Expansion Of Inequality Research Articles

Regional household variation and inequality across the Maya landscape

The emergence and expansion of inequality have been topics of household archaeology for decades. Traditionally, this question has been informed by ethnographic, ethnohistoric and/or comparative studies. Within sites and regions, comparative physical, spatial, and architectural studies of households offer an important baseline of information about status, wealth, and well-being, especially in the Maya lowlands where households are accessible in the archaeological record. Between sites, more research is necessary to assess how these physical measurements of household remains compare. This paper investigates the intersection of landscape, household, and community based on a multi-scalar analysis of households using the Gini index across southeastern Mexico, in the context of a broader study of land use, land management, and settlement patterns. Notably, this paper represents a region-wide analysis of nearly continuous LiDAR data within and outside of previously documented prehispanic Maya settlements. While we conclude that the Gini index is useful for establishing a comparative understanding of settlement, we also recognize that the index is a starting point to identify other ways to study how household to community-level social and economic variability intersects with diverse ecological patterns. Highlighting the opportunities and limitations with applying measures like the Gini index across culturally, temporally, and geographically heterogeneous areas, we illustrate how systematic studies of settlement can be coupled to broader studies of landscape archaeology to interpret changing patterns of land management and settlement across the Maya lowlands.

Dynamic output feedback control for wireless power transfer systems

AbstractThis article investigates the control problem for the wireless power transfer (WPT) system, which has the characteristics of nonlinearity, high order, and associativity. Initially, a dynamic output feedback controller based on the WPT system is designed and analyzed. This controller can effectively enhance the stability of the system with stochastic disturbance. Besides, it does not need the knowledge of the system state in detail and has more adjustable parameters. Further, based on the Lyapunov theorem and stochastic stability theorem, a new stability result of the WPT with DOFC is obtained. In the stability results, all the variables in the system are still preserved after inequality expansion and contraction. Finally, the simulation results expound the effectiveness of the designed control scheme.

Impact of Targeted Subsidies Implementation on Inequality in Iranian Rural Area (Case Study: Villages of Neishabour County)

Purpose-The implementation of targeted subsidies policy in Iran is among the actions that, have been taken with the aim of reduction of poverty, reducing social class differences between different deciles of society and specially upgrading rural indicators in rural areas. The present study has been conducted with the purpose of evaluating the impacts of targeted subsidies on expansion of inequality in rural areas.Design/methodology/approach -This fundamental-exploratory research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The required data were collected through both field and documentary methods. In this study, first, the research indicators were investigated during two six-year courses before targeted subsidies (2005-2010) and after targeted subsidies (2011-2016) at the level of all villages in the country and the average of each indicator was compared between the two periods before and after targeted subsidies and then the obtained results of this part were compared with the results of field research in the study sample. In this study, 22 villages of Neishabour county were selected as a sample by systematic random method using Cochran's formula.Finding- Findings of this study show that cash subsidies accounted for 7.56% of a household income portfolio in the case study in 2019. But the Gini coefficient in the period after targeted subsidies was higher than the period before the targeted subsidies, while the ratio of 10% 0f the wealthiest to 10% of the poorest population in the rural areas of the sample in 2018 was equal to 20.67. Also, despite the original goal of targeted subsidy plan, the lower deciles are far more pressured by rising energy prices, and household food expenditures are spent on food groups. However, the average caloric intake of each person in the tenth decile is seven times that of the first decile. Also, in 70% of the households of the first decile, there were no employed people. In general, the villages of the country have faced a worsening situation in seven indicators, both in the macro dimension and in a case study, but an improvement has been observed in case of one indicator.

Research on the Psychological Distribution Delay of Artificial Neural Network Based on the Analysis of Differential Equation by Inequality Expansion and Contraction Method

Abstract This article first introduces neural networks and their characteristics. Based on a comparison of the structure and function of biological neurons and artificial neurons, it focuses on the structure, classification, activation rules, and learning rules of neural network models. Based on the existing literature, this article adds a distributed time lag term of the neural network system. In the actual problem, history has a very important influence on the current change situation, and it is not only at a specific time in the past. It has an impact on the current state change rate. Therefore, based on the existing literature that only has discrete time lags, this paper adds distributed time lags. Such neural network systems can better reflect real-world problems. In this paper, we use three different inequality scaling methods to study the existence, uniqueness, and global asymptotic stability of a class of neural network systems with mixed delays and uncertain parameters. First, using the principle of homeomorphism, a new upper-norm norm is introduced for the correlation matrix of the neural network, and enough conditions for the existence of unique equilibrium points in several neural network systems are given. Under these conditions, the appropriate Lyapunov is used. Krasovskii functional, we prove that the equilibrium point of the neural network system is globally robust and stable. Numerical experiments show that the stability conditions of the neural network system we obtained are feasible, and the conservativeness of the stability conditions of the neural network system is reduced. Finally, some applications and problems of neural network models in psychology are briefly discussed.

Consequences of school closure on access to education: Lessons from the 2013\u20132016 Ebola pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has seen an unprecedented shutdown of society. Among the various safety measures taken, much attention has been given to school closure as a non-pharmaceutical mitigation tool to curb the spread of the disease through ensuring “social” (physical) distancing. Nearly 1.725 billion children in over 95% of countries worldwide have been affected by school closures implemented in April 2020 as the virus continued to spread. In the field of education, policymakers’ attention has been directed at keeping students on board through remote learning and addressing the immediate needs of schools upon reopening. The study presented in this article focuses on who remains absent after schools resume. Using publicly available survey data from the USAID Demographic Health Surveys Program and the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey from before and after the 2013–2016 Ebola pandemic in Guinea and Sierra Leone in West Africa, the author examined changes in school enrolment and dropout patterns, with targeted consideration given to traditionally marginalised groups. At the time, schools closed for between seven to nine months in the two countries; this length and intensity makes this Ebola pandemic the only health crisis in the recent past to come close to the pandemic-related school closures experienced in 2020. The author’s findings suggest that post-Ebola, youth in the poorest households saw the largest increase in school dropout. Exceeding expected pre-Ebola dropout rates, an additional 17,400 of the poorest secondary-age youth were out of school. This evidence is important for minimising the likely post-COVID-19 expansion in inequality. The author’s findings point to the need for sustainable planning that looks beyond the reopening of educational institutions to include comprehensive financial support packages for groups most likely to be affected.

Does Disaster Change Income and Wealth Distribution Toward Extremity of Inequality and Poverty? Analysis of Flood and Landslides in the Vulnerable Locations of Nepal

Natural disaster is a key exogenous driver to unpredictable risk of uncertainty and cost of economic loss. GDP loss at national economy and welfare loss at household level in the world are major costs of natural disasters. The cost that is a burden to households could change on income distribution and household income vertically and horizontally and then their livelihood and welfare. This relationship makes a curiosity of whether natural disaster could change income distribution at the household level in developing countries, where socio-economic vulnerable groups exist so that an alternative policy option can be explored to minimize such bad effects on socio-economic vulnerable groups and their livelihood and welfare. This article measures empirically the income distribution effects of natural disaster at household level based on primary data sets collected through a household survey in Sot Khola (stream) water basin using the Gini coefficient method. As a reference line, inequality and poverty levels are employed. Comprehensive and comparative analytical tools are used for testing the above research question based on two periodic data sets and information. As a result, the water shed areas had higher inequality and poverty level than national inequality line (0.33) before natural disaster. The residents were socio-economically and geographically vulnerable. The natural disaster damaged heavily tangible and nontangible assets, houses, household utensils, documents, dresses, valuable indigenous materials, emotions, and food grains. Thus the vulnerable households lost their assets and food grains in the disaster. Its distribution was acute at higher and lower altitude watershed areas and households than middle areas and households. In general, higher altitude watershed areas and households were more vulnerable than middle and then lower altitude watershed areas and households. Such acuteness of economic loss redistributed their inequality and poverty level in such a way. Thus, the vulnerable population became more vulnerable and the nonvulnerable population with their adaptive capacity became less vulnerable. Thus, the natural disaster has a negative income distribution effect at household level, particularly for vulnerable households with expansion of inequality and poverty.

Semeando em meio à tempestade

O Brasil atravessa o que talvez seja o momento mais grave de sua história, pois enfrenta uma crise sanitária mundial em meio a uma trágica crise econômica e política.
 A partir do golpe jurídico-parlamentar de 2016, houve um sensível aprofundamento do desrespeito aos direitos mais elementares das trabalhadoras e trabalhadores. Esses direitos vêm sendo pilhados por agentes de um projeto ultra neoliberal, implementado por um governo de extrema direita, que viola todas as garantias constitucionais ainda existentes.
 A falácia de que as “reformas” trabalhista e da previdência, a terceirização ilimitada, os cortes orçamentários em gastos sociais, a política de privilégios aos bancos, dentre outras, levariam à recuperação econômica, repetida desde antes da pandemia, revela-se com nitidez através do aumento do desemprego e da ampliação da desigualdade.
 A pandemia da COVID 19 encontrou ainda mais fragilizadas as trabalhadoras e trabalhadores e as mais amplas parcelas empobrecidas da população brasileira. O governo Bolsonaro mostrou que não tem compromisso com o povo brasileiro e com a classe trabalhadora. Já havia fechado as portas do Ministério do Trabalho e agora nem Ministério da Saúde ou da Educação temos. Não há qualquer demonstração de interesse ou competência em proteger a população brasileira, ante o avanço avassalador do vírus - e já são muitas dezenas de milhares de mortos e milhões de infectados.
 O Instituto Trabalho Digno, que tem nova diretoria desde maio de 2020, continua seu propósito de defender a proteção ao trabalho e tem juntado sua voz ao coro dos que repudiam a destruição de direitos das trabalhadoras e dos trabalhadores. Do mesmo modo, a Laborare, agora contando com a Juíza e Professora Valdete Souto Severo como coeditora, segue estimulando reflexões sobre a reconstrução dos direitos e a defesa do trabalho digno.
 Nesta edição, o Professor Ricardo Antunes questiona sobre o Futuro do Trabalho na Era Digital e sobre a necessidade de florescimento de uma subjetividade autêntica e emancipada, dando um novo sentido ao trabalho e à humanidade.
 O pesquisador Leo Liberato, da Fundacentro, reflete sobre o paradigma ou modelo de concepção de riscos e de prevenção em Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho, confrontando as campanhas de sindicatos dos(as) trabalhadores(as) com as patrocinadas por entidades empresariais.
 Claudio Jannotti da Rocha indaga se o trabalho contemporâneo é capaz de libertar-se e sobre quais são as condições necessárias para se assegurar o exercício concreto do direito fundamental ao trabalho digno.
 Ao abordar a fiscalização dos contratos administrativos nos contratos terceirizados no setor público, Tom Lima Vasconcelos aponta para a responsabilidade de todos os entes envolvidos, mais ainda em um cenário de recrudescimento da racionalidade neoliberal.
 Os acadêmicos de Direito da UFBA Bianca Silva Matos, Gabriel Trajano Azevedo Moreira dos Santos e Tâmara Brito de França, somaram-se à Professora Renata Queiroz Dutra, agora professora da Universidade de Brasília, para revisar a bibliografia relativa ao direito fundamental ao trabalho digno, analisando o contrato intermitente de trabalho à luz da Constituição.
 Ao apresentar mais essa edição da nossa Revista, reafirmamos nosso compromisso com a discussão acadêmica séria e crítica, acerca do mundo do trabalho e das questões que envolvem saúde e segurança das pessoas que vivem do trabalho em nosso país.
 Os tantos desafios que nos convocam nesses tempos estranhos apenas reforçam nosso ânimo de estudo e de troca. Seguimos nosso caminho acreditando que é possível construir um Mundo do Trabalho Digno.
 Continuaremos a semear em plena tempestade porque acreditamos que nosso país tem potencial para ser, realmente, uma sociedade fraterna e solidária, sem tanta desigualdade e com garantia de condições materiais de existência, o que significa possibilidade efetiva de exercício dos direitos sociais e da Liberdade.
 Os Editores

자산가격 변화가 경제적 불평등과 대외경제 변수에 미치는 영향 분석 (Analysis of the Effects of Asset Price Changes on Economic Inequality and External Economic Variables)

자산가격 변화가 경제적 불평등과 대외경제 변수에 미치는 영향 분석 (Analysis of the Effects of Asset Price Changes on Economic Inequality and External Economic Variables)

Family Policy in Park Geun-Hye Administration : The Expansion of Inequality in Gender and Classes

Family Policy in Park Geun-Hye Administration : The Expansion of Inequality in Gender and Classes

Income distribution inequality, globalization, and innovation: A general equilibrium simulation

Utilizing simulation approach, this paper examines if the income distribution inequality of a country expands through globalization and/or innovation, somewhat modifying the traditional Heckscher–Ohlin model. First, independently of innovation, the globalization is examined for a country A with two industries (commodities) and four consumers: the (aggregate) worker, the (aggregate) capitalist, and two entrepreneurs. It is shown that there is a clear tendency for the inequality to expand by globalization. Furthermore, when country A is small, the inequality-promoting tendency is stronger. Second, the innovation is examined independently of globalization, by the procedure in which the new-third industry (commodity) and the new-third entrepreneur are introduced, so that there are five consumers. When innovation emerges in country A in autarky, it is shown that the innovation has tendency to cause inequality expansion. Finally, the innovation and globalization are examined in an integrated manner. We start with the country in the second case. It is shown that when the new-third commodity is produced only in country A and is a non-traded commodity, inequality tends to expand through the globalization. It is shown, furthermore, that when the third commodity is produced in both countries and is a traded commodity, we have stronger tendency. Thus, there is a clear tendency for the inequality to expand through the globalization and/or innovation.

What Does the Empirical Evidence Tell Us About the Injustice of Health Inequalities?

Whether or not health inequalities are unjust, as well as how to address them, depends on how they are caused. I review a range of health inequalities, between men and women, between aristocrats and commoners, between blacks and whites, and between rich and poor within and between countries. I tentatively identify pathways of causality in each case, and make judgments about whether or not each inequality is unjust. Health inequalities that come from medical innovation are among the most benign. I emphasize the importance of early life inequalities, and of trying to moderate the link between parental and child circumstances. I argue that racial inequalities in health in the US are unjust and add to injustices in other domains. The vast inequalities in health between rich and poor countries are arguably neither just nor unjust, nor are they easily addressable. I argue that there are grounds to be concerned about the rapid expansion in inequality at the very top of the income distribution in the US; this is not only an injustice in itself, but it poses a risk of spawning other injustices, in education, in health, and in governance.

Asset inequality and economic activity in artificial societies

AbstractIn this paper, using multiagent simulations, the effect asset inequality has on an artificial society is analyzed. It is shown that it is possible for a sustainable society to decrease in asset inequality and at the same time increase economic activity. In sustainable societies, the asset inequality increases as the consumption tax is raised, and in artificial societies where the tax rate is the same, inequality increases in the society in which agents with even a small surplus undertake altruistic actions. In sustainable societies that employ both income and consumption tax, an increase in asset inequalities leads to an increase in economic activity. But in sustainable societies which levy only the income tax, this result does not necessarily hold. These results show that if economic activity is increased in sustainable societies where the consumption tax rate is raised for the sake of fiscal stability, an expansion in inequality is an acceptable consequence. However, the sustainable society with the highest economic activity is realized when only the income tax is levied. In sustainable societies that levy only income tax, it is possible to decrease inequality while simultaneously increasing economic activity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(2): 14–22, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10023

Asset Inequality and Economic Activity in Artificial Societies

In this paper, using multi-agent simulations, the effect asset inequality has on an artificial society is analyzed. It is shown that it is possible for a sustainable society to decrease in asset inequality and at the same time increase economic activity.In sustainable societies, the asset inequality increases as the consumption tax rate is raised, and in artificial societies where the tax rate is the same, inequality increases in the society in which agents with even small a surplus undertake unselfish actions. In sustainable societies which employ both income and consumption tax, an increase in asset inequalities leads to an increase economic activity. But, in sustainable societies which levy only the income tax, this result does not necessarily hold.These results show that if economic activity is increased in sustainable societies where the consumption tax rate is raised for the fiscal stability, an inequality expansion is an acceptable consequence. However, the sustainable society with the highest economic activity is realized when only the income tax is levied. In sustainable societies which levy only the income tax, it is possible to decrease inequality while simultaneously increasing economic activity.

戦後日本の階層と階層意識

A history of postwar Japan in the aspect of social stratification or social inequality is presented by the data from the National Survey of Social Stratificaion and Social Mobility, called as “the SSM survey” in Japan, conducted in 1955, 1965, 1975, 1985, and 1995. Just after the defeat of World War II in 1945, nearly about 50% of Japanese workers were engaged in farming and kindred occupations such as fishing and forestry. However, in the following 50 years, Japanese society has accomplished industrialization and already arrived at post-industrial stage. Also, the “affluent” society was realized through the high economic growth in 1960s and 1970s. Changes in inequality in possession of social resources and opportunities and in class consciousness from 1955 to 1995 are examined. Contrary to the self-image by the people, Japanese society did not become equal at least in economic or social spheres. There appears tendency toward expansion of inequality and immobility of social stratification since latter half of 1970s.However, class consciousness did not show corresponding change. Regarding those inequality and class consicousness, two turning points of Japanese society may be pointed out. One is the time of “the oil crisis” in 1973-74, and the other is the latter half of 1980s and 1990s, the period of low or stable economic growth. Changes at those turning points and their meanings are presented.