Exhaustive Testing Research Articles

The role of the exhaustion test in lacertus syndrome

BackgroundLacertus syndrome involves dynamic median nerve compression by the lacertus fibrosus, leading to sensory symptoms and loss of strength. Prevalence in the general population is unclear. ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of lacertus syndrome in the Belgian population and to evaluate the effectiveness of the exhaustion test combined with the scratch collapse test. MethodsIn a cross-sectional study from May 2023 to February 2024, 362 healthy individuals, aged 18 to 86 years underwent clinical examinations, including the scratch-collapse test and exhaustion test, to assess signs of lacertus syndrome. Results11.3% of participants (95% CI: 8.2-15.1%) reported discomfort on lacertus fibrosus palpation.The scratch-collapse test at the lacertus fibrosus was positive in 7.2% of cases (95% CI: 4.8-10.4%), increasing to 25.7% (95% CI: 21.3-30.5%, p < 0.001) following the exhaustion test. There were no significant differences in gender, occupation, or hand dominance (all p > 0.05). Hagert’s clinical triad and positive scratch-collapse test over the lacertus fibrosus were found in 2.21% (95% CI: 1.0-4.2%) of this general population after the exhaustion test. ConclusionThe prevalence of lacertus syndrome was 2.21% after the exhaustion test, and 0.83% before. The exhaustion test led to significant conversion of negative to positive scratch-collapse test from 7.2% to 25.7%.The exhaustion test enhanced the scratch-collapse test’s diagnostic accuracy, revealing a spectrum of lacertus syndrome symptoms, from unnoticed mild cases to severe manifestations, and confirmed the importance of Hagert's clinical triad in diagnosing lacertus syndrome.

The key metabolic signatures and biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced blood glucose elevation in chinese individuals exposed to diesel engine exhaust

Due to the complexity of environmental exposure factors and the low levels of exposure in the general population, identifying the key environmental factors associated with diabetes and understanding their potential mechanisms present significant challenges. This study aimed to identify key polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contributing to increased fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations and to explore their potential metabolic mechanisms. We recruited a highly PAH-exposed diesel engine exhaust testing population and healthy controls. Our findings found a positive association between FBG concentrations and PAH metabolites, identifying 1-OHNa, 2-OHPh, and 9-OHPh as major contributors to the rise in FBG concentrations induced by PAH mixtures. Specifically, each 10 % increase in 1-OHNa, 2-OHPh, and 9-OHPh concentrations led to increases in FBG concentrations of 0.201 %, 0.261 %, and 0.268 %, respectively. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed significant alterations in metabolic pathways among those exposed to high levels of PAHs, including sirtuin signaling, asparagine metabolism, and proline metabolism pathway. Toxic function analysis highlighted differential metabolites involved in various dysglycemia-related conditions, such as cardiac arrhythmia and renal damage. Mediation analysis revealed that 2-aminooctanoic acid mediated the FBG elevation induced by 2-OHPh, while 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and hypoxanthine acted as partial suppressors. Notably, 2-aminooctanoic acid was identified as a crucial intermediary metabolic biomarker, mediating significant portions of the associations between the multiple different structures of OH-PAHs and elevated FBG concentrations, accounting for 16.73 %, 10.84 %, 10.00 %, and 11.90 % of these effects for 1-OHPyr, 2-OHFlu, the sum concentrations of 2- and 9-OHPh, and the sum concentrations of total OH-PAHs, respectively. Overall, our study explored the potential metabolic mechanisms underlying the elevated FBG induced by PAHs and identified 2-aminooctanoic acid as a pivotal metabolic biomarker, presenting a potential target for intervention.

Impact of sprint interval training on post-fatigue mitochondrial rate in professional boxers.

Professional boxing is a sport that requires a high aerobic capacity to prevent fatigue and allow athletes to perform over 4-12 rounds. Typically, athletes will go into a heavy training period in a pre-bout camp lasting 6 to 9weeks. This study investigates the impact of 3weeks of repeated Wingate sprint interval training, performed on standard gym ergometer bikes, on skeletal muscle endurance and mitochondrial function. Ten male professional boxers (age: 26 ± 4years, height: 175 ± 5cm, weight: 70 ± 5kg) participated in the study. Baseline testing involved a NIRS monitor attached to the rectus femoris muscle prior to an incremental time to exhaustion test on a treadmill. After the treadmill test participants underwent a series of arterial occlusions to determine mitochondrial function post-volitional exhaustion. Participants then continued their own training for 3weeks and then repeated baseline testing. After the second testing session, participants undertook three weekly sprint sessions consisting of 3 × 30s maximal sprints with 60s recovery. Testing was repeated 3weeks later. The time to exhaustion increased by > 6% after 3weeks of sprint interval training as compared to baseline and control (p < 0.05). Skeletal muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) at exhaustion was increased by 5.5% after 3weeks of sprint interval training as compared to baseline and control (p = 0.008). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial rate post exhaustion was increased by 160% after 3weeks of sprint interval training as compared to baseline and control (p < 0.001). The study demonstrated that SIT led to increased incremental time to exhaustion, higher SmO2 levels at volitional exhaustion and increased mitochondrial rates in professional boxers. These findings suggest that SIT should be an integral part of a boxe's conditioning regimen to improve performance and safety within the ring.

Mechanical Deviations in Stride Characteristics During Running in the Severe Intensity Domain Are Associated With a Decline in Muscle Oxygenation.

We explored the impact of running in the severe intensity domain on running mechanics and muscle oxygenation in competitive runners by investigating the relationship between mechanical deviations from typical stride characteristics and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) in the quadriceps muscle. Sixteen youth competitive runners performed an 8-min exhaustive running test on an outdoor track. Running mechanics were continuously monitored using inertial measurement units. Rectus femoris SmO2 and total hemoglobin (a measure of blood volume) were continuously monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. One-class support vector machine (OCSVM) modeling was employed for subject-specific analysis of the kinematic data. Statistical analysis included principal component analysis, ANOVA, and correlation analysis. Mechanical deviations from typical stride characteristics increased as the running test progressed. Specifically, the percentage of outliers in the OCSVM model rose gradually from 2.2 ± 0.8% at the start to 43.6 ± 28.2% at the end (p < 0.001, mean ± SD throughout). SmO2 dropped from 74.3 ± 8.4% at baseline to 10.1 ± 6.8% at the end (p < 0.001). A moderate negative correlation (r = -0.61, p = 0.013) was found between the average SmO2 and the percentage of outlier strides during the last 15% of the run. During high-intensity running, alterations in running biomechanics may occur, linked to decreased quadriceps muscle oxygenation. These parameters highlight the potential of using running kinematics and muscle oxygenation in training to optimize performance and reduce injury risks. Our research contributes to understanding biomechanical and physiological responses to endurance running and emphasizes the importance of individualized monitoring.

Cascading upper bounds for triangle soup Pompeiu‐Hausdorff distance

AbstractWe propose a new method to accurately approximate the Pompeiu‐Hausdorff distance from a triangle soup A to another triangle soup B up to a given tolerance. Based on lower and upper bound computations, we discard triangles from A that do not contain the maximizer of the distance to B and subdivide the others for further processing. In contrast to previous methods, we use four upper bounds instead of only one, three of which newly proposed by us. Many triangles are discarded using the simpler bounds, while the most difficult cases are dealt with by the other bounds. Exhaustive testing determines the best ordering of the four upper bounds. A collection of experiments shows that our method is faster than all previous accurate methods in the literature.

Effects of Chlorich®EnergyBoost on Enhancing Physical Performance and Anti-Fatigue Properties in Mice.

Chlorich®EnergyBoost, a water extract obtained from Chlorella sorokiniana, has been proposed to enhance physical performance and provide anti-fatigue effects. This study assessed the impact of Chlorich®EnergyBoost supplementation on physical performance and its anti-fatigue properties. Twenty-four mice were allocated into four groups: (1) the control group receiving only water,;(2) the 1X group (49.2 mg/kg/day); (3) the 2X group (98.4 g/kg/day); and (4) the 5X group (246 g/kg/day). All groups were orally administered the supplements for four consecutive weeks. The evaluation included grip strength, swimming endurance, an exhaustion test, and serum biochemistry analysis. Additionally, the study examined the bioactive peptides through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and conducted bacterial reverse mutation and acute oral toxicity tests for safety assessment. The findings indicated that Chlorich®EnergyBoost supplementation led to a significant reduction in serum lactate levels by 14.08% to 22.54% and blood urea nitrogen levels by 12.23% to 16.76%, an increase in the lactate clearance rate by 0.28 to 0.35, an enhancement of muscle glycogen storage by 1.10 to 1.44-fold, and hepatic glycogen storage by 1.41 to 1.47-fold. These results demonstrated dose-dependent effects. MALDI-TOF analysis revealed the expression of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase. Both the bacterial reverse mutation and acute oral toxicity tests showed no adverse effects.

Long-term Changes in Body Composition and Exercise Capacity Following Calorie Restriction and Exercise Training in Older Patients with Obesity and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Obesity combined with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the dominant form of HF among older persons. In a randomized trial, we previously showed that a 5-month calorie restriction (CR) program, with or without aerobic exercise training (AT), resulted in significant weight and fat loss and improved exercise capacity. However, little is known regarding the long-term effects of these outcomes after a short-term (5-month) intervention of CR with or without AT in older patients with obesity and HFpEF. Sixteen participants from either the CR or CR+AT who experienced significant weight loss ≥ 2 kg were reexamined after a long-term follow-up endpoint (28.0 ± 10.8 months) without intervention. The follow-up assessment included body weight and composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and exhaustive cardiopulmonary treadmill exercise testing. Compared to the 5-month time-point intervention endpoint, at the long-term follow-up endpoint, mean body weight increased +5.2 ± 4.0 kg (90.7 ± 11.2 kg vs 95.9 ± 11.9; P < 0.001) due to increased fat mass (38.9 ± 9.3 vs 43.8 ± 9.8; P < 0.001) with no change in lean mass (49.6 ± 7.1 vs 49.9±7.6; P = 0.67), resulting in worse body composition (decreased lean-to-fat mass). Change in total mass was strongly and significantly correlated with change in fat mass (r = 0.75; P < 0.001), whereas there appeared to be a weaker correlation with change in lean mass (r = 0.50; P = 0.051). Additionally, from the end of the 5-month time-point intervention endpoint to the long-term follow-up endpoint, there were large, significant decreases in VO2peak (-2.2 ± 2.1 mL/kg/min; P = 0.003) and exercise time (-2.4 ± 2.6 min; P = 0.006). There appeared to be an inverse correlation between the change in VO2peak and the change in fat mass (r = -0.52; P = 0.062). Although CR and CR+AT in older patients with obesity and HFpEF can improve body composition and exercise capacity significantly, these positive changes diminish considerably during long-term follow-up endpoints, and regained weight is predominantly adipose, resulting in worsened overall body composition compared to baseline. This suggests a need for long-term adherence strategies to prevent weight regain and maintain improvements in body composition and exercise capacity following CR in older patients with obesity and HFpEF.

Systemic Deletion of ARRDC4 Improves Cardiac Reserve and Exercise Capacity in Diabetes.

Exercise intolerance is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in diabetes. The underlying mechanism of the association between hyperglycemia and exercise intolerance remains undefined. We recently demonstrated that the interaction between ARRDC4 (arrestin domain-containing protein 4) and GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1) regulates cardiac metabolism. To determine whether this mechanism broadly impacts diabetic complications, we investigated the role of ARRDC4 in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiac/skeletal myopathy using cellular and animal models. High glucose promoted translocation of MondoA into the nucleus, which upregulated Arrdc4 transcriptional expression, increased lysosomal GLUT1 trafficking, and blocked glucose transport in cardiomyocytes, forming a feedback mechanism. This role of ARRDC4 was confirmed in human muscular cells from type 2 diabetic patients. Prolonged hyperglycemia upregulated myocardial Arrdc4 expression in multiple types of mouse models of diabetes. We analyzed hyperglycemia-induced cardiac and skeletal muscle abnormalities in insulin-deficient mice. Hyperglycemia increased advanced glycation end-products and elicited oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to apoptosis in the heart and peripheral muscle. Deletion of Arrdc4 augmented tissue glucose transport and mitochondrial respiration, protecting the heart and muscle from tissue damage. Stress hemodynamic analysis and treadmill exhaustion test uncovered that Arrdc4-knockout mice had greater cardiac inotropic/chronotropic reserve with higher exercise endurance than wild-type animals under diabetes. While multiple organs were involved in the mechanism, cardiac-specific overexpression using an adenoassociated virus suggests that high levels of myocardial ARRDC4 have the potential to contribute to exercise intolerance by interfering with cardiac metabolism through its interaction with GLUT1 in diabetes. Importantly, the ARRDC4 mutation mouse line exhibited greater exercise tolerance, showing the potential therapeutic impact on diabetic cardiomyopathy by disrupting the interaction between ARRDC4 and GLUT1. ARRDC4 regulates hyperglycemia-induced toxicities toward cardiac and skeletal muscle, revealing a new molecular framework that connects hyperglycemia to cardiac/skeletal myopathy to exercise intolerance.

Impact of Pediococcus pentosaceus YF01 on the exercise capacity of mice through the regulation of oxidative stress and alteration of gut microbiota.

Using treadmill training, this study replicated human exercise conditions and triggered exercise-induced fatigue in mice to examine the potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus YF01 in delaying this fatigue by regulating oxidative stress and its impact on the exercise capacity and gut microbiota of mice. The exercise capacity of mice was tested by conducting exhaustion tests, determining histopathological changes in mouse tissues, detecting the levels of serum biochemical markers, and evaluating the mRNA expression levels of relevant genes. YF01 prolonged the exhaustion time of mice, increased the serum levels of oxidative stress-related markers T-AOC, CAT, and GSH, as well as GLU and LA levels in the mice. YF01 decreased the levels of hepatic-related markers AST and ALT, as well as exercise-related markers LDH, BUN, UA, and CRE in the mice. YF01 upregulated the mRNA expression of MyHc I, SIRT1, and PGC in muscle tissues, as well as SOD1, SOD2, and CAT in both liver and muscle tissues. YF01 also downregulated the mRNA expression of MyHc IIa, MyHc IIb, and MyHc IIx in muscle tissues. Furthermore, YF01 increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae in the gut microbiota of mice. In conclusion, P. pentosaceus YF01 may affect the exercise capacity of mice by modulating oxidative stress levels, thereby offering novel ideas for developing of sports science and human health.

Effects of 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propionic Acid on Enhancing Grip Strength and Inhibiting Protein Catabolism Induced by Exhaustive Exercise.

3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid (HMPA), also known as dihydroferulic acid, is a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative that can be derived from the microbial transformation of dietary polyphenols or naturally obtained from fermented foods. Although numerous studies have documented its antioxidant and anti-obesity effects, the effect of HMPA on muscle function remains unknown. This study investigated the effects of HMPA on muscle strength and exercise endurance capacity. Mice were orally administered low and high doses of HMPA for 14 days and subjected to grip force and treadmill exhaustion tests to evaluate muscle function. Our results showed that HMPA-administered groups significantly enhanced absolute grip strength (p = 0.0256) and relative grip strength (p = 0.0209), and low-dose HMPA decreased the plasma level of blood urea nitrogen after exercise (p = 0.0183), but HMPA did not affect endurance performance. Low-dose HMPA administration increased Myf5 expression in sedentary mice (p = 0.0106), suggesting that low-dose HMPA may promote muscle development. Additionally, HMPA improved hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibited muscular lipid metabolism and protein catabolism, as indicated by changes in mRNA expression levels of related genes. These findings suggest that HMPA may be a promising dietary supplement for muscle health and performance.

No effects of temporal cortex modulation on rotator cuff fatigue: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover clinical trial

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the temporal cortex (TC) on rotator cuff fatigue. Methods In one session, 20 healthy individuals were randomly randomized to active or sham tDCS. Before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after tDCS, the external rotator's maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), Infraspinatus and posterior deltoid electromyographic signals, time to exhaustion test (TTE), GoC, and RPE were measured. After three days, subjects received different initial stimulation. Results Anodal tDCS had non-significant influence on MVICs immediately post-tDCS (p = 0.283) and 30 minutes post-tDCS (p = 0.867). TTE did not differ between anodal and sham tDCS (p = 0.845). There was non-significant difference in RPE between anodal and sham tDCS for 20 (p = 0.548), 40 (p = 0.699) and 60s (p = 0.712). There were non-significant differences in EMG data or the GRoC scale between groups. Conclusion Left temporal cortex modulation has no effect on muscular exhaustion, MVIC, RPE, or motor unit recruitment in the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles of healthy volunteers.

Accelerating Globally Optimal Consensus Maximization in Geometric Vision.

Branch-and-bound-based consensus maximization stands out due to its important ability of retrieving the globally optimal solution to outlier-affected geometric problems. However, while the discovery of such solutions caries high scientific value, its application in practical scenarios is often prohibited by its computational complexity growing exponentially as a function of the dimensionality of the problem at hand. In this work, we convey a novel, general technique that allows us to branch over an n-1 dimensional space for an n-dimensional problem. The remaining degree of freedom can be solved globally optimally within each bound calculation by applying the efficient interval stabbing technique. While each individual bound derivation is harder to compute owing to the additional need for solving a sorting problem, the reduced number of intervals and tighter bounds in practice lead to a significant reduction in the overall number of required iterations. Besides an abstract introduction of the approach, we present applications to four fundamental geometric computer vision problems: camera resectioning, relative camera pose estimation, point set registration, and rotation and focal length estimation. Through our exhaustive tests, we demonstrate significant speed-up factors at times exceeding two orders of magnitude, thereby increasing the viability of globally optimal consensus maximizers in online application scenarios.

Deep learning for predicting synergistic drug combinations: State‐of‐the‐arts and future directions

AbstractCombination therapy has emerged as an efficacy strategy for treating complex diseases. Its potential to overcome drug resistance and minimize toxicity makes it highly desirable. However, the vast number of potential drug pairs presents a significant challenge, rendering exhaustive clinical testing impractical. In recent years, deep learning‐based methods have emerged as promising tools for predicting synergistic drug combinations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of applying diverse deep‐learning architectures for drug combination prediction. This review commences by elucidating the quantitative measures employed to assess drug combination synergy. Subsequently, we delve into the various deep‐learning methods currently employed for drug combination prediction. Finally, the review concludes by outlining the key challenges facing deep learning approaches and proposes potential challenges for future research.

VigilEye: Machine learning-powered driver fatigue recognition for safer roads

In an era where autonomous vehicles are on the horizon, the importance of human vigilance during driving cannot be understated. One of the paramount challenges road safety advocates face is driver fatigue, a silent culprit behind many tragic accidents. Our project seeks to address this issue by merging facial feature recognition with cutting-edge machine learning techniques, harnessing tools such as OpenCV and Dlib. This approach is centred around 68 precise facial feature detectors, adept at capturing specific markers like the status of a driver's eyes. Once data is acquired, our algorithms scrutinize it for fatigue indicators. Offering both cost and user benefits, our non-intrusive system swiftly alerts drivers, through auditory or tactile means, upon detecting drowsiness. Our system achieved a remarkable 94 % efficiency in timely and accurate fatigue detection through exhaustive testing across varied scenarios, underscoring its potential to revolutionize road safety.

Abstract 3032: Novel GLP-Grade E-Selectin/AAV2 Gene Therapy Optimal Dosage For Vascular Regeneration

Introduction: Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia (CLTI) represents a major public health burden with with an estimated 15 to 20% CLTI patients undergoing major limb amputation facing a 50% mortality risk at 5 years post amputation. We previously demonstrated the pro-angiogenic actions of a research-grade E-Selectin/AAV gene therapy in a hindlimb gangrene murine model. In this study, a dosage study utilizing GLP grade codon-optimized and DeNovo-synthesized E-selectin/AAV2 was conducted dosage optimization and determination of the necessary scale-up for subsequent clinical trials. Methods: codon-optimized and de novo synthesized human and murine E-selectin AAV vectors under GLP conditions was evaluated in vitro by cell transduction assays. E-selectin/AAV2 i.m. injection in three cohorts of FVB/NJ mice (9-12 weeks old, N=6/group) with GFP/AAV2 (9-12 weeks old, N=6/group) groups, was performed in vivo in escalating log doses ranging from 2x10^9 VG to 2x10^11 VG. Hindlimb ischemia and gangrene were subsequently induced through left femoral artery/vein ligation/excision (FAVLE). Limb perfusion recovery and function was assessed postoperatively by Laser Doppler Imaging (LDI), Faber hindlimb ischemia scores, treadmill exhaustion test, whole-body Dil perfusion Results: Treatment with high dose (2x10^11 VG) of E-selectin/AAV2 significantly improve perfusion indices compared to control groups (p=.0019, N=6/group) and lower doses (p=.0006 and p=.0082, N=6/group) with decreased Faber’s scores. A significant increase in neovascularization was also observed compared to GFP control (0.41 ±0.14 to 0.95±0.18; p=.0080, N=5/group) and lower doses (p=.0026 and p=.009, N=5/group). Running stamina was also significantly improve by VRGT with a 2x10^11 VG dosage treatment compared to GFP (p=0.0047) control and lower doses, establishing a clear dose-dependent response. Conclusion: VGRT improves recovery of ischemic hindlimb perfusion and function at an optimal dose of 2x10 11 VG. This pre-clinical study paves the way towards further studies using the same AAV construct manufactured under cGMP conditions and subsequent Investigational New Drug (IND) process for clinical pilot studies and disease burden relief.

Moringa oleifera leaf extracts improve exercise performance in young male adults: A pilot study

BackgroundMoringa oleifera leaves are rich in bioactive substances. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract supplements on energy metabolism and antioxidant function in young male adults. MethodsForty-four young male adults (26.3 ± 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: a supplement group (n = 23) receiving aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and a placebo group (n = 21). The supplementation period lasted for 30 days. Baseline measurements were taken at the beginning of the study, and further measurements were taken at the end of the supplementation period. Changes in upper- and lower-body strength, treadmill endurance, and certain blood biochemical parameters were evaluated. ResultsAfter 30 days of supplementation, participants in the supplement group exhibited enhanced performance in push-ups and treadmill exhaustion tests compared to the placebo group. Levels of glucose, urea, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase activity in serum were also improved in the supplement group. ConclusionThe findings suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extracts have the potential to improve post-exercise energy metabolism and antioxidant function in young male adults.

Effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up on perceptual, physiological, and performance outcomes during high-intensity exercise in normoxia and hypoxia

Some evidence shows that an inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) could enhance exercise performance; however, the mechanistic basis is unclear. PURPOSE: To examine how IMW affects the sensory and affective components of dyspnea, exercise performance, and locomotor muscle oxygenation. METHODS: Thirteen recreationally active individuals (23 ± 5 yr, 5 women) performed a cycling time to exhaustion test (~80-85% VȮ2max) preceded by either IMW (2x30 breaths, 40% maximal inspiratory pressure) or SHAM (2x30 breaths, 15% maximal inspiratory pressure) in normoxic (FIO2 = 0.21) and hypoxic (FIO2 = 0.16) conditions (i.e., 4 trials total). NIRS, dyspnea (i.e., breathing intensity and breathing unpleasantness), and cardiorespiratory parameters were measured throughout. Cardiorespiratory variables were analyzed using the individual isotime method. RESULTS: There were no differences in mean dyspnea responses between IMW and SHAM ( p &gt; 0.05). Mean Δ tissue saturation index (TSI) did not reach statistical significance between IMW and SHAM in normoxia ( p = 0.110) or hypoxia ( p = 0.07). Mean performance was not different in normoxia ( p = 0.636) or hypoxia ( p = 0.512). In normoxia, V̇E ( p = 0.059) and fB ( p = 0.056) approached significance with IMW values greater compared to SHAM in the third isotime. CONCLUSION: Group improvements in dyspnea, performance, and ΔTSI were not seen following IMW. However, the degree of select individual responses suggest this intervention has interindividual applicability that should not be overlooked. No external funding was received for this work. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Repetition of the Exhaustive Wrestling-Specific Test Leads to More Effective Differentiation between Quality Categories of Youth Wrestlers

This study aimed to investigate whether wrestlers of different competitive qualities (i.e., medalists vs. non-medallists) would differ in terms of specific test performance and cardiac and metabolic responses after a demanding testing protocol. The research included 29 wrestlers aged 17.62 ± 1.86 years divided into two performance categories: successful (medallists at the National Championships; n = 13) and less successful (non-medallists; n = 16). The variables included anthropometric indices and specific wrestling fitness test (SWFT) parameters, including the number of throws, heart rate, lactate concentration and calculated cardiac and metabolic indexes. To show differences between quality categories, Student’s t-test and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were calculated. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to evaluate the differences in performance, cardiac, and metabolic characteristics between the test trials and quality categories. Wrestlers differed in the total number of throws (p &lt; 0.01, AUC = 0.82), cardiac indices (p &lt; 0.03, AUC = 0.73), and metabolic indices (p &lt; 0.04, AUC = 0.75) after the second SWFT trial, with successful wrestlers reaching better results. There were no differences in the first testing trial. The findings of this study indicate that wrestlers exhibit differences in specific performance variables after undergoing an exhaustive testing protocol. Therefore, this study suggests that future research on sport-specific performance in wrestlers should include exhaustive exercise or testing protocols.

The impact of environmental protection tax on corporate performance: A new insight from multi angles analysis

This study investigates the practical effects of adopting the environmental protection tax (EPT) policy on corporate performance in China. The analysis uses the Difference in Differences (DID) approach based on a quasi-natural experiment scenario. The findings indicate there is a negative impact of implementing the EPT policy on the financial performance of corporations, and the conclusion remains unchanged despite exhaustive robustness testing. The negative impact can be partly attributed to corporate technology innovation inputs. Meanwhile, enterprise property rights, pollution, and technical levels also substantially influence the implementation effect of the legislation. However, implementing this policy has improved corporations’ environmental performance and established its efficacy in enhancing their sustainable capabilities. This study comprehensively explores the impact of environmental control legislation on business performance, spanning financial, environmental, and social dimensions. Corresponding findings offer valuable insights into how firms react to environmental legislation and adjust to the external environment. Meanwhile, it also provides an objective reference for the comprehensive green transformation.

Predicting weight gain in patients with cystic fibrosis on triple combination modulator.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations producing dysfunctional CFTR proteins leading to progressive clinical disease. Elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (ETI) remarkably improves lung disease but is associated with substantial weight gain. We performed a single-center longitudinal study predicting 6-month weight gain after ETI initiation. We used linear mixed effects modeling (LME) to determine association of ETI treatment with changing body mass index (BMI). Using linear regression, we examined BMI prediction models with distinct combinations of main effects to identify a model useful for patient counseling. We used up to eight commonly observed clinical characteristics as input variables (age, sex, percent predicted FEV1 [FEV1%], F508del homozygous state, pancreatic sufficiency, HgbA1c, prior modulator use and prior year number of pulmonary exacerbations). We evaluated 154 patients (19-73 years old, 54% female, FEV1% = 19-121, 0-6 prior year pulmonary exacerbations). LME demonstrated an association between ETI use and weight increases. Exhaustive testing suggested a parsimonious linear regression model well-fitted to data that is potentially useful for counseling. The two variable model shows that on average, BMI decreases by 0.045 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] = -0.069 to -0.021, p < 0.001) for every year of age and increases by 0.322 (CI = 0.142 to 0.502, p = 0.001) for each additional prior year exacerbation at the time of ETI initiation. Young patients with many prior year pulmonary exacerbations likely have the largest 6 month weight gain after starting ETI.