Expenditure In Health Sector Research Articles

The Effect of Government Expenditures in Education and Health against Human Development Index in Jambi Province

The increase and decrease in the index of human development and spawning the government is very influential because if the big government expenditure then the possibility of human development we also become better. Moreover, government expenditure in the field of education and health can also help the community for human development in our country especially in Jambi Province to be better. In this study using time series data government expenditure data in the field of education and health and public welfare data that is seen from the human development index in Jambi province in 2001 until 2015. then in this study using the model of multiple regression equation is see the influence between independent variables against The dependent variable and also to see how the two variables influence each other then used a classical assumption analysis tool with SPSS data processing tool. From the analysis of simultaneous statistical test (F), it can be concluded that the value of F arithmetic is greater than the F table value (4.824> 3.89), then there is a positive influence between the independent variables (Government expenditure in education and government expenditure in health sector) To the dependent variable (Human Development Index in Jambi Province) with significance level of 0.029. From the result of Partial Statistic Test (t), it can be concluded that the value of t count is smaller than the value of t table on the variable of government expenditure in the field of education (0,431 2,179) with significance level 0,010 hence government expenditure in health sector there is positive and significant influence to index of human development in Jambi province. The coefficient value of regression variable of government expenditure in the field of Health (X2) of 0,042 can be interpreted if government expenditures in the field of Health rose 1 percent then the human development index will rise by 0.042

PENGARUH KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN, PENDAPATAN PER KAPITA, DAN PENGELUARAN PEMERINTAH DI BIDANG KESEHATAN TERHADAP SEKTOR KESEHATAN DI INDONESIA

AbstractHuman resource is one of capital importance in the development of a nation. One of the important aspects that affect human resources are a public health level, where health sector has an important role. The status of one's health is the result of the interaction of various factors, namely internal and external factors. Internal factors consist of physical and psychological factors, while external factors consist of economic factors, education, environment and cultureThis research aims to examine and analyze the effect of income inequality as measured by the Gini Ratio against the health sector as measured by life expectancy in Indonesia in 2005-2013. On the research of regression equation using data panels with Random Effects Model approach. The results of this research is the inequality of income, per capita income, and Government expenditure in the health effect simultaneously against health sector in Indonesia in 2005-2013 and is partial, inequality of income, per capita income, and Government expenditure in the health sector impact health sector in Indonesia in 2005-2013. Keywords : Health sector, income inequality, income per capita, Government expenditure in health sector. Research Area: Indonesia

The Analysis of Health and Educational Expenditure as Well as PDRB Per Capita’s Influence on Human Development Index (Study of Cities/Regencies at East Java Province)

This research aims to (1) find out what is the effect of educational and health sector expenditure as well as PDRB per capita on Human Development Index of regencies/cities in East Java Province between 2007 and 2012, (2) to find out which dominant variable has a significant impact on Human Development Index of regencies/cities in East Java province between 2007 and 2012. Variables of expenditures of health and educational sectors used ratios of health and education sector expenditures toward total expenditure. Quantitative method was used in this research, using panel data analysis with Fixed Effect Model approach. Estimation result shows that government expenditure on health and educational sectors as well as PDRB per capita has a positive and significant influence, affecting Human Development Index of cities/regencies of East Java Province during the research period. Variable of educational expenditures with its regression coefficient of 0.112 is a variable having the most dominant effect on Human Development Index, compared to that of health expenditure with its regression coefficient of 0.049 and that of PDRB with its regression coefficient of 0.049. Keywords : Human Development Index, health sector expenditure, educational sector expenditure, PDRB per capita.

Evaluation of economic costs of a measles outbreak and outbreak response activities in Keffa Zone, Ethiopia

ObjectiveTo estimate the economic impact of a measles outbreak and response activities that occurred in Keffa Zone, Ethiopia with 5257 reported cases during October 1, 2011–April 8, 2012, using the health sector and household perspectives. MethodsWe collected cost input data through interviews and record reviews with government and partner agency staff and through a survey of 100 measles cases-patients and their caretakers. We used cost input data to estimate the financial and opportunity costs of the following outbreak and response activities: investigation, treatment, case management, active surveillance, immunization campaigns, and immunization system strengthening. FindingsThe economic cost of the outbreak and response was 758,869 United States dollars (US$), including the opportunity cost of US$327,545 (US$62.31/case) and financial cost of US$431,324 (US$82.05/case). Health sector costs, including the immunization campaign (US$72.29/case), accounted for 80% of the economic cost. Household economic cost was US$29.18/case, equal to 6% of the household median annual income. 92% of financial costs were covered by partner agencies. ConclusionThe economic cost of the measles outbreak was substantial when compared to household income and health sector expenditures. Improvement in two-dose measles vaccination coverage above 95% would both reduce measles incidence and save considerable outbreak-associated costs to both the health sector and households.

Equity in the allocation of public sector financial resources in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review.

This review aims to identify, assess and analyse the evidence on equity in the distribution of public health sector expenditure in low- and middle-income countries. Four bibliographic databases and five websites were searched to identify quantitative studies examining equity in the distribution of public health funding in individual countries or groups of countries. Two different types of studies were identified: benefit incidence analysis (BIA) and resource allocation comparison (RAC) studies. Quality appraisal and data synthesis were tailored to each study type to reflect differences in the methods used and in the information provided. We identified 39 studies focusing on African, Asian and Latin American countries. Of these, 31 were BIA studies that described the distribution, typically across socio-economic status, of individual monetary benefit derived from service utilization. The remaining eight were RAC studies that compared the actual expenditure across geographic areas to an ideal need-based distribution. Overall, the quality of the evidence from both types of study was relatively weak. Looking across studies, the evidence confirms that resource allocation formulae can enhance equity in resource allocation across geographic areas and that the poor benefits proportionally more from primary health care than from hospital expenditure. The lack of information on the distribution of benefit from utilization in RAC studies and on the countries' approaches to resource allocation in BIA studies prevents further policy analysis. Additional research that relates the type of resource allocation mechanism to service provision and to the benefit distribution is required for a better understanding of equity-enhancing resource allocation policies.

Government Expenditures, Health Outcomes and Marginal Productivity of Agricultural Inputs: The Case of Tanzania

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of health expenditures on agricultural labour productivity in order to inform the necessary policy decisions about targeting scarce public resources towards their most effective uses. We link health sector expenditures in rural Tanzania to health outcomes and agricultural labour productivity using data from the 2008 Household Budget Survey (10,975 households) and the 2007/08 Agricultural Census (52,594 households) across 113 districts in Tanzania. The results indicate that the marginal productivity of labour as well as land and fertilisers respond significantly to health expenditures. However, the magnitude of the response varies across types of disease, categories of expenditures and agricultural inputs. These findings suggest both the need and scope for targeting public expenditures in the health sector to achieve better agricultural growth outcomes.

SVEIKATOS APSAUGOS SEKTORIAUS PASLAUGŲ IR GYVENIMO KOKYBĖS KITIMAS LIETUVOJE

Today's EU economic development strategy is based on social market economy development. The strategy's priorities (smart, sustainable and inclusive growth) are directly related to the labour. Successful development is based on exploitation of all resources (material, labour force and financial). In this aspect, the labour market has a responsible task, because its activity is manifested in all different aspects of the three priorities policy of EU development till year 2020. Health care sector services directly influences the main characteristics of labour supply. The paper analyzes the health services sector and its changes in Lithuania, describes the essence quality of life. Health sector expenditure is an investment for the present and future of various levels, both for individual and society as a whole. The level of health care development in the world, the EU-27 countries is very different. In the EU-27 aspect countries overall health sector development co-ordination is necessary, but it is important to take into account the characteristics of specific features of individual countries' development. The population‘s health in microeconomic and macroeconomic level is characterized. The analysis showed, that the country's development level directly influence the level of health care sector.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.17.4.2998

Improving the cost-effectiveness of cardiovascular disease prevention in Australia: a modelling study.

BackgroundCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Like many countries, Australia is currently changing its guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention from drug treatment for everyone with ‘high blood pressure’ or ‘high cholesterol’, to prevention based on a patient’s absolute risk. In this research, we model cost-effectiveness of cardiovascular disease prevention with blood pressure and lipid drugs in Australia under three different scenarios: (1) the true current practice in Australia; (2) prevention as intended under the current guidelines; and (3) prevention according to proposed absolute risk levels. We consider the implications of changing to absolute risk-based cardiovascular disease prevention, for the health of the Australian people and for Government health sector expenditure over the long term.MethodsWe evaluate cost-effectiveness of statins, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers, for Australian men and women, aged 35 to 84 years, who have never experienced a heart disease or stroke event. Epidemiological changes and health care costs are simulated by age and sex in a discrete time Markov model, to determine total impacts on population health and health sector costs over the lifetime, from which we derive cost-effectiveness ratios in 2008 Australian dollars per quality-adjusted life year.ResultsCardiovascular disease prevention based on absolute risk is more cost-effective than prevention under the current guidelines based on single risk factor thresholds, and is more cost-effective than the current practice, which does not follow current clinical guidelines. Recommending blood pressure-lowering drugs to everyone with at least 5% absolute risk and statin drugs to everyone with at least 10% absolute risk, can achieve current levels of population health, while saving $5.4 billion for the Australian Government over the lifetime of the population. But savings could be as high as $7.1 billion if Australia could match the cheaper price of statin drugs in New Zealand.ConclusionsChanging to absolute risk-based cardiovascular disease prevention is highly recommended for reducing health sector spending, but the Australian Government must also consider measures to reduce the cost of statin drugs, over and above the legislated price cuts of November 2010.

Narrowing Vertical Fiscal Imbalances in Four European Countries

This paper describes the institutional changes that have induced a decline in the vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI) - defined as the share of sub-national own spending not financed through own revenues - in four European countries: Belgium, Italy, Norway, and Spain. The decline in VFI was achieved through progressive devolution of revenues to sub-national governments in Belgium, Italy, and Spain, while re-centralization of health sector expenditures was the cause of the decline in the VFI in Norway.

Narrowing Vertical Fiscal Imbalances in Four European Countries

This paper describes the institutional changes that have induced a decline in the vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI) - defined as the share of sub-national own spending not financed through own revenues - in four European countries: Belgium, Italy, Norway, and Spain. The decline in VFI was achieved through progressive devolution of revenues to sub-national governments in Belgium, Italy, and Spain, while re-centralization of health sector expenditures was the cause of the decline in the VFI in Norway.

Health Expenditure Efficiency in the Commonwealth of Independent States: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

Efficiency of expenditure in health sector for the Commonwealth of Independent States is addressed in this paper. The efficiency frontier is built applying Data Envelopment Analysis methodology. Quantity inputs and expenditure measures are used to determine the efficiency outcomes and to detect some sources of inefficiency. The paper proves that the efficiency of expenditure on health varies significantly between these countries. Computing relative efficiency for each country the most efficient and inefficient cases are identified. The results derived herein may provide some insights into relative efficiencies among the Commonwealth of Independent States member countries in provision of health services.

O agir econômico como motor da política de saúde na Alemanha: consequências para a prevenção e promoção da saúde

Since the mid 1970s the health policy in Germany has focused on cost containment - precisely reduction of employer's contribution for statutory health insurance (SHI). However political parties and the government have also changed their strategies to achieve this aim. The grown structures of SHI concerned with financing, provision and management remained unaltered till the early 90 s. The 90 s are marked by a broad transformation of the health sector. Regulatory instruments have been developed to create financial incentives for all stakeholders (sickness funds, health care providers, insured/patients) to reduce expenditure in health sector. The transformation process is marked by normative principle of taking stakeholders as economic subjects acting rationally. The article aims at evaluating the desired/undesired impacts of this paradigm shift, where solidarity is surpassed by competition, co-payment and privatisation. It shows where this paradigm change can be observed and which instruments have been used for its realisation. It is also given an analysis on the reaction of important stakeholders to this change. Finally, it is demonstrated ,by using examples of prevention and health promotion that the only focus on economic models doesn t allow health policy to adequately meet the challenges set upon it.

Support to the Safe Motherhood Programme in Nepal: An Integrated Approach

Evidence gathered from 1997 to 2006 indicates progress in reducing maternal mortality in Nepal, but public health services are still constrained by resource and staff shortages, especially in rural areas. The five-year Support to the Safe Motherhood Programme builds on the experience of the Nepal Safer Motherhood Project (1997–2004). It is working with the Government of Nepal to build capacity to institute a minimum package of essential maternity services, linking evidence-based policy development with health system strengthening. It has supported long-term planning, working towards skilled attendance at every birth, safe blood supplies, staff training, building management capacity, improving monitoring systems and use of process indicators, promoting dialogue between women and providers on quality of care, and increasing equity and access at district level. An incentives scheme finances transport costs to a health facility for all pregnant women and incentives to health workers attending deliveries, with free services and subsidies to facilities in the poorest 25 districts. Despite bureaucracy, frequent transfer of key government staff and political instability, there has been progress in policy development, and public health sector expenditure has increased. For the future, a human resources strategy with career paths that encourage skilled staff to stay in the government service is key.RésuméLes données recueillies de 1997 à 2006 indiquent des progrès dans la réduction de la mortalité maternelle au Népal, mais les services de santé publique sont encore limités par les pénuries de ressources et de personnel, particulièrement dans les zones rurales. Le Programme quinquennal de soutien à une maternité sans risque est fondé sur l’expérience du Projet népalais de maternité à moindre risque (1997–2004). Il travaille avec le Gouvernement népalais pour créer un ensemble minimum de services essentiels de maternité, en liant la définition de politiques à base factuelle au renforcement des systèmes de santé. Il a soutenu la planification à long terme, les activités pour que tous les accouchements bénéficient d’une assistance qualifiée, un approvisionnement sanguin sûr, la formation du personnel, la consolidation des capacités de gestion, l’amélioration des systèmes de suivi et l’utilisation d’indicateurs de processus, la promotion du dialogue entre les femmes et les prestataires sur la qualité des soins, et l’accroissement de l’équité et de l’accès au niveau des districts. Un plan finance les frais de transport de toutes les femmes enceintes jusqu’à un centre de santé et des primes d’encouragement pour les agents de santé qui supervisent les accouchements, avec des services gratuits et des subventions pour les équipements des 25 districts les plus pauvres. Malgré la lourdeur de la bureaucratie, les transferts fréquents de fonctionnaires clés et l’instabilité politique, la définition des politiques a progressé et les dépenses de santé publique ont augmenté. Pour l’avenir, une stratégie de ressources humaines avec des plans de carrière qui encouragent le personnel qualifié à demeurer dans le secteur public est capitale.ResumenLa evidencia reunida desde 1997 hasta 2006 indica avances en la disminución de la mortalidad materna en Nepal, pero los servicios de salud pública aún se ven limitados por la escasez de recursos y personal, especialmente en las zonas rurales. El programa de Apoyo a la Maternidad Sin Riesgos, de cinco años de duración, se basa en la experiencia del Proyecto de Maternidad sin Riesgos (1997–2004), en Nepal. Está trabajando con el Gobierno nepalés a fin de desarrollar la capacidad para instituir un paquete mínimo de servicios esenciales de maternidad, vinculando la formulación de políticas basada en evidencia con el fortalecimiento del sistema de salud. Ha apoyado la planificación de largo plazo, procurando tener asistencia calificada en cada parto y suministros seguros de sangre, capacitando al personal, desarrollando la capacidad de administración, mejorando los sistemas de monitoreo y el uso de indicadores del proceso, fomentando diálogo entre las mujeres y los prestadores de servicios sobre la calidad de la atención, y aumentando la equidad y el acceso a nivel distrital. Una estrategia de incentivos financia los costos de transporte al establecimiento de salud para todas las mujeres embarazadas y los incentivos para que los trabajadores de la salud asistan en los partos, con servicios gratuitos y subsidios para los establecimientos en los 25 distritos más pobres. Pese a la burocracia, al traslado frecuente de personal gubernamental clave y a la inestabilidad política, ha habido avances en la formulación de políticas, y los gastos del sector salud pública han aumentado. En el futuro, es indispensable una estrategia de recursos humanos con trayectorias profesionales que motiven al personal calificado a continuar trabajando para el gobierno.

Health Care System in Goa: Analysis of Role in Sustainable Development

The notion of human well-being includes the crucial attributes of leading a healthy life free from illness and ailments and a reasonable life span. Experience shows that economic prosperity measured in terms of quantitative indicators does not always ensure enrichment in quality of life, but it is reflected in broader dimensions of well-being such as health, which is desirable in sustaining the development process. Hence evaluating the achievements on health front acquires importance.
 Health policies in developing countries including India have focused on the issues related to population growth, common diseases, nutrition, disabilities, newly emerging diseases such as AIDS, occupational diseases, mental diseases and so on. Along with this earlier health agenda, increasing urbanization has thrown up new health challenges related to environment pollution, increased exposure to toxic substances in everyday life and life styles related health problems.
 The paper highlights the importance of a well-managed health care system in economic development. It discusses the vital statistics indicating health status of Goa. It analyzes'the trends in health sector expenditure as a proportion of Goa's NSDP. It attempts to examine if the health system in Goa is well-equipped to face the emerging health challenges to ensure sustainable development of the economy.

13th National Congress of the South African Society of Psychiatrists, 20-23 September 2004

13th National Congress of the South African Society of Psychiatrists, 20-23 September 2004

More on health sector expenditure data and what they can and cannot tell us

The carefully done health sector financing and expenditure survey carried out in Swaziland by Lucy Gilson (1987) has produced much detailed and useful information. However, despite the care with which the survey was done it did not generate the type of planning and management data required for possible implementation of the recommendations offered by Gilson. In an earlier contribution to this journal (Gish 1987) I suggested that researchers and others must focus more on the utilization/output side of health services rather than quite so heavily [or rather, one-sidedly] on the input/expenditure side as is current practice, at least in Third World countries. I believe this line of reasoning can be usefully extended with illustrations drawn from Gilson and a study of my own carried out in Swaziland in 1974 and 1975 and published somewhat later (Gish 1979 and WHO 1978).

Planning health sector expenditure in support of PHC

Planning health sector expenditure in support of PHC

Health planning in India 1951–84: the role of the Planning Commission

An attempt is made to answer 2 sets of questions: how much is spent by Indian central and state governments on sectors and how does this relate to plan and nonplan expenditures; and how far does the Indian case support the argument that health sector expenditure in developing countries is skewed too far in favor of curative health services in urban areas. The term health refers to the Indian budgetary categories of medical and public health; health-related includes the plan categories of health family planning (or family welfare) water supply and sanitation and where possible nutrition. In India the most obvious feature of public sector health expenditures is that little in absolute terms is spent directly on providing health services to the population. How little continues to be unclear partly because of the complications caused by the different agencies concerned with health-related issues. The main areas which tend to be omitted from discussions of health expenditures in India are social insurance and nutrition. All government expenditures in India are divided into plan and nonplan categories. The plan covers most new developmental expenditure; the nonplan category covers routine activities. In general for health topics plan expenditures have included all those on preventive campaigns family planning and some water supply and sanitation. In other parts of the health budget only new developments have been paid for from the plan budget with recurrent costs becoming part of the nonplan budget at the end of the relevant plan. In general there have been 3 financial categories of plan expenditures: those paid for totally by central government and disbursed by its own agencies; those paid for in whole or in part by the center but disbursed by state governments; and those funded and disbursed by the state governments. Family planning always has been a completely centrally funded area. The Planning Commission both in its own right and as a channel for foreign pressures has ensured that the Indian plans have been fairly consistent in their emphasis on rural preventive services but the Planning Commission can only restrain expenditures by state governments (rather than being able to insist on spending) and is only concerned with plan expenditures. The actual patterns of total health expenditures may be very different. The differences between outlays and actual plan expenditures are considered along with total health expenditures in some states. In sum the balance between major categories of health expenditure has shifted dramatically towards family planning and the shift is most marked in plan expenditures.