Existential Fear Research Articles

Patients' lived experiences of breathlessness prior to prehospital care - A phenomenological study.

Aims and objectivesThe study aimed to describe how breathlessness is experienced by patients prior to prehospital care.DesignA qualitative phenomenological design.MethodsLifeworld interviews were conducted with 14 participants. The analysis was carried out within the descriptive phenomenological framework.ResultsThe essential meaning of the breathlessness phenomenon is described as an existential fear in terms of losing control over one’s body and dying, which involves a battle to try to regain control. This is further described by four constituents: being in an unknown body, striving to handle the situation, the ambiguity of having loved ones close and reaching the utmost border.ConclusionsPatients describe a battling for survival. It is at the extreme limit of endurance that patients finally choose to call the emergency number. It is a challenge for the ambulance clinician (AC) to support these patients in the most optimal fashion.

Dispossession and Discontinuity: The Impact of the 1967 War on Palestinian Thought

For some, the 1967 war meant a setback to grand Arab projects; but the Palestinians understood the war in physical and epistemic terms. This is because the war made it clear to them that Israel and Zionism are capable of physically erasing Palestine as well as its history. The Palestinian existential fear of epistemic erasure (athazagoraphobia), following the complete occupation of their land, has produced works that affirm epistemic presence through the assertion of history and ownership. Athazagoraphobia refers to an existential human fear of death both physically and memorially––namely, human continuity. As a result, Palestinian discourse, responding to athazagoraphobia, centers around questions of origins, genealogy, and beginnings. Moreover, Palestinian reaction to athazagoraphobia opens up a discussion about the impact of this reaction on larger intellectual projects that deal with universal themes. Consequently, this article offers additional insights into the relationship between the 1948 and 1967 wars.

The Components of Puzzle of Existential Fear: An Integrated Neuro-psycho-ecological Model of Understanding Experiences During the Covid-19 Pandemics

The Components of Puzzle of Existential Fear: An Integrated Neuro-psycho-ecological Model of Understanding Experiences During the Covid-19 Pandemics

Early Italian Opera Within the Labyrinths of Postmodernity

The article is focused on certain critical questions of the position of early Italian opera in contemporary culture. For a long time both performers and scholars considered it as an outdated genre meriting only historical interest. This state of affairs began to change in the 1970s, when a series of facsimiles prepared by Garland Publishing revealed a certain number of published opera scores and librettos. Over the past 50 years, three trends have emerged in the scholarly approach to early Italian operas. The first is that of deconstruction of the prevailing and largely erroneous stereotypes. The second is that of reconstruction, filling in the gaps of knowledge (compilation of encyclopedias, catalogues, works on the history of opera, and monographs about composers). The third is that of interpretation of the 17th- and 18th-century European musical and theatrical heritage in the context of culture and style. In this regard, a special position is held by the issue of performance interpretation. The postmodern era has transformed the early opera from an antique rarity into a topical musical and theatrical phenomenon. The dimension has opened up for directorial experiments aimed at projecting this genre onto the topical problems of today, bringing it closer to the perception of the mass of listeners – each and every one. The plotlines based on ancient myths and historical legends, conventional comedic and farcical situations referring to the earliest literary specimens are easily adapted to the realities of the modern theater: one convention becomes replaced by another, the wigs and camisoles of the 18th-century singers are replaced by army camouflage. Most of these productions provide interpretations not so much of the early opera as such, but particularly of us, bringing our own existential fears and ambitions onto the stage, playing on our political sympathies and antipathies. But there also exists an opposite side. It finds expression in the manner of singing and instrumental playing which comes close to the norms of three and four centuries ago, i.e., historical performing practice, which in our conditions is perceived by everyone as exquisite, designed for the refined taste of the elite, and in this sense of the “aristocratic” listener, rather than the general masses. Thus, in many cases there arises a combination, which is paradoxical in its essence – an unreasonable duality. Interpretation of the essence of early Italian opera is becoming acutely relevant as the path for this art to regain its previously lost artistic integrity.

Predlog modela radikalne sportske inovacije u funkciji razvoja demokratskog društva i privrede

Sport in the function of general globalization of society at all levels of decision-making and all its segments is an unavoidable part of progress that directly affects technological development, culture, health, living standards, prestige, competitive supremacy of national economy and culture, respecting modern methods of groups and individuals to which partial interventions are economically unprofitable. Radical innovation is a long-term process that is vertically projected from the lowest to the highest level, respecting the latest technological advances, world standards and norms of strategic planning, staffing, dispersion, lobbying, competitiveness, market size and quality control of products and services. In cases of sudden disruption of the entire system and imbalance at the global level when recovery deadlines are not sufficient, extremely radical measures are introduced in order to stop negative tendencies. These measures are limited in scope and most often relate to alarming conditions caused by wars or natural disasters, and in the last two years caused by the epidemic and pandemic of the Corona virus, which first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The Chinese government declared a "state of emergency" on January 20, 2020. China managed to end the impact of the epidemic in a short time with measures such as curfew, work from home, mandatory wearing of masks when leaving home and shopping, wearing protective clothing, which even applied to pets. However, the policies pursued by countries against corona viruses differed (Ozturk 2021: 54). As can be seen, the corona virus is one of the most severe epidemics in human history. None of the epidemic diseases such as SARS and Ebola that people have experienced in modern times has threatened to cause a change in the world order. Although there are many claims, assumptions, and conspiracy theories regarding each stage, such as the occurrence, spread, and consequences of corona viruses, another important question is whether scientific data are consistent and systematic (Öztürk 2021: 54). Due to the deadly and respiratory virus that is spreading around the world, people are under great stress and their psychology is negatively affected by isolation and existential fears that are only an addition to life's worries (Öztürk 2021: 56). Such processes require urgent intervention and modulation of temporary measures that do not tolerate the democratization of the decision-making process and are based exclusively on the discourse of adapting to the new situation and require rapid transformation. Interventionism in such extremely radical modulation can be structural and / or commercial in nature as both contain quantum qualifications, creative and innovative elements of sport development and are found in education, public health and cultural fields. Recognizing multiculturalism as cultural pluralism with national signs, through the expansion of sports and sports competitions as its emphasized components, globalization is rapidly expanding to modernize processes and becomes a paradigm and model for other segments of society as a whole.

АРХЕТИПЫ СТРАХА И ПРОБЛЕМА ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ГОТИЧЕСКОГО ХОРРОРА В СИМВОЛИСТСКОМ РОМАНЕ

The article is dedicated to the research of gothic tradition transformation in symbolist novels of Fyodor Sologub, Valery Bryusov, Andrei Bely, Aleksey Remizov, Aleksey Skaldin and others. Archetipical and symbolic images and motifs of abyss, chaos, labyrinth and circle are analyzed. They define the change of the functions of gothic horror. The study looks at the problem of representation of ritual-mythological “rite de passage”, images of “dance macabre”, visual and sound symbols that represent existential and metaphysic fear.

Procreative Thesaurus of Things in Human Editing Discourse

The situation of human editing in a variety of human activity forms requires a detailed analysis from the point of view of practical philosophy in solving the problem of the nature and the need for moral biological improvement. The latter bears the metaphorical name “human editing” and is focused in the field of philosophical problems of biology and medicine, which implicitly implies the relationship between the empirical and the theoretical. Paying attention to the procedural-phenomenological nature of this type of activity, the thought turns to the consideration of the features of transdisciplinarity experience, its foundations, ways of substantiating and validating the results obtained, taking into account primordial reflexive duality of a human, who is able to creatively combine the subjective and objective forms of mental activity, value and semantic meanings with material and objective representation in relations to oneself and external nature.Semiosis of material transformation of human activity fixes sign systems framed by extrema, in which autopoiesis and auto-correction of a person unfolds. The procreative significance of sign systems’ evolution is expressed in the phase transition from the creation of things by man to a critical juncture between the automated creation of things by things and the creation of man by man using artificial procreative technologies, including genome modification. Thepoesisof the transdisciplinary experience of human editing renews the modality of the included third, opening the loop of the fractal replication of binary oppositions by variations of personal moral choice. The ratio of human editing and community improving directly connects bioethics with politics through the normogenesis of law, with a significant time lag from the practice of technosphere formation – the time lag which explains the ontogenesis of intergenerational conflict through the categories of responsibility and direct contact of experience transmission recipients with the environment. The issue of human editing involves the collision between the existential fear of the loss of the human in a person with the heroism of a creative breakthrough in the triumph of the psychology of overcoming, making it possible to view the future of humanity from the standpoint of evolutionary optimism.

ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЮНОШЕЙ И ДЕВУШЕК С ТАНАТИЧЕСКОЙ ТРЕВОГОЙ

The paper studies psycho-emotional characteristics of adolescents with different types of attitudes towards death. The theme of death becomes especially relevant and requires understanding during adolescence, sensitive to existential fears. In adolescence, an attitude towards death is developed, which depends both on the individual experience of facing death and on other personal characteristics of an adolescent. In the future, this attitude can affect psychological health, the definition of the meaning of life, and the specifics of behavior. The paper analyzes the psychological ideas of fear of death and the factors of its occurrence and the characteristics of adolescence, describes the features of thanatophobia manifestation in teenage years. Based on a theoretical review, the author hypothesized that self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and attitude towards death affect the emergence of thanatophobia in adolescence. The empirical sample consisted of teenagers (N=172) from Novosibirsk schools aged 15–17 years, from which 70 boys and 102 girls are. The average age of survivors was 15.8 years (max=17, min=15). In the study, the researcher used the following techniques: D. Templer Death Anxiety Scale; the “Metaphors of personal death” method by J. McLennan; the Beck Depression Scale; the Kondash scale of socio-situational anxiety; and Dembo-Rubinshtein technique for measuring self-esteem. The dispersion analysis showed that differences in the level of ambitions, negative metaphors of death, and preoccupation with physical changes are significant in terms of gender-role. The correlation analysis identified the relationship between the perception of death and death anxiety.

Сказочные сюжеты и их трансформации в ранних стихотворениях Сильвии Платт

In her work, Sylvia Plath repeatedly refers to mythological and fairy-tale images. The characters associated with fairy tales and folk culture in general are not so numerous and arise mainly in the early work of the poetess. But even stories about Cinderella, Bluebeard or a princess descending into the goblins’ kingdom acquire mythological associations, turning into a kind of allegory of life. Through fairy-tale images, the poetess tries to overcome the existential fear of death and the psychological trauma received in childhood after the death of her father.

Existentialism and Death Education in Anime

As the 2020 global pandemic has demonstrated with new force, we continue to struggle with managing primal, existential fear, even during the ongoing struggle to understand and combat a deadly infectious disease. As this paper reveals, multimedia popular culture texts can provide us with tools, knowledge, and avenues to help us better express, empathize, and educate one another during trying times. In particular, this paper aims to form part of a larger discussion on how we can better face the task of looking at death during a moment of human history where doom may seem ubiquitous. Although it is not possible to separate ourselves from our dependence on information that links us as individuals to the outside world, we can engage with media that provides knowledge in a more palatable or entertaining way and in so doing, support the development of better coping skills for apprehension about an unknown tomorrow. This paper analyzes the 2018 Cells at Work! as an example of anime that is both educational and entertaining, and discusses its implications for terror management and the promotion of well-being.

COVID-19 Lockdown 2020 Changed Patterns of Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Swiss Elite Athletes and Bodybuilders: Results From an Online Survey.

Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased patterns of substance use have been reported in the general population. However, whether this also applies to athletes is not yet clear. This study aimed to detect changes in alcohol consumption and cannabis use in elite athletes and bodybuilders during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland.Methods: Between April 25 and May 25, 2020, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted among bodybuilders and Swiss elite athletes who were active in Olympic sports and disciplines approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on at least the national level. The collected data included information on alcohol and cannabis use during the last month (lockdown) and in the year before COVID-19 lockdown (pre-lockdown), daily training times, existential fears on a scale from 1 to 100, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).Results: N = 275 athletes (elite athletes: n = 193; bodybuilders: n = 82) was included in this study. Both pre-lockdown and during lockdown, more bodybuilders used cannabis (both time points: p < 0.001) than elite athletes, and more elite athletes drank alcohol (pre-lockdown: p = 0.005, lockdown: p = 0.002) compared to bodybuilders. During lockdown, fewer athletes drank alcohol compared to before, but those who continued drinking did so on more days per week (p < 0.001, Eta2 = 0.13). Elite athletes were more likely to increase their drinking with 17.7 vs. 8.2% in bodybuilders. When compared to pre-lockdown measures, the number of athletes using cannabis did not change during lockdown. Only three of 203 elite athletes reported using cannabis during lockdown; this contrasts with 16 of 85 bodybuilders. In a multivariate regression model, existential fears and a lower ISI score were significant predictors for increased alcohol consumption during the lockdown in the entire sample. In a model based on elite athletes only, male sex and a lower ISI score predicted increased alcohol consumption. In a bodybuilder-based model, predictors of increased alcohol consumption were existential fears and trait anxiety.Conclusion: We suggest identifying athletes who are at risk for increased alcohol and cannabis use; we suggest this to be able to professionally support them during stressful times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Power-Sharing and Minority Rights: The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina and North Macedonia

This paper investigates to what extent is consociational power-sharing compatible with and supportive of key principles of minority rights. For this, it analyses the Dayton Agreement for Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Ohrid Accord for North Macedonia to understand how minority rights has been shaped by the consociational arrangements in both states. Linked by a common past and interconnected socio-political dynamics, both countries are engaged in a process of stabilization and consolidation of their democratic and institutional structures in the broader context of convergence and respect for fundamental rights. In the body politic of Bosnia-Herzegovina and North Macedonia, consociation in practice means integrating the interests and concerns of various groups in policy formulation and decision-making. The purpose is to minimize the prospects of conflicts and facilitate social, political, and economic improvement in an atmosphere of peace for all citizens. It was a question of reaching a balance between the divergent positions and existential fears to guarantee both immediate and progressive stability, from peacebuilding to peace-enforcing. In addition, the consociational modalities provided the most obvious and acceptable framework for mediating mistrust and enmity between the diverse groups amid structural weaknesses. Hence, examining minority rights in both states is essential regarding the promotion and protection of fundamental human rights. This position gains more eminence due to human dignity, diversity, and a sense of pride in one’s own culture and identity. Nevertheless, this paper uncovers that the protection of minority rights in the power-sharing systems is without problems as minorities encounter challenges in projecting their interests.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Psychiatric Symptoms among Swiss Elite Athletes during the First Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated first lockdown measures may have had a relevant impact on the mental health of competitive athletes. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of various mental health issues in a Swiss elite athletes’ cohort during the first lockdown of the pandemic, and to assess their association with different potential risk factors. Elite athletes from different disciplines were interviewed during the first lockdown in spring 2020 by means of an online questionnaire on symptoms of existing anxieties, depression and sleep disorders, as well as on training circumstances and physical performance before and during the lockdown. Additionally, the economic situation, secondary occupations and current physical health problems were surveyed. A total of 203 (92 female, 111 male) athletes met the inclusion criteria and participated in the survey. Training volume and intensity decreased significantly during lockdown from 3.1 to 2.7 h/day. Financial existential fears increased and were associated with higher training volumes and higher trait anxiety scores. Depressive symptoms and insomnia were present but not exceptionally frequent during the lockdown. Depressive symptoms were associated with higher anxiety scores, higher insomnia severity scores, lower training intensity and worse coping with the measures taken by the authorities against the pandemic. Changes in training and daily habits due to the first lockdown may have affected the mental health of elite athletes. Longitudinal studies should, however, further investigate the long-term effects of the pandemic on mental health.

“Time of the Barbarians”: The Phenomenon of Barbarism in the Film Brother 2 by Aleksey Balabanov

This article presents a look at Aleksey Balabanov’s program film Brother 2 (2000). The hero is the embodiment of the concept of “new barbarism”. The research methodology includes structural-semiotic, mythopoetic and motivational aspects of the analysis of the work of cinematography. Political and ethical meanings were revealed in the image of Danila Bagrov, but the research carried out clearly shows the features of a barbarian in him. Like the creator of Conan the Barbarian Robert Howard, Aleksey Balabanov states that it is the barbarian who is the hero of the current era. In a world that has “moved from its place”, this “new barbarian” brings unbending will and his own rigid moral guidelines. But if in the first film Brother barbarism looks advantageous, combining strength and ethics – even if insight does not occur, and the barbarian goes to conquer new lands, then in the second film of the diptych the hero goes through violence as usual, with cynicism. Formally, he wins, but existentially he fails. Therefore, the mighty force of the “new barbarian” manifests itself locally, in small ways and is realized in private confrontations. There is no worthy test for Bagrov’s heroism, because the world does not correspond to its scale, and therefore the hero is restless – the truly barbaric fullness of vitality does not protect against existential fear. The discrepancy between the attitudes of the barbarian hero and the position of the intellectual director unmasks the author’s alienation from the principles and common truths of the character and complicates the film with dramatic connotations. Keywords: Aleksey Balabanov, Brother 2, phenomenon of barbarism, existentialism, post- and-decolonial thought

Ethnoreligious Conflict and Populism: Emotive Political Response in the Rohingya Conflict

The rise of populism in the twenty-first century has been marked by the use of religion and national identity as emotive mobilizing forces to increase in-group solidarity and demarcate the notional boundaries of communities. The process often leads to the exclusion of vulnerable ethnoreligious minorities and to increased violence against them. This article analyses the role of fear as a principal emotion in the context of ethnoreligious conflict with reference to the Rohingya conflict in Myanmar. The article is divided in three parts. Part one explores notions of collective fear with reference to religious and ethnic conflict. Part two illustrates how collective existential fear has fuelled populist religious infused responses to the Rohignya conflict leading to the latest mass exodus of 2017. The final part considers whether fear can be an instrument of construction rather than destruction, to help build bridges than destroy, to connect people than isolate them.

The humanistic-existential psychology of coronavirus

The present chapter reviews research concerning the existential motivations for terrorism and militarism based on Terror Management Theory (TMT). Whereas terrorism and militarism entail methods of extreme violence, TMT entails a set of psychological processes that help protect the self from the aversive awareness of mortality. TMT proposes that humans develop and maintain cultural worldviews and hold strong ties to their social groups because these constructs help individuals psychologically transcend death by providing a link to something larger and longer lasting than the self. Thus, in some cases, this existential fear may intensify identification with radical causes (e.g., ethnic, nationalist, or religious) in an attempt to achieve such a sense of symbolic immortality. Further, challenges to the efficacy of one's worldview or the esteem of one's social group undermine these death-denying qualities, resulting in a sense of humiliation or perceived injustice that may be attenuated by violent attempts at regaining agency, esteem, and dignity. This chapter describes both laboratory research and real-world examples of TMT processes that factor into increases in risk-taking, support for both religious and secular terrorist activity and militarism, and willingness to selfsacrifice to protect one's way of life.

Attitudes and stressors related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic among emergency medical services workers in Germany: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe aim was to investigate attitudes and stressors related to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak among emergency medical services (EMS) workers in Germany. We further aimed to detect possible changes within a 5-week period and potential determinants of attitudes and stressors.MethodsWe conducted two cross-sectional studies using an online questionnaire in early April 2020 (i.e., the first peak of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Germany) and five weeks later. The study instrument comprised sociodemographic items, self-devised items on pandemic-related attitudes, stressors and work outcomes, and established instruments assessing depressive symptoms and symptoms of anxiety. Logistic regression was performed to identify possible determinants.ResultsData of 1537 participants was included in the analysis (April: n = 1124, May: n = 413, 83.1% male, median age 32). Most participants agreed that their personal risk of infection was higher compared to the general population (April: 87.0% agreement, May: 78.9%). The greatest stressor was uncertainty about the pandemic’s temporal scope (82.0 and 80.9%, respectively). Most participants (69.9, 79.7%) felt sufficiently prepared for the pandemic and only few felt burdened by their financial situation (18.8, 13.3%). Agreement to all stressors decreased from April to May except related to the childcare situation. Regression analysis identified subgroups to be burdened more frequently such as older employees, those with SARS-CoV-2 cases among their colleagues, and those with lower paramedic training levels.ConclusionsWe identified key SARS-CoV-2-related stressors whose levels generally decreased within a 5-week period. Our results indicate that EMS workers are less affected by existential fears and rather worry about their personal infection risk.

Deciphering Flavio Pereira’s Reading of Dostoevsky after the The House of the Dead

This article provides a “dechiffrage” of the form, style, compositional techniques, and referential musical meanings employed by the Brazilian composer and pedagogue Flavio Santos Pereira in the composition of a seven-part suite entitled Reading of Dostoevsky, written in 2016 and based on the book The House of the Dead by Fyodor Dostoevsky. This chamber work is a premonitory work about the present pandemic time, which tests not only the human existential instincts and fears but also the spiritual, philosophical, and moral values upon which a mature and complete personality is built. The author manages to turn the economic structure of a dodecaphonic material into a source of polyphonic, polyrhythmic, stylistic, and timbre diversity. Oscillating and incremental textures, often reaching four-voice overlays, find their counterbalance in the asymmetric movements that synthesize complex subharmonic timbre combinations. The work can be classified as program music, as it employs characteristics of expressionist and impressionist styles mixed with free improvisatory polyphonic techniques. This paper also aims at inducing young performers to consider the paradigmatic model of “dechiffrage” for interpretation supported by stylistic and formal analysis based on classical and modern models. The article includes the full score of Reading of Dostoevsky by Flavio Santos Pereira.

Reflecting the theatralization of life in the prospects of transhumanism

The crisis state of society at the beginning of the 21st century is increasingly described as chaos. At the same time, the desire of people to theatricalization of many types of their activities remains unchanged. This gives grounds to consider the theatricality of being as a sociocultural constant, immanently inherent in humanity. The fact that it persists even during periods of cardinal changes, social transformations, civilizational shifts, breaking cultural stereotypes, destruction of traditional institutions and discreditation of established ideals can be explained by the fact that theatricalization of life allows people to cope with sociopsychological discomfort and existential fears, caused by the feeling of total chaos. At the same time, people are faced with the problem of increasingly complex self-identification, which is largely facilitated by the ideas of transhumanism, which actively shatter the already weak notions of what a human being is. One of the approaches to solving this scientific problem is proposed to consider human activity in the context of theatricality of being.&#x0D; The purpose of the article is to comprehend the practice of theatricalization of various types of human activity in the context of the ideas of transhumanism. The methodological strategy of this research is based on the concept of theatricality of socio-communicative manifestations of culture. Analysis of the theoretical material showed that in the conditions of transhumanism, the development of criteria that make it possible to determine whether a human is still a human or has already turned into something else becomes an urgent task. One of these markers is proposed to consider the desire of a human to theatricalization of various types of their activities. Being one of the sociocultural constants immanently inherent in humanity, theatricality will be present in people's lives as long as they remain human, as long as they feel the need to articulate their social communication.

Vaccination anxiety when vaccinations are available: The role of existential concerns.

This study examined how existential fears are related to COVID‐19 vaccination anxiety and followed the Terror Management Theory (TMT) by examining the contribution of two existential concerns, subjective nearness‐to‐death (SNtD) and death anxiety, to COVID‐19 vaccination anxiety during the first month of COVID‐19 vaccinations. Data were collected during January 2021, when Israel was in lockdown, from a convenience sample of 381 Jewish Israelis (M = 55.39, SD = 17.17). Participants completed questionnaires examining demographics, SNtD, death anxiety and COVID‐19 vaccination anxiety. A hierarchical regression analysis examined the connections between these variables and COVID‐19 vaccination anxiety while controlling for demographics and for receiving COVID‐19 vaccinations. In line with the hypotheses, SNtD and death anxiety were each positively associated with COVID‐19 vaccination anxiety, and death anxiety levels moderated the positive connection between SNtD and COVID‐19 vaccination anxiety, as this association was not significant for individuals with low death anxiety. The findings of this study provide preliminary evidence concerning the role of death anxiety in moderating the effect that SNtD has on COVID‐19 vaccination anxiety. These findings are in line with the TMT and justify further investigation and may be utilized in future research in order to address COVID‐19 vaccination anxiety more effectively.