Product Expansion Research Articles

Synergies and competition: Examining flexibility options in the European electricity market

The electricity market transitions from a market clearing in which flexible generation meets inflexible demand to one in which inflexible generation meets flexible demand. Consequently, new types of flexibility are needed to balance generation and demand. This paper mainly aims to analyse competition and synergy between various flexibility options in the electricity market. The developed European electricity market model maximises the joint socio-economic welfare of the electricity and the hydrogen market. Transmission grid,- storage expansion, electric vehicle demand side flexibility and hydrogen sector coupling are flexibility options. This work examines the implementation of different flexibility options in the bidding zones Austria and Germany. Austria, with a very high storage capacity in the alpine arc and Germany, with massive wind turbine capacities serve as representative case study. Results show that the storage location heavily influences the corresponding socio-economic welfare increase. Hence, location-dependent synergy and competition between storage and transmission line expansion can occur. In contrast, sector coupled hydrogen production and storage expansion compete with each other as both will reduce very low electricity prices. Demand-side flexibility primarily benefits end-users while producer surplus reduces. In combination with storage expansion, further positive synergistic effects for end-users occur. The combination of storage expansion and demand-side flexibility can replace transmission line expansion and vice versa if used comprehensively. Further efforts could address the evaluation of these effects if the individual flexibility providers aim for something other than a system-wide but individual optimum.

The macroeconomic impact of ocean economy financing in South Africa

ABSTRACT The global ocean plays a vital role in supplying seafood and employment, driving worldwide GDP growth. South Africa recognises the ocean economy's potential and invests in it to boost productivity, reduce unemployment, and spur economic expansion. However, challenges like outdated infrastructure, weak governance, and technological gaps hinder progress. Amidst rising demand for seafood, unregulated competition prevails. The study employed ARDL to test the long – and short-run relationships between ocean economy financing, economic growth, and unemployment from 1994 to 2019. The results show that there is a positive and statistically insignificant relationship between ocean economy financing economic growth, and unemployment. This study recommends that the government continue to increase a sustained investment in ocean economy infrastructure, addressing growth constraints, and adopting a comprehensive strategy for realising economic growth and job creating.

Food waste as a raw material for production of polyhydroxyalkanoates: State and prospects

The growing problem of environmental pollution by plastic leads to the search not only for the most promising biodegradable polymer, but also for optimal raw materials for its production. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) — biodegradable polymers with physical and mechanical properties close to traditional plastics — are considered a potential solution to this problem. The production of PHA can be organized according to the principles of circular bioeconomy through biotechnological processing of secondary raw materials to produce a product with added value. However, an important component of the expansion of PHA production is the need to find the most promising secondary raw materials for its production. The PHA market in Russia and the global market have been analyzed, highlighting the demand in the packaging and food industries, biomedicine and agro- industry as the fundamental factor for the growth of PHA production. Bibliographic analysis using the PRISMA scheme and VOSviewer program allowed identifying three main directions of PHA research: search for optimal secondary raw materials among food waste, analysis of challenges in PHA production, and the ecological and economic effects of its implementation. Promising types of secondary raw materials have been revealed: vegetable oil production waste, fruit and vegetable process- ing waste, dairy whey, sugar and starch industry waste, spent coffee grounds and coffee oils extracted from them. Advantages and disadvantages of using secondary raw materials, options for improving their use in the production of PHA, and the main strains-producers were determined. To optimize the cost and processes of PHA production, further studies of food waste are required, aimed at developing approaches to increase the polymer yield, including through the use of secondary raw material preparation processes, and the search for the most productive strains synthesizing PHA.

Mechanical and microstructural properties of one-part geopolymer-solidified soil attacked by Na2SO4

In the construction of traffic engineering, a large amount of waste soils was generated. These soils have poor engineering properties, cannot be used as subgrade fill, so they were solidified treatment, commonly used cement curing agent have adverse effects on the environment. One-part geopolymer (OPG), as a green and new type of soil stabilizer, not only provides a new idea for the solidification of engineering waste, but also offers an effective way for the disposal of industrial solid waste, and reduces the consumption of cement. In order to evaluate the durability of geopolymer solidified soil, in this paper, with fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as raw materials, solid NaOH and Na2SiO3 as solid alkali-activator to prepare OPG, which was used as a solidifier to solidify the waste dredged silt to produce one-part geopolymer-solidified soil (OPGSS). The variation patterns of mass, unconfined compression strength (UCS) and elasticity modulus of OPGSS with attack time under 0%, 5% and 10% Na2SO4 solutions were investigated. The changes in the phase composition, micro-morphology and pore size distribution of OPGSS were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed that: Under both 5% and 10% Na2SO4 solutions, the UCS of OPGSS decreased in two stages with attack time, and the number of large pores and total pores of OPGSS increased in two stages. The inflection points appeared on day 8 under 5% Na2SO4 solution; the inflection points appeared on day 5 under 10% Na2SO4 solution. This was mainly due to the expansion of corrosion products formed by OPGSS under Na2SO4 attack, which destroyed the microstructure of OPGSS and led to a reduction in the UCS of the OPGSS.

Celestial OPE in self-dual gravity

In this paper we compute the celestial operator product expansion between two outgoing positive helicity gravitons in the self-dual gravity. It has been shown that the self-dual gravity is a w1+∞-invariant theory whose scattering amplitudes are one-loop exact with all positive helicity gravitons. Celestial w1+∞ symmetry is generated by an infinite tower of (conformally soft) gravitons which are holomorphic conserved currents. We find that at any given order only the descendants of a finite number of w1+∞ currents contribute to the operator product expansion. This is somewhat surprising but, this is consistent with our earlier analysis based on w1+∞ symmetry alone. The phenomenon of truncation also suggests that in some (unknown) formulation the spectrum of conformal dimensions in the dual two dimensional theory can be bounded from below. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Systemic cycles of accumulation and chaos in the world capitalist system: a missing link

Abstract We re-examine the systemic cycles of accumulation (SCA) of Arrighi (2010) and Arrighi and Silver (1999) which provide a framework for the analysis of the cyclical patterns of geographical expansion of trade and production and the related shifts of hegemonic power within the world capitalist system. Within the SCA framework, the last stage of a hegemonic cycle is characterized by what is called ‘systemic chaos’. However, the drivers of these dynamics have not been explicitly analyzed. This article fills this gap by providing a link between the accumulation process and systemic chaos. Introducing the logistic map into the SCA analysis, our approach provides the missing detailed understanding of how systemic chaos is an outcome of the contradictory socioeconomic dynamics of capital accumulation itself while being based on the key insights of the SCA framework of hegemonic cycles.

Conceptualization of system management of e-commerce enterprises

The modern information stage of business development is characterized by digitalization of all processes, primarily commodity and money exchange. This reinforces the trend of dynamic growth in the number of electronic commerce (EC) enterprises, which is naturally accom­panied by an increase in the volume of turnover, intensifying market competition between manu­facturers, sup­pliers and sellers, expansion and improvement of product offers, implement­tation of artificial intelligence technologies in these processes. There is an objective need for a flexible and adaptive response of the corporate management of EC enterprises to permanent market changes in order to strengthen their own competitive advantages, as well as to develop a theoretical model of effective system manage­ment of an enterprise operating in such conditions. Such a model should be based on fundamentally new approaches to the system management of EC enterprises. Ukraine’s par­tici­pation in the formation of the global information society requires the development of the domestic EC segment, which involves the improvement of business processes in produc­tion and trade, the expansion of sales channels, the transformation of the labor market and the human capital mana­gement system. Such a necessity is intensified against the background of Russia’s war against Ukraine. Despite the economic crisis caused by the war, the improve­ment of management approaches by EC enterprises should increase the efficiency of their business processes and lead to an increase in the competitiveness of the domestic economy. The aim of the article is to develop the conceptual foundations of system management of e-commerce enterprises. Based on the methods of scientific analysis and synthesis, the essence of e-commerce, e-commerce enterprise is determined and the classic McKensey 7S mo­del is developed in the case of system manage­ment of an e-commerce enterprise. Internal and external determinants of system management of EC enterprises are highlighted. The develop­ment of the classic McKensey 7S model and the analysis of the system management determinants of EC enterprises made it possible to concept­tualize it and reveal the need for a scientific rethinking of management approa­ches at the level of domestic enterprises. This will contri­bute to the leveling of barriers to the effective introduction of new management approaches into management practice.

The impact of input efficiency on the value chain embeddedness of rare earth enterprises

We use the combined data of enterprises from the "China Industrial Enterprise Database" and the "China Customs Database" from 2000 to 2013 to examine whether and how the improvement in input efficiency of rare earth enterprises affects value chain embeddedness. The research finds that the improvement in input efficiency of rare earth enterprises has a significant enhancement effect on value chain embeddedness. The results show that the difference in the efficiency impact of capital input and labor input is around 3 %. Specifically, the improvement in input efficiency of enterprises will generate product expansion effects, quality effects, and technology effects, strengthening the ascent of the enterprise value chain. Furthermore, for enterprises in the middle segments of the industry chain, enterprises with low debt ratios, and enterprises in a relaxed financing environment, the efficiency of capital input has a more significant impact on improving the position of enterprises in the value chain.

Fast Fashion Issue in Vietnam: Legal Aspects and Environmental Protection

The entire world is facing a tremendous acceleration in the development of the fashion industry and responding to the highly increasing demand for fashion items. However, the fashion industry is the main root of creating tons of environmental problems and greenhouse gas emissions in the corporate production process. Fast fashion is the new fashion trend, which has continuously been harming the environment, specifically contributes to carbon emissions and many other scenarios. The expansion of fast fashion products in the modern age all over the world has also created preferable conditions for nurturing fast fashion brands in Vietnam. In addition, it helps the advent of foreign fast fashion brands penetrate the Vietnam market. As a result, the Government needs to pay attention to some issues related to policies, laws, environmental protection, and sustainable development goals of net emissions in Vietnam. In the content of this article, the author examines the fast fashion trends in Vietnam from the perspective of law enforcement, and environmental protection under the goal of maintaining sustainable development, thereby making some necessary recommendations for improving the relevant legal policy.

Power corrections to the modified QCD perturbative series based on conformal mapping of the Borel plane

Modifications of the QCD perturbative expansions by the subtraction of the dominant infrared renormalon have been proposed recently as attempts to solve the longstanding discrepancy between fixed-order and contour-improved perturbation theory for the hadronic τ decays. In this approach, the modified perturbative series is supplemented by a modified gluon condensate in the operator product expansion of the Adler function. Motivated by these works, we revisited recently a formulation of the QCD perturbation theory, proposed some time ago, which takes into account the renormalons by means of the conformal mapping of the Borel plane. One expects that the modified perturbative series obtained in this framework should be accompanied by modified power-suppressed nonperturbative corrections. However, in the previous studies the focus was on the perturbative series and the question of the possible power corrections has not been considered. In the present paper, we investigate for the first time this problem. Using techniques from the mathematical resurgence theory, we derive the expression of the dominant power correction to the perturbative series obtained by conformal mapping of the Borel plane, and discuss its implications for phenomenological applications. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Use of geotechnologies to promote the sustainable expansion of fish farming: an analysis for the municipality of Chopinzinho, Brazil

The expansion of fish production in a sustainable way in small municipalities has become an objective for both fish farmers and consumers, whether for nutritional and/or environmental appeal. The objective of this work was to map natural resources in the municipality of Chopinzinho/Pr using geotechnology to subsidies the planning of fish production in the municipality. The methodology used was based on geoprocessing and remote sensing tools. Results indicate annual growth in fish production, an amount of 53.1 hectares of water depth and 242 excavated ponds, the majority (81.8%) measuring less than 3,000 meters. The estimated nutrient input, due to fish farming, in excavated ponds, during the cultivation cycle was 104.14 tons of Total Nitrogen and 12.78 tons of Total Phosphorus and during harvesting 3.95 tons of Total Nitrogen and 0,85 tons of Total Phosphorus. Therefore, the use of geotechnology tools to map natural resources and excavated ponds, for subsequent estimation of nutrient input, has the potential to become a methodology to promote the expansion of fish production in a sustainable manner.

Identification and Distribution of the 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Asian Citrus Psyllid Pathosystem in Saudi Arabia.

Citrus greening disease was first reported in Saudi Arabia during the 1970s when characteristic foliar and fruit symptoms were observed in commercial citrus groves. However, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) was not detected in symptomatic trees until 1981 to 1984 when CLas-like cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy in leaves collected from symptomatic citrus groves in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Despite the anticipated establishment of the CLas-Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) pathosystem, CLas presence has not been verified in suspect trees nor have ACP infestations been documented. Given the recent expansion of citrus production in Saudi Arabia, a systematic country-wide survey was carried out to determine the potential CLas distribution in the 13 citrus-growing regions of the country. Citrus trees were surveyed for the presence of CLas-psyllid vector(s) and characteristic disease symptoms in commercial and urban citrus trees. Adult psyllids collected from infested citrus trees were identified as ACP based on morphological characteristics. Real-time quantitative PCR amplification (qPCR) of the CLas β-subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) gene from citrus leaf and fruit samples and/or ACP adults revealed that trees were positive for CLas detection in 10 of the 13 survey regions; however, CLas was undetectable in ACP adults. Phylogenetic and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses of a PCR-amplified, cloned fragment of the CLas 16S rRNA gene (∼1.1 kbp) indicated Saudi Arabian isolates were most closely related to Florida, U.S.A., isolates. Analysis of climate variables indicated that the distribution of the ACP-CLas pathosystem observed in Saudi Arabia was consistent with published predictions of terrains most likely to support establishment.

Enhancing low‐temperature long‐time milk pasteurization process with a C4.5 algorithm‐driven AIoT system for real‐time decision‐making

AbstractThis research is driven by the imperative to improve the milk pasteurization process's efficiency and safety within the Industry 5.0 framework. It introduces the artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) into the pasteurization system and focuses on deploying the C4.5 algorithm, anticipated to render precise real‐time decisions by analyzing critical temperature and duration data essential for the low‐temperature long‐time (LTLT) pasteurization technique. Test results indicate that the C4.5 model is highly effective, demonstrating nearly perfect metrics with a precision of .78, a recall of .77, and an F1‐score of .73, while achieving an overall algorithm accuracy of .76. In terms of heating control, the double jacket method tested on a 300‐L system proved the control design's capability to quickly reach and maintain desired temperatures, hitting the set‐point within 70 min. However, it was observed that systems with larger capacities took longer to reach the set‐point, suggesting a potential for further optimization. The findings affirm that integrating AIoT into control systems can significantly enhance process efficiency and effectiveness, consistent with the goal of incorporating sophisticated technological solutions in the food sector.Practical ApplicationsThe article “Enhancing Low‐Temperature Long‐Time Milk Pasteurization Process with a C4.5 Algorithm‐Driven AIoT System for Real‐Time Decision‐Making” explores an AIoT system's potential to revolutionize the dairy industry's pasteurization methods. This system promises enhanced efficiency by optimizing energy and time, thereby reducing costs. It ensures superior quality control through continuous monitoring, maintaining nutritional integrity and safety. The high automation level minimizes human error and operational demands, while predictive maintenance forecasts prevent downtime. The system's scalability supports production expansion with minimal resource increase. Moreover, it guarantees product traceability and compliance with food safety regulations. The generated data offers insights for further supply chain optimizations. This integration of AI and IoT thus presents significant advancements in process management, quality assurance, and scalable operations for the dairy industry.

Polyakov blocks for the 1D conformal field theory mixed-correlator bootstrap

We introduce manifestly crossing-symmetric expansions for arbitrary systems of 1D CFT correlators. These expansions are given in terms of certain Polyakov blocks which we define and show how to compute efficiently. Equality of operator product expansion and Polyakov block expansions leads to sets of sum rules that any mixed correlator system must satisfy. The sum rules are diagonalized by correlators in tensor product theories of generalized free fields. We show that it is possible to do a change of a basis that diagonalizes instead mixed correlator systems involving elementary and composite operators in a single field theory. As an application, we find the first nontrivial examples of optimal bounds, saturated by the mixed correlator system ϕ,ϕ2 in the theory of a single generalized free field. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Higher twist corrections to B -meson decays into a proton and dark antibaryon from QCD light-cone sum rules

The B-mesogenesis framework anticipates decays of B mesons into a dark antibaryon Ψ and various Standard Model baryons. Here, we focus on the exclusive decay process B→pΨ observed as a proton and missing energy in the final state and determine the decay width by employing the QCD light-cone sum rule framework. We include all contributions up to twist six to the nucleon distribution amplitudes in order to parametrize the nonperturbative effects in the operator product expansion. We obtain the decay width and branching fraction with respect to the mass mΨ of the dark antibaryon Ψ. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Threats to the Food Security of the Russian State in the Modern Settings

Introduction. National security of any state is ensured through development of the various spheres of its life — spiritual, political, military, economic and others. However, the fundamental factor ensuring existence of any society is availability of accessible quality and quantity of food to the citizens. Therefore, the goal of the state socio-economic policy of Russiais to ensure people’s food security. The article analyses the state policy and practices of Russia in countering the threats to the food security of the country in the modern difficult geopolitical settings. The relevance of studying the food security system of the Russian state is induced by one of the priorities of the state socio-economic policy implying the development of the food security threat preventing and countering measures as the fundamental condition of existence of the society. The aim of the study is to analyse the criteria of the state governance efficiency on ensuring the food security of the country, to study the state of the art in this field as well as to identify the existing threats and propose the countering measures. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted using the methods of structural-functional and statistical analysis, content analysis of the normative legal acts in the field of food security, at both national and international levels, the comparative-historical method, comparativism and other methods. Results. The state of the art of the food security system of Russia, which is an integral part of the national security of the state, has been analysed. The regulatory documents and statistical data on the state of the art of the food security of Russia have been investigated. The measures for ensuring the Russian Federation food security have been proposed through expansion of the domestic production of the environmentally friendly and safe for the human health products and other kind of products that is a necessary condition for preserving the population and the nature of our country and the decent standard of living of the Russian citizens. Discussion and Conclusion. The degree of ensuring the state food security has significantly improved, but has not reached the normative threshold values for the whole range of goods. Provision of the high-quality affordable food to the Russian citizens remains a riskogenics factor. The economic sanctions imposed by the Western countries against Russia are a newform of the hybrid warfare. The conclusions drawn upon the research aim to supplement and expand the scientific knowledge on the conditions of ensuring the food security of the Russian state that is the most important concern of the government, because food is the basic condition for existence of all the living beings on the planet. The independence of the state and its national sovereignty depend on ensuring the food security.

Design, deployment, and operation of an experimental offshore seaweed cultivation structure

Seaweed cultivation systems suitable for offshore and exposed locations have the potential to enable expansion of global seaweed production to levels capable of substantially supplementing or offsetting terrestrial agriculture. A demonstration scale, experimental seaweed cultivation system (farm) intended to withstand exposed ocean environments was designed, deployed, planted with kelp (a type of seaweed), monitored and decommissioned. Objectives for the field program included: [1] observation of the farm’s behavior and survivability in exposed ocean conditions, [2] demonstration of novel farm system design features and component technologies, and [3] evaluation of farm operability. Novel design features included a lattice mooring system geometry, multi-shaft helical anchors, and the use of fiberglass rod as a replacement for rope anchor lines and kelp growth substrate in order to mitigate the risk of marine animal entanglement. New hardware was developed for transmitting tension loads to and from fiberglass rods, enabling their use in the farm. A numerical model was used in the design stage to simulate the farm in ocean conditions. Analysis results were used to specify farm components, evaluate sensitivities to installation precision, identify potential issues with component interaction, consider operational constraints and investigate the implications of single point failures. The farm was installed at a Gulf of Maine, USA site and planted with Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) in November 2021 through January 2022 and monitored for one growth season. Kelp was sampled 3 times and met-ocean conditions were measured throughout the season. Kelp was harvested in May 2022 and the structure was removed June 2022. Recovered components were inspected for wear. The farm survived a series of storm events with significant wave heights greater than 2 m and at least one storm with a maximum wave height of 5.9 m. The farm system experienced only minor corrosion, wear and damage. Farm operations revealed the need for improved accessibility, tension control and anchor placement accuracy. Observations and tests revealed relatively poor kelp holdfast attachment to the fiberglass rope replacement. Nonetheless, demonstration results suggest that the experimental farming system design was suitable for use in exposed settings.

Probing transverse momentum dependent structures with azimuthal dependence of energy correlators

We study the azimuthal angle dependence of the energy-energy correlators \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\langle \\mathcal{E}\\left({\\widehat{n}}_{1}\\right)\\mathcal{E}\\left({\\widehat{n}}_{2}\\right)\\rangle $$\\end{document} in the back-to-back region for e+e− annihilation and deep inelastic scattering (DIS) processes with general polarization of the proton beam. We demonstrate that the polarization information of the beam and the underlying partons from the hard scattering is propagated into the azimuthal angle dependence of the energy-energy correlators. In the process, we define the Collins-type EEC jet functions and introduce a new EEC observable using the lab-frame angles in the DIS process. Furthermore, we extend our formalism to explore the two-point energy correlation between hadrons with different quantum numbers \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathbb{S}}_{i}$$\\end{document} in the back-to-back limit \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\langle {\\mathcal{E}}_{{\\mathbb{S}}_{1}}\\left({\\widehat{n}}_{1}\\right){\\mathcal{E}}_{{\\mathbb{S}}_{2}}\\left({\\widehat{n}}_{2}\\right)\\rangle $$\\end{document}. We find that in the Operator Product Expansion (OPE) region the nonperturbative information is entirely encapsulated by a single number. Using our formalism, we present several phenomenological studies that showcase how energy correlators can be used to probe transverse momentum dependent structures.

Economic Growth and Financial Intermediation Nexus in Pakistan: An ARDL Analysis

This paper explores the relationship between economic growth and financial intermediation in Pakistan. By utilizing data from 1996 to 2022, presence of cointegration in the long run is investigated by employing the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, whereas error correction model (ECM) is used to depict short run linkages. The augmented dickey fuller (ADF) test verifies the stationarity properties of the series. The results show that financial intermediation promotes economic growth both in short run as well as in long run and confirm the view of Schumpeter regarding finance growth nexus. The findings also reveal that investment and human development also significantly contribute to productivity and economic expansion whereas public expenditure exhibits a positive but insignificant effect due to crowding out effects. The study found that despite improvements in Pakistan's financial structure, sustainable economic growth requires an enabling investment climate and robust governance which can be achieved by implementing suitable reforms for development of a well-organized financial sector.

Algerian gas to strengthen energy security of the European Union: Policy, capacity and strategy

The last decade has seen relative stability in the global gas market, with European countries benefiting from access to abundant and inexpensive gas supplies, primarily from Russia. However, the onset of the Russo-Ukrainian war has exposed Europe's energy vulnerabilities, given its heavy reliance on Russian gas. In response, Algeria has emerged as a key alternative, drawing increased diplomatic engagement from the European Union. Algeria's significance stems not only from its considerable gas reserves and potential for production expansion but also from its geographical proximity to Europe and its robust gas infrastructure, including LNG tankers and a comprehensive pipeline network. This paper seeks to delve into Algeria's potential to bolster the European Union's energy security. Through a detailed examination of Algeria's resource capabilities and insights drawn from the experiences of Spain and Italy—countries that have navigated political tensions and competition with Russian gas respectively—the study aims to provide a nuanced analysis of how Algeria can play a pivotal role in ensuring a stable and secure energy supply for Europe.