and analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: Significant differences were found in the health-related quality of life with respect to the subjects’ education, marriage status, types of dwelling, family types, duration of residence in South Korea, jobs in South Korea and in North Korea, families left in North Korea or other surrounding countries, and subjective health status. Health-related quality of life is negatively related to trauma experiences during escape from North Korea and during their life in South Korea. Health-related quality of life positively is related to social adjustment. The meaningful variables which influenced the subjects’health-related quality include social adjustment, job in South Korea, job in North Korea, current family structure, and trauma experiences in South Korea. Total explanatory power of these factors for health-related quality in North Korean Defectors is 43.0% and social adjustment is the most influential factor. Conclusion: Therefore, in order to enhance health-related quality of life in North Korean defectors, it is necessary for them to increase social adjustment and decrease trauma experiences. In addition, methods are needed to provide job opportunities, better education and family services for North Korean defectors.

Effects of Nurse’s Second Victim Experiences on Third Victim Experiences: Multiple Mediation Effects of Second Victim Supports

Purpose Nurse’s second victim experiences could influence organizational negative work-related outcome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship between nurses’ second victim experience and third victim experience and multiple mediation effects of second victim supports. Methods A cross-sectional, self-report survey (the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool) was conducted with 305 nurses working in a general hospital. Data were collected from October 20 to November 25, 2016 and analyzed using SPSS Win version 23.0. Results The nurses' perceived second victim experience was 3.24±0.61 and the third victim experience was 3.12±0.92. Nurses’ second victim experience was found to have a direct effect on increasing third victim experience and indirect effect of colleague support as mediator (p<.05). However, institutional support and supervisor support had not a partial and indirect effect on third victim experience. Conclusion This study is one of the first to connect second victim experience to third victim experience in South Korea. This study broadens the understanding of the negative effects of a second victim experience influence third victim experience. When involvement in patient safety events, the important role of colleague support in limiting nurse’s third victim experience have been acknowledged. This study reinforces the efforts health care leaders are making to develop interventional programs to colleague support their staff as they recover from adverse event involvement. Key words: Adverse event ㆍ Second victim ㆍ Third victim ㆍ Colleague support

Patrilineality, Son Preference, and Sex Selection in South Korea and Vietnam

Recent advances in promoting the rights of women and girls globally have been partially offset by increasing implementation of son preference through offspring sex selection, leading to rising sex ratios at birth1 (SRB) and child sex ratios throughout Asia, as well as parts of Eastern Europe and Africa. The past two decades have seen the number of countries with high child sex ratios increase from five to nineteen (Hudson and den Boer 2015). In recent history, only one country has reduced its sex ratio at birth from extremely high levels to biologically normal levels: South Korea, from a peak of 116.5 males per 100 females in 1990 to 106.2 in 2007. While South Korea's sex ratio at birth was declining throughout the early to mid 2000s, the sex ratio at birth in another Asian country, Vietnam, began an erratic rise, reaching 113.8 in 2013 (see Figure 1). How can we explain this recent rise in Vietnam's sex ratio, and are there lessons for Vietnam, or for other countries facing high sex ratios at birth, from the experience of South Korea?

Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a single-center experience in South Korea.

Background/AimsNontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection has been increasing worldwide in both general population and immunocompromised patients, which has also been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. This study aimed to identify the incidence and clinical characteristics of NTM infection in RA patients living in tuberculosis (TB) infection endemic area.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of NTM infection cases in our RA registry at a tertiary referral center from January 1995 to December 2013. The clinical features of them were compared to those of 52 TB infection patients from same registry.ResultsAmong 1,397 patients with RA, NTM infection was newly developed in 26 patients and the incidence of NTM infection was 164.8 per 100,000 patient-years. The Mycobacterium avium complex was the most frequent isolate (76.9%). None of the NTM infections had extrapulmonary involvement, which was rather common in TB infection (26.9%). Patients with NTM infection were older, received higher cumulative steroid doses, and had higher rates of past TB infection history and concomitant interstitial lung disease (ILD) than cases with TB infection.ConclusionsIn South Korea, NTM infection is not rare in RA patients, and infection rates are growing. Physicians should be cautious about NTM infection in patients with a history of TB infection or concomitant ILD, even living in TB endemic area.

Global Action Art Therapy: Cross-Cultural Experiences in South Korea (Art-thérapie d'action mondiale : expériences interculturelles en corée du sud)

ABSTRACTIn a rapidly globalizing world, many art therapy programs in the US have encouraged short-term international social action courses in their curriculum. Although there are many benefits to participating in these courses, research reveals that participants' lack of multicultural competency offers a major challenge to sustaining long-term results. The present study describes art therapy students' experiences in South Korea. The study collected data on the processes and outcomes of intercultural learning and cross-cultural competence. Results indicated that students gained personal and professional growth through therapeutic and educational self-reflection.

Postponement and recuperation in cohort marriage: The experience of South Korea

Background: Despite continuing marriage delay in East Asia, little is known about the shift of marriage towards later ages and the concomitant decline in marriage.

Meditating Gunrunner Speaking, Part I: A Black Male Journey Teaching in South Korea

In this article, I offer my own decolonizing counterstory of teaching as a Black American man in a teacher education program in South Korea, to purport how I was both a colonizer and the colonized, inside and outside of the classroom and the curriculum (Asher, 2010; Baszile, 2008, 2009, 2010). To further complicate matters, my Black male body did not fit the Eurocentric manuscript of who teaches in South Korea, rendering me a problem (Du Bois, 1903/1969), and also placing a particular high value on Eurocentric epistemologies (Mignolo, 2011a). To decolonize my Black teaching experiences in South Korea, I rely on Baszile's (2010) critical race currere to perform a reading of my radical Black subjectivity in exile, while also tending to the public/private autobiographical racialization in an East Asian context. Thus, it leads me to raise the following questions: (1) What does it mean to teach while Black and male in South Korea? (2) How does one's Black man's story decolonize the narrative of who teaches abroad? To address these ontological/epistemological questions that Baszile addresses in her work, I begin with three vignettes (named meditations). The first meditation finds me strolling through a Korean neighborhood on my way to a coffee shop. The second meditation finds a cohort of Korean pre-service teachers and me in a coffee shop discussing Korean education and Black violence in America. The third meditation follows me home after my incident in the coffee shop. Ultimately, to decolonize ourselves as teachers and learners, I propose as many curriculum studies scholars do, that we must continue to offer counterdiscourses (Asher, 2010) to our racialization and colonization. Herein lies the importance of my meditations.

Elementary School Students’ Prosocial Experiences in South Korea: A Case Study

This case study demonstrates how elementary school students’ selective prosocial responding towards their peers is associated with the targets’ different peer sociometric status in the classroom. Participants include 23 fourth graders and their teacher in a private elementary school in Seoul, South Korea. The findings of this study include: 1) Students were selectively prosocial toward their peers, based on the targets’ peer acceptance and popularity; 2) The group norms associated with the criteria of peer acceptance and popularity seemed to be related to liking of liked individuals; and 3) Being friendly and comforting was commonly enacted by the students in the classroom, even toward disliked individuals; however, giving and instrumental helping was more frequent with popular targets than with disliked ones. The findings of the study indicate that students’ prosocial experiences are shaped by their selective choice of behavior based on in-group-out-group distinctions.

A document delivery service for foreign scholarly journals: the experiences of South Korea

Purpose This study aims to describe the current status and usage trends of a new document delivery service (DDS) for foreign scholarly journals in Korea. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 2010 to 2016 for the number of foreign journal subscriptions held by Foreign Research Information Centers (FRICs), number of FRIC DDS requests, the amount of government funds spent on the subscriptions, etc. Findings There has been an increase in the number of foreign journal subscriptions and DDS transactions by FRICs, especially in the fields of science, technology and medicine. Originality/value The DDS project in this study offers a useful example of collaboration between the government and academic libraries to provide research communities with foreign scholarly journals.

The gendered contours of North Korean Migration: sexualized bodies and the violence of phenotypical normalization in South Korea

This article examines the gendered and sexualized contours of North Korean experiences in South Korea at a time when nearly 70% of the North Korean emigrants are women. South Korean television shows – e.g. reality programs – and marriage matchmaking organizations seek to portray North Korean women in a ‘positive’ way to the South Korean public, although, as this article will illustrate, these representations are of a very particular, sexualized kind. These representations are sometimes negative, and there is stigma attached to North Korean women, in which South Koreans assume, for example, that they are victims of human trafficking or that they have had relations with Chinese men during their migration. Furthermore, poor nutrition and other forms of structural violence in North Korea have molded North Korean bodies; there are often physical disparities between North and South Koreans. In South Korean society where short height is viewed as undesirable and where idealized, surgical notions of beauty dominate, the violence of gendered phenotypical normalization mark North Korean bodies as smaller, foreign, and strange. Based on ethnographic research in South Korea, this article argues that these gendered contours of North Korean migration amount to a different sort of structural violence in South Korea.

OLIGARCHIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY: A TALE OF TWO ELITES

This paper studies how comparative advantage and the political elites' endowments shape long‐run performance in economies with imperfect political institutions. The trade regime interacts with industrial policy and regulations on capital mobility in governing capital accumulation. In a capital‐scarce economy, capitalist oligarchs striving for import substitution industrialization (ISI) initially shelter the economy from trade, while promoting industrial policies that promote total factor productivity growth in the manufacturing sector. This gradually shifts the comparative advantage toward manufacturing and renders the economy attractive to foreign investors. Allowing for trade and foreign capital inflows are thus complementary policies that spur growth in the capital oligarchy. By contrast, landed oligarchs in a capital‐scarce economy favor openness to trade at an early stage of development, neglect industrial policies, and block foreign capital to maximize extractable rents. The policy mix causes the economy to stagnate. Consistent with the experiences of South Korea and Argentina in the postwar era, the model predicts that the success of ISI policies depends crucially on the conditions governing the incentives for capital accumulation. (JEL F10, F20, P40, P50, O10, O24)

Making smart cities work in the face of conflicts: lessons from practitioners of South Korea’s U-City projects

A common concern in relation to smart cities is how to turn the concept into reality. The aim of this research is to investigate the implementation process of smart cities based upon the experience of South Korea’s U-City projects. The research shows that poorly-managed conflicts during implementation can diminish the potential of smart cities and discourage future improvements. The nature of smart cities is based on the concept of governance, while the planning practice is still in the notion of government. In order to facilitate the collaborative practice, the research has shown that collaborative institutional arrangements and joint fact-finding processes might secure an integrated service delivery for smart cities by overcoming operational difficulties in real-life contexts.

The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea

<i>The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea</i>

A comparative study of technological learning and organizational capability development in complex products systems: Distinctive paths of three latecomers in military aircraft industry

This paper identifies different patterns of latecomers’ technological learning in developing complex products systems (CoPS). The experiences of South Korea, China, and Brazil in military aircraft development are compared to explain the learning process in attaining indigenous technological capability. The military aircraft development programs involving international technology transfer agreements have been documented to investigate the technological learning patterns. We find different technology acquisition modes determined by latecomers’ focus of knowledge-base: technological for “make” and production for “buy”. We also find that these modes may influence the process of learning-by-doing. In addition, we find how the role of foreign partners influences technology acquisition mode. Whereas an active role results in co-production or co-development arrangement, a passive role leads to the vitalization of reverse engineering. We also shed light on the role of government policy initiatives that facilitate technological learning. Lastly, this paper extensively documented the successful technological learning in South Korea’s T-50 and Brazil’s AMX joint venture projects.

Financial globalisation and its challenges to economic sustainability in South Korea

This paper analyses the recent liberalisation experience in South Korea. This country was historically characterised by financial repression and capital controls, but it has turned to financial liberalisation since the early nineties. The South Korean experience with liberalisation and the subsequent financial crash are described with an account of the institutional changes introduced. At present, there is widespread perception of the need for a more pro-active regulatory stance towards capital inflows. The Korean experience shows policymakers' renewed enthusiasm with policy intervention coupled with the Bank of Korea unceasing quest for financial markets' stability. At the micro level, we observe a dwindling enthusiasm with foreign banks role on the part of monetary authorities.

Comment on “Innovation and Economic Growth in East Asia: An Overview”

Hu (2015) aims to provide an overview of the technological progress that East Asia has achieved over the past decades. The paper adopts South Korea as a case study to illustrate a nonlinear process of technological and economic catching up, and discusses the determination of technological innovation using a large sample of countries. Technological advancement in an economy depends on both innovation of new technology as well as imitation of the technology produced elsewhere. For many East Asian economies lagging behind in the technological ladder, the imitation and adaptation of advanced technologies provide good opportunities to catch up to more advanced countries. In contrast, for the advanced East Asian economies that have already narrowed the technology gap, technology creation becomes more important. Hu (2015) makes several contributions to the existing literature by assessing the dynamic process of technological imitation and innovation in East Asian economies, particularly in South Korea, and the role of policies and institutions for technological development. Despite its contributions, Hu's paper is hampered by several shortcomings. First, the paper does not explain technological diversity among East Asian economies. Hu uses the experience of South Korea, which transitioned successfully from technological imitation to innovation, as an interesting case study. In the case study, four major contributing factors to the South Korean success that Hu points out are the government's proactive role, its good-quality human capital in science and engineering, its well-developed link to a global production network, and as a more controversial point an international environment that was lax in enforcing intellectual property rights. It would be interesting to know to what extent the experiences of other East Asian economies, such as China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan, are different from that of South Korea in terms of the development of capabilities in technological adaptation and innovation. Some appropriate measures of national technological capacities, such as the number of patents, the payments and receipts of royalties and license fees, and research and development (R&D) expenditures, could be used to compare technological progress across East Asian economies over time. Discussions of national science and technology system and policies could also help evaluate to what extent the South Korean experience is applicable to other economies, considering that South Korea's technological innovation activities have been concentrated in large enterprises. Second, Hu's paper has very little discussion about the impact of technological innovation on economic growth. As is emphasized in recent endogenous growth theory, the role of technological progress is critical for economic development and growth (Romer, 1990; Hall & Jones, 1999). Lee and Hong (2012) present growth accounting results for East Asian countries that show the importance of total factor productivity (TFP) in output growth. There are also a number of recent papers available that measure TFP growth and assess the role of human capital, foreign direct investment, and R&D investment in TFP growth across countries (Lee & Shin, 2012; Park, 2012). Third, there are some improvements that could be made to the data and estimation techniques related to knowledge production function. Hu's paper constructs an unbalanced panel dataset consisting of input and output measures of innovation across countries over the period from 1996 to 2007, and estimates two types of knowledge production function. Based on the empirical findings, Hu argues that institutional and policy variables, such as the protection of intellectual property rights, high-tech products' share of exports, the openness to international trade, manufacturing's gross domestic product share, and the schooling attainment for adult population, while interacting with a country's stage of economic development, play important roles for the production of technology output. More explanations of the empirical specifications and data are needed to enable readers to understand the definitions and functional forms of the knowledge production function. The regressions must be subject to a number of methodological problems, such as endogeneity of the right-hand side variables, omitted variables, measurement errors, and sample selection. Appropriate empirical techniques should be adopted to address these issues. In addition, it is preferable to use period averages of the dependent variables, and to allow sufficient time for the influence from changes in input variables to affect the output variables.

Education and New Theories of Growth

The concept of Human Capital arose out of the awareness that physical capital alone was not enough to explain long run growth. The failure to treat human resources explicitly as a form of capital, as a produced means of production, as the product of investment, was a major drawback of the classical notion of labour. The classical economists viewed labour as a capacity to do manual work requiring little knowledge and skill, a capacity with which, according to this notion, labourers are endowed about equally. Although Adam Smith and Irving Fisher were among the first to clearly present an all-inclusive concept of capital, the mainstream thought was that it was neither appropriate nor practical to apply the concept of capital to human beings. The paper tries to summarize the literature on interrelation between education and Human Development. In this paper we first introduce the concept of Human Capital as envisaged in the post 1960 era with the pioneering work by TW Schultz and some other studies on Human Capital. We then move on to the New Theories of Growth which tried to rectify the shortcomings of the traditional growth theories by encompassing the concept of Human Capital. That Human Capital plays a very important role in economic development has been empirically validated by the growth experiences of South Korea, Japan and the developed countries in the west. We consider this issue in this paper and try to highlight some important facts in this regard with respect to India, Indonesia and Japan.

Crisis Effects on the Electronics Industry in Southeast Asia

The financial crises of 1997–98 and 2008–09 each had a debilitating effect on Southeast Asian market economies because of the dominance of exports and foreign ownership. However, the 1997–98 financial crisis positively impacted electronics exports, production and employment, due to a booming US economy. The contraction in demand in the US during the 2008–09 crisis reduced electronics exports from Southeast Asia with the exceptions of Indonesia and the Philippines, which were shielded by regional linkages with Singapore, Malaysia and China. Foreign labour repatriation and fiscal stimulus packages helped Malaysia and Thailand rebound quickly from the 2008–09 crisis. In the Philippines, the 2008–09 crisis expanded further the casualisation of labour as retrenched workers from Malaysia and Singapore returned home. State grants encouraged upgrading in Singapore and to some extent in Malaysia, but the liberal approach of Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand limited them to low-value-added activities. However, Singapore’s and Malaysia’s transnational-based strategy failed to reproduce the technological leapfrogging experience of South Korea and Taiwan. Also, Malaysia’s ethno-patronage policies discouraged upgrading in national firms.