In 2020, a bronze arrowhead of the Kulai type was found in the steppe zone of the Altai Territory. This type of arrowhead is the most common. The ornament on the tip distinguishes it from similar objects. The arrowhead dates back to the 2nd century BC - 3rd century AD. The most likely date of the item's existence is the first centuries of the 1st millennium AD. This arrowhead is the most southwestern find of Kulai culture items in the forest-steppe Altai. The item was discovered in the vicinity of the village of Klepechikha on the eastern border of Kulunda. This find confirms that the population of the Kulai culture penetrated quite far to the southwest from the Ob River valley and moved not only along forest areas, but also went out into the steppe areas.

Abstract: The fundamental idea of detection of objects for videos is confirming an object's existence in a series of images and maybe pinpointing it specifically for identification. Monitoring an item's existence, location, size, form, and other physical and Changes in time throughout a video sequence is known as object tracking. The challenge of reproducing the designated area in consecutive frames of a set of photographs captured at closely spaced time intervals is referred to as the temporal correspondence problem. and it must be solved in order to do this. The two processes in question are interrelated. The foundation of tracking is detection, which often begins with the detection of objects. To aid and validate tracking, it is frequently required to identify an item repeatedly in a following image sequence. In light of this, the present review describes how object recognition using image processing might assist the blind.

An efficient approach for mining maximized erasable utility patterns

The existence of items not susceptible to the event of interest is of both theoretical and practical importance. Although researchers may provide, for example, biological, medical, or sociological evidence for the presence of such items (cured), statistical models performing well under the existence or not of a cured proportion, frequently offer a necessary flexibility. This work introduces a new reparameterization of a flexible family of cure models, which not only includes among its special cases, the most studied cure models (such as the mixture, bounded cumulative hazard, and negative binomial cure model) but also classical survival models (ie, without cured items). One of the main properties of the proposed family, apart from its computationally tractable closed form, is that the case of zero cured proportion is not found at the boundary of the parameter space, as it typically happens to other families. A simulation study examines the (finite) performance of the suggested methodology, focusing to the estimation through EM algorithm and model discrimination, by the aid of the likelihood ratio test and Akaike information criterion; for illustrative purposes, analysis of two real life datasets (on recidivism and cutaneous melanoma) is also carried out.

Data clustering is an important machine-learning topic. It is useful for variety of applications one of them is image segmentation. A given divided image into regions homogenous additional to certain features is the image segmentation process, which matches real objects of an actual scene. FIS (Food Image Segmentation) is important for calories estimation. K-means has been used for performing such task. However, in order to conclude the food items number in the image, it requires interacting with the application. This article, presents a novel approach based dependently on k-means named Hk-means (Homogeneity test of k-means) is developed to calculate k value and applied for FIS for the purpose of assuring full autonomy in the calories estimation system. This approach uses the homogeneity test so as to compensate the new item existence in the image. The suggested method Hk-means is tested on food images and show accuracy 96%. The experimental results has achieved 1.5 second execution time when compare with benchmark method.

This study subjected the Intercultural Sensitivity scale consisting of 24 items to Rasch analysis in a sample of 200 participants. The scale was translated into Persian and administered to graduate and undergraduate university students. Analysis of data showed that there were no misfitting items. Furthermore, no item manifested gender differential item functioning (DIF). All the thresholds were ordered and respondents could distinguish well between categories of the scale. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) of standardized residuals revealed that there were two contrasts with eigenvalues above two. Deleting positively and negatively loading items separately did not improve model fit. Thus, the content of items was investigated and it became clear that most of the positively loading items covered those items which have negative content and conversely, negatively loading items encompassed the items which have positive content. This brings about two psychometric dimensions in this scale. 1) Wording of the items revealed that the existence of items with negative wording in the scale results in statistical artifacts, and 2) The secondary dimension here could be interpreted to be an artifact of the wording. It was concluded that the scale is unidimensional and enjoys acceptable psychometric properties.

Most frequent itemset mining algorithms (FIMA) discover hidden relationships from unrelated items. They find the most frequent itemsets depending only on the frequency of the item's existence in the dataset. These algorithms give all items the same importance, and neglect the differences in importance of the items. They assume the full certainty of data, but in most cases, real word data may be uncertain. As a result, the data could be incomplete and/or imprecise. These two problems are the most common challenges that face FIMA algorithms. Some new algorithms proposed some solutions to face these two issues separately. In other words, some algorithms handle item importance only, and others handle uncertainty only. Few algorithms dealt with the two issues together. In this article, the single scan for weighted itemsets over the uncertain database (SSU-Wfim) is proposed. It depends on the single scan frequent itemsets algorithm (SS_FIM), and enhances it to deal with weighted items in an uncertain database. SSU_WFIM deals with the uncertainty of data by giving each item in a transaction an additional value to indicate occurrence likelihood. It gives the items different values to define the weight of them. It uses a table called Ptable to save the items and their probability values. This table is used to generate all possible candidates itemsets. The results indicate the high performance in aspects of runtime, memory consumption and scalability of SSU-Wfim comparing with the UApriori algorithm. The proposed algorithm saves time and memory with a percentage exceeds 70% for all tested datasets.

Modeling differential item functioning with group-specific item parameters: A computerized adaptive testing application

This paper considers the conception of material cause according to Alexander of Aphrodisias. I defend the view that Alexander tries to conciliate two conceptions of material cause which are often confused in Aristotle: the concept of material cause as conditio sine qua non and the concept of material cause as a genuine cause (as 'because', dia ti). In his De fato and in his commentary on chapters 2 and 24 of book Delta of Aristotle's Metaphysics, Alexander analyses the three Aristotelian elements of material cause, namely (1) the ex hou (the 'out of which'), (2) the enuparchon (internal constituent) and (3) the hupokeimenon (substratum), and confirms the Aristotelian conception of material cause as the condition of becoming and existence of items. But explaining that material cause seems to be rather a conditio sine qua non, in his commentary on book Beta of Metaphysics Alexander explains also that, for this reason, it is less a cause than the other Aristotelian causes.

The starting point for this paper is the philosophy and practical application of life cycle collection management being developed by the British Library and by other institutions around the world.From a stewardship perspective, the British Library is trying to take a format-neutral approach to the care and custodianship of its collections. Identifying the similarities between traditional and digital collections and bridging gaps in the preservation differences between traditional and digital collections is a significant cultural and technical challenge.Life cycle collection management is a way of taking a long-term approach to the responsible stewardship of any collection. It defines the different stages in a collection item's existence over time, ranging from selection and cataloguing through to preventive conservation, storage and retrieval. It then seeks to identify the costs of each stage in order to show the economic interdependencies between the phases over time. It thereby aims to demonstrate the long-term consequences of what a library takes into its collections, by making explicit the financial and other implications of decisions made at the beginning of the life cycle for the next 100 plus years. This can be used for practical reasons (by individual curators and selectors) and for economic, governance and political purposes.The paper outlines the latest developments in the life cycle approach to the British Library's traditional and digital collections. The preliminary findings about the traditional paper-based collections were presented at the LIBER conference in Rome in 2003. The early application of the approach to the management of digital collections (namely digitised masters) was presented at the National Preservation Office/Kings College London conference in London later that year. Current strands include potential application to the web archiving programme and to both major and minor digitisation projects and the development of a predictive data tool.A recent development on the digital side is the collaborative partnership between the British Library and University College London in the JISC-funded LIFE project (“Lifecycle Information for E-literature”) begun in early 2005. It is anticipated that there will be an emphasis on the life cycle of electronic and print journals, and on the real-time pilot of electronic material received under voluntary legal deposit.A recent development on the traditional side is that one of the overarching themes to emerge from an international meeting convened by the British Library (funded by the Andrew W Mellon Foundation) aimed at setting an Applied Conservation Research framework for libraries and archives in the UK was the life cycle of collections. This spanned the deterioration mechanisms of paper- and parchment-based collections (including the natural ageing of materials and evaluation of past preservation strategies and techniques used in conservation); real-time predictive modelling of the effects of the environment and other agents of deterioration on collections; and the past and future life cycle of use.These new UK developments in the life cycle approach to traditional and digital collections are put in the context of wider advances in the subject being developed in Europe and North America.Throughout, developments and ideas that span the management of both traditional and digital collections are highlighted. Given that much of the evidence points to our being in a transition phase, an elision of life cycle management of digital and traditional formats would seem the logical aspiration. There is not necessarily a tension between paper/print and digital, but rather that they are increasingly interdependent and increasingly complementary. Similarly, there is not necessarily always a tension between preservation and access, but they can be complementary, with a critical starting point for preservation being the future usability of collections.The emphasis throughout is on the need for the stewardship of digital and traditional collections to confidently focus on Deep Time and the “Long Now” as opposed to the short-term and immediate expediency. The aim is to confidently steward organic and inorganic, dynamic collections.

Life cycle collection management is a way of taking a long-term approach to the responsible stewardship of the British Library's collections and is one of the Library's strategic strands. It defines the different stages in a collection item's existence over time. These stages range from selection and acquisitions processing, cataloguing and press marking, through to preventive conservation, storage and retrieval. Life cycle collection management seeks to identify the costs of each stage in order to show the economic interdependencies between the phases over time. It thereby aims to demonstrate the long-term consequences of what the library takes into its collections, by making explicit the financial and other implications of decisions made at the beginning of the life cycle for the next 100 plus years. This paper describes the work over the past year at the British Library on this complex and complicated subject. It presents the emerging findings and suggests how it can be used for practical reasons (by individual curators and selectors) and for economic, governance and political purposes. The paper describes the next steps in the project, for example, on a predictive data model. The British Library is seeking to benchmark itself against comparable organisations in this area. It intends to work with others on specific comparison for example, of life cycle costing of electronic and paper journals, as a prelude to eliding digital and 'traditional' formats.

The Russell class does not exist because the conditions purporting to specify that class are contradictory, and hence fail to specify any class. Equally, the conditions purporting to specify the Liar statement are contradictory and hence, although the Liar sentence is grammatically in order, it fails to yield a statement. Thus the common source of these and related paradoxes is contradictory (or tautologous) specifying conditions—for such conditions fail to specify. This is the diagnosis. The cure consists of seeking and destroying the deep-seated preconceptions that make almost irresistible our belief in the existence of items which provably do not exist.