Exercise In Healthy Young Adults Research Articles

Application of blood oxygenation level dependent fMRI on lumbar dorsal extensor muscles before and after exercise in healthy young adults

Objective To investigate the value of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI in assessing the functional changes of the lumbar dorsal extensor muscles before and after exercise in healthy young people. Methods The changes of the R2* value of lumbar dorsal extensor group in 30 healthy young volunteers (15 males and 15 females) before and after exercise was prospectively studied. BOLD-fMRI scans were performed on healthy young volunteers before and after exercise, the exercise mode was to perform the upper body flexion and extension movement with a simple Rome stool. The scanned images were processed and analyzed, the cross-sectional area and R2* value of the lumbar dorsal extensor muscles (including the multifidus, the longissimus and the iliocostalis) were measured at the upper margin of the L3 and L4 vertebral body before and after exercise. The paired t test was used to compare CSA and R2* values of muscles before and after loading. The CSA and R2* value of different muscles in different sides were compared by independent sample t test. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relevance between CSA and R2* in muscle before and after exercise. Results After exercise, the R2* values of multifidus, longissimus and iliocostalis at the upper margin of the L4 vertebral body were [(39.2±8.6),(38.9±7.7),(41.6±7.8)]Hz, significantly lower than before exercise [(46.1±6.9),(45.3±6.2),(46.0±6.7)]Hz (P 0.05).The R2* values of longissimus and iliocostalis at the upper margin of the L3 vertebral body were [(44.2±9.1), (46.6±9.3)]Hz, significantly lower than before exercise [(48.6±7.2),(49.7±6.8)]Hz(P 0.05);there was a significant difference in the changes of R2* value before and after the movement between the left and right side of iliocostalis(P<0.05).A significant negative correlation between CSA and R2* value was found in the iliocostalis on the right side at the upper margin of L3 vertebral body and in the multifidus on the left side at the upper margin of L4 vertebral body, and the correlation coefficients were (-0.697,-0.616). Conclusion BOLD-fMRI can be a new way to assess the functional changes of the lumbar dorsal extensor group before and after exercise. Key words: Psoas muscles; Magnetic resonance imaging; Oximetry

Aerobic exercise causes changes in choroidal thickness in young adults

PurposeIn this study we evaluate the changes of choroidal thickness after doing physical aerobic exercise in healthy young adults using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT), with Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI) protocol, and manual segmentation. This is a modified technique which allows us to obtain an improved image of the choroidal layer.MethodsThirty eyes of 15 volunteers between 18 and 31 years old were prospectively and consecutively enrolled, with ±6.50 D maximum ametropia and 3.00 D of astigmatism, with neither systemic nor ocular pathology as inclusion criteria. All the subjects were examined in the same conditions and by the same investigator. Measures from autorefractometer, ocular biometry and SD‐OCT were taken. The SD‐OCT images were taken at basal measurement, after doing 10 minutes of physical exercise and then two more measures after the exercise (3 and 10 minutes after finalization). The choroidal layer was manually segmented, valuing thicknesses and volumes in the different areas from the ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study).ResultsIn all the areas the average thickness increased 3 minutes after exercise compared to basal. We found significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) by means of the test of ranks with signs of Wilcoxon in the areas: 3 mm temporal, 3 mm nasal, 6 mm superior, 3 mm superior and in the subfoveal choroidal thickness. After 10 minutes, this value decreased, finding only statistical values (p &lt; 0.05) in the subfoveal choroidal thickness. Volumes measures showed the same pattern.ConclusionsIn healthy young people 3 minutes after finishing physical exercise the choroidal thickness increases. Ten minutes after the finish, the choroidal thickness decreases.

A Study of VO2max in Relation to Body Mass Index before and After Exercise in Healthy Young Adults

A Study of VO2max in Relation to Body Mass Index before and After Exercise in Healthy Young Adults

Postural stability with exhaustive repetitive sit-to-stand exercise in young adults

Previous research has indicated that muscle fatigue due to repeated bouts of physical activity can have negative residual effects on balance; however investigations using multi-joint forms of exercise involved in everyday settings and determination of how control of posture is altered during the physical activity itself are limited. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate alterations in postural stability before, during, and after prolonged multi-joint STS exercise in healthy young adults. Center of pressure (COP) acquisitions were collected during repetitive STS exercise, while voluntary limits of stability (LOS) testing was performed before, immediately after, and 10min after STS exercise. By 50% total STS exercise time, fatigue resulted in increased anterio-posterior (y) and medio-lateral (x) COP path lengths (p=0.003 and p=0.018 respectively) and an anterior shift of COP at seat-off towards the mid-foot (p=0.010). No significant change in LOS mean amplitude was found after STS exercise; however a significant fatigue effect resulted in increased COPy sway velocity at maximal lean positions (p=0.006), but returned to PRE values after 10min of rest. Declines in postural stability during repetitive STS exercise was associated with reduced control of COP, as well as a reduced ability to stably control COP at extreme postural limits; however, 10min was adequate in young adults for recovery. These results may have important implications for monitoring fall risk due to acute bouts of exercise induced muscle fatigue from repetitive multi-joint activities such as the STS.

Endurance Training and V˙O2max: Role of Maximal Cardiac Output and Oxygen Extraction.

Although endurance training (ET) commonly augments maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max), it remains unclear whether such increase is associated with that of maximal cardiac output (Qmax) alone or along with arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-V˙O2diff). Herein, we sought to systematically review and determine the effects of ET on V˙O2max, Qmax, and a-V˙O2diff at maximal exercise, and on their associations, in healthy young subjects. We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science (from their inception until September 2014) for articles assessing the effects of ET lasting ≥3 wk on V˙O2max and Qmax and/or a-V˙O2diff at maximal exercise in healthy young adults (mean age <40 yr). Meta-analyses were performed to determine standardized mean differences (SMD) in V˙O2max, Qmax, and a-V˙O2diff at maximal exercise between posttraining and pretraining measurements. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to evaluate associations among SMD and potential moderating factors. Thirteen studies were included after systematic review, comprising a total of 130 untrained or moderately trained healthy young subjects (mean age, 22-28 yr). Duration of ET programs ranged from 5 to 12.9 wk. After data pooling, V˙O2max (SMD = 0.75, P < 0.0001) and Qmax (SMD = 0.64, P < 0.0001), but not a-V˙O2diff at maximal exercise (SMD = 0.21, P = 0.23), were increased after ET. No significant heterogeneity was detected. With meta-regression, the SMD in Qmax was positively associated with the SMD in V˙O2max (B = 0.91, P = 0.007). The SMD in a-V˙O2diff at maximal exercise was not associated with the SMD in V˙O2max (B = 0.20, P = 0.40). Based on a relatively small number of studies, improvement in V˙O2max following 5-13 wk of ET is associated with increase in Qmax, but not in a-V˙O2diff, in previously untrained to moderately trained healthy young individuals.

Correlation between lateral abdominal, rectus femoris, and triceps brachii muscle thickness and endurance during prone bridge exercise in healthy young adults

【Objective: Prone bridge exercise is one of the core strengthening exercise for improving abdominal, lower and upper extremity muscles. In addition, coactivation of the trunk muscles and extremities is important for treatment of low back pain. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the thickness, cross-sectional area of the target muscle, and endurance during prone bridge exercise. Our hypothesis was that an increase in muscle thickness is positively related to the hold time for the static prone bridge exercise. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Fourteen healthy university students (8 men and 6 women) voluntarily participated in the study at Sahmyook University. Hold time for the prone bridge with one and both legs was measured. The resting and contracted thickness of the lateral abdominal, rectus femoris, and triceps muscles was measured using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging. The correlation between muscle thickness and endurance for maintenance time was evaluated. Results: The prone bridge with both legs and the contraction thickness of the triceps muscle showed a positive correlation (r=0.692, p】

Endocannabinoid and Opioid System Interactions in Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia

Anatomical, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence indicates bidirectional interactions between endocannabinoid (eCB) and opioid systems, but there are conflicting results concerning whether opioid antagonists block cannabinoid analgesia. Moreover, the interaction between these two systems in specific pain modulatory processes such as exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) has not been examined. PURPOSE: To examine whether an opioid antagonist influenced pain and eCB responses following exercise in healthy young adults. METHODS: Fifty-eight men and women (m = 21 yrs; sd = 3) were administered an opioid antagonist {50 mg naltrexone (NAL)} and a placebo (PLA) via a randomized, double-blind counterbalanced procedure. Pain testing (i.e., noxious heat and pressure) and blood draws were completed before and following 3-min of isometric exercise at 25% maximal voluntary contraction. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVAs. RESULTS: The results indicated that EIH (i.e., reduction in pain following exercise) occurred in both PLA and NAL conditions. Serum concentrations of eCBs and related lipids were all increased after exercise; these increases were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between PLA and NAL conditions for the eCBs N-arachidonylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); or for non-eCB analogs palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG). There was, however, a significant condition x time interaction (p <0.05) for oleoylethanolamine (OEA), a lipid known to be involved in satiety, indicating a significant increase in OEA following exercise in the PLA condition but not in the NAL condition. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm earlier findings that exercise rapidly increases circulating concentrations of the eCBs but do not support a role for mu opiate receptor signaling in this effect. Intriguingly, however, exercise-induced increases in OEA were reduced by NAL, suggesting a role for opiate signaling in its regulation. Supported by NIH grant R21AR057159 and 1UL1RR025011 and the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment at the Medical College of Wisconsin

Cardiovascular responses to lumbar core muscle stability exercise in young adults having postural low back pain

Background: Postural low back pain is a significant public health problem worldwide, due to the changing lifestyle. Many interventions are used in the treatment of postural low back pain, among them core stability exercise is one of the treatment plans. After exercise, cardiovascular system produces significant changes in parameters such as blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and respiratory rate. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular response to lumbar core muscle stability exercise in healthy young adults having postural low back pain. Materials and Method: In the study, 40 patients with postural low back pain were considered. First, baseline parameters such as BP, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured and recorded as L1, then all the patients were taught to perform lumbar core stability exercise (drawing in maneuver) and asked to hold for 10 s and 10 repetitions were performed. A pressure biofeedback was used at 40 mm Hg pressure and placed at the lower lumbar region; then patient was asked to perform exercise. After the exercise parameter were again recorded as L2. Results: Paired t-test was used to compare L1 and L2 parameters, and GraphPad software was used for the analysis. For systolic BP, t-value and p-value were 7.89 and

Sex differences in heart rate responses to sub-maximal exercise in young adults

There is paucity of scientific information on sex differences in heart rate (HR) responses during and after a sub-maximal exercise test in young adults. We assessed sex differences in normal HR responses during and after a sub-maximal-effort cycle ergometer exercise test in apparently healthy young adults. One hundred young adults (50 males and 50 females) participated in the study. Subjects performed a sub-maximal exercise at an intensity that produced 60–85% of a pre-determined age-predicted maximum HR. Measurements of subjects’ HR were done at rest, during exercise and post exercise recovery periods. The present data indicated that after adjusting for covariates, greater (P&lt;0.05) HR responses (delta HR 2 min, delta HR 5 min, delta peak HR) were observed in men relative to women. Males also indicated significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) %HRmax and %HRreserve compared to females. Variables of HR response during post-exercise recovery did not differ between males and females. HR responses during exercise were greater in young adult males compared to females while HR responses at post-exercise recovery were similar between the two groups. The present findings may be useful in interpreting more accurately the significance of HR responses during and after exercise in healthy young adults according to sex.

English

BACKGROUND: Hypertension (HTN) is a common public health challenge. Early detection and appropriate treatment is the solution to this problem. Normotensives with parental history of hypertension have higher risk of developing this disorder. Such normotensives have greater cardiovascular reactivity to exercise. OBJECTIVES: To identify abnormal heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses during exercise recovery in young adult normotensives with and without parental history of hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was conducted in the clinical laboratory of Department of Physiology, MNR Medical College, Sangereaddy, Andhra Pradesh during May 25th 2011 to July 25th 2011 to observe the cardiovascular response (HR & BP) to exercise in healthy young adults using Harvard step test and to compare the influence of parental history of hypertension on it. 100 healthy young adults were selected in the age group of 18-22 year from the student population of our college. They were divided into 2 major groups (each major group consisting of 50 subjects) based on history of hypertension in their parents. The students having parental history of hypertension in at least one parent were taken in study group. Those students having both normotensive parents were taken as controls for comparison. Each major group was further divided into 2 minor groups based on gender (each minor group consisting of 25 subjects).Statistical Analysis: Data analysis between the groups was done with using SPSS software for Windows, Version 15. Independent-Sample T-test was used to find significant difference between the subjects with and without parental history of HTN. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In male subjects having family history of hypertension the HR at rest and at 3 rd , 6 th , 9 th & 12 th minute of exercise recovery; immediate recovery systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 3 rd minute of recovery were significantly higher compared to age and sex matched subjects without family history of hypertension. Whereas in females only HR at the immediate recovery period was significantly higher in study subjects having parental history of hypertension compared to controls.

Consistency of the Counting Talk Test for Exercise Prescription

The purpose of this study was to assess the consistency of the counting talk test (CTT) method for estimating exercise intensity across various modes of exercise in healthy young adults. Thirty-six individuals completed the study, which required participation in 3 separate sessions within a 2-week time period. During the first session, the individuals completed a maximal effort treadmill test from which each individual's heart rate reserve (HRR) was calculated. During the second and third sessions, the subjects participated in 2 modes of exercise in each session for a total of 4 different modes of exercise. The individuals exercised at 40% HRR, 50% HRR, 60% HRR, 75% HRR, and 85% HRR. The heart rate (HR), CTT, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at each workload. Based on the individual's resting CTT (CTT(rest)), the %CTT for each exercise stage was then calculated. Pearson correlations demonstrated moderate to good correlations between the CTT and HRR methods and the CTT and RPE methods for estimating exercise intensity. This study found that for the individuals with CTT(rest) <25, moderate to vigorous intensity exercise as recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine HRR guidelines could be achieved by exercising at a level of 40-50% CTT(rest). Individuals with a CTT(rest) ≥25, exercising at a level of 30-40% CTT(rest) would place them in the moderate to vigorous exercise intensity range. A high degree of reliability was demonstrated using the CTT method across the various modes of aerobic exercise. As such, independent of the exercise mode, the CTT was found to be an easy and consistent method for prescribing moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise intensity.

The influence of submaximal isometric exercise on temporal summation of heat pain

Numerous studies have indicated an attenuation of pain following exercise in healthy young adults, and this phenomenon has been referred to as exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Little is known, however, about the effect of short duration isometric exercise (i.e., static muscular contraction) on temporal summation of pain. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of submaximal isometric exercise on the temporal summation of heat pain in men and women. Fifty-two men and women with a mean age of 21 yrs (sd = 3) participated in this study. Ten heat pulses were applied to the thenar eminence of the dominant hand using a standardized temporal summation protocol. Participants rated the intensity of the heat pulses using a 0-100 rating scale at baseline, before, and following isometric exercise which consisted of squeezing a hand dynamometer at 25% of maximum for 3 minutes. The data were analyzed with a 2 (sex) X 3 (trials: baseline, pre, and post) X 3 (pulses: 1, 5, and 10) repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicated a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in pain ratings following isometric exercise. The magnitude of reduction in temporal summation of heat pain was moderate (effect sizes for the men = 0.37-0.40 and for the women = 0.57-0.64). It is concluded that short duration, submaximal isometric exercise was associated with a reduction in temporal summation of heat pain in men and women. Supported by NIH grant R21AR057159. Numerous studies have indicated an attenuation of pain following exercise in healthy young adults, and this phenomenon has been referred to as exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Little is known, however, about the effect of short duration isometric exercise (i.e., static muscular contraction) on temporal summation of pain. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of submaximal isometric exercise on the temporal summation of heat pain in men and women. Fifty-two men and women with a mean age of 21 yrs (sd = 3) participated in this study. Ten heat pulses were applied to the thenar eminence of the dominant hand using a standardized temporal summation protocol. Participants rated the intensity of the heat pulses using a 0-100 rating scale at baseline, before, and following isometric exercise which consisted of squeezing a hand dynamometer at 25% of maximum for 3 minutes. The data were analyzed with a 2 (sex) X 3 (trials: baseline, pre, and post) X 3 (pulses: 1, 5, and 10) repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicated a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in pain ratings following isometric exercise. The magnitude of reduction in temporal summation of heat pain was moderate (effect sizes for the men = 0.37-0.40 and for the women = 0.57-0.64). It is concluded that short duration, submaximal isometric exercise was associated with a reduction in temporal summation of heat pain in men and women. Supported by NIH grant R21AR057159.

Oxidative stress response to short duration bout of submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy young adults

Oxidative stress response to short duration bout of submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy young adults

The acute effects of a high-fat and a low-fat meal on cardiac output at rest and during and post exercise in healthy young adults

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Prior heavy exercise elevates pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and speeds O2 uptake kinetics during subsequent moderate‐intensity exercise in healthy young adults

The adaptation of pulmonary oxygen uptake (.VO2) during the transition to moderate-intensity exercise (Mod) is faster following a prior bout of heavy-intensity exercise. In the present study we examined the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) during Mod both with and without prior heavy-intensity exercise. Subjects (n = 9) performed a Mod(1)-heavy-intensity-Mod(2) exercise protocol preceded by 20 W baseline. Breath-by-breath .VO2 kinetics and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxygenation were measured continuously, and muscle biopsy samples were taken at specific times during the transition to Mod. In Mod(1), PDHa increased from baseline (1.08 +/- 0.2 mmol min(-1) (kg wet wt)(-1)) to 30 s (2.05 +/- 0.2 mmol min(-1) (kg wet wt)(-1)), with no additional change at 6 min exercise (2.07 +/- 0.3 mmol min(-1) (kg wet wt)(-1)). In Mod(2), PDHa was already elevated at baseline (1.88 +/- 0.3 mmol min(-1) (kg wet wt)(-1)) and was greater than in Mod(1), and did not change at 30 s (1.96 +/- 0.2 mmol min(-1) (kg wet wt)(-1)) but increased at 6 min exercise (2.70 +/- 0.3 mmol min(-1) (kg wet wt)(-1)). The time constant of .VO2 was lower in Mod(2) (19 +/- 2 s) than Mod(1) (24 +/- 3 s). Phosphocreatine (PCr) breakdown from baseline to 30 s was greater (P < 0.05) in Mod(1) (13.6 +/- 6.7 mmol (kg dry wt)(-1)) than Mod(2) (6.5 +/- 6.2 mmol (kg dry wt)(-1)) but total PCr breakdown was similar between conditions (Mod(1), 14.8 +/- 7.4 mmol (kg dry wt)(-1); Mod(2), 20.1 +/- 8.0 mmol (kg dry wt)(-1)). Both oxyhaemoglobin and total haemoglobin were elevated prior to and throughout Mod(2) compared with Mod(1). In conclusion, the greater PDHa at baseline prior to Mod(2) compared with Mod(1) may have contributed in part to the faster .VO2 kinetics in Mod(2). That oxyhaemoglobin and total haemoglobin were elevated prior to Mod(2) suggests that greater muscle perfusion may also have contributed to the observed faster .VO2 kinetics. These findings are consistent with metabolic inertia, via delayed activation of PDH, in part limiting the adaptation of pulmonary .VO2 and muscle O2 consumption during the normal transition to exercise.

Polarcardiographic responses to maximal exercise in healthy young adults

Polarcardiographic responses were recorded before and after maximal upright exercise in 72 healthy young adults (32 men and 40 women). Significant quantitative changes in the spatial magnitude as well as directional changes of the corresponding vectors of P, R, ST, and T forces were defined. A higher prevalence of “false positive” polarcardiographic criteria associated with myocardial infarction was noted at rest in the upright position than in the supine position. In the supine position, utilizing the same electrode placement originally recommended by Dower, 7 a comparably low prevalence of false positive criteria was revealed. More than a fourfold increase in transient occurrence of these criteria after maximal exercise in healthy subjects suggests changes in ventricular conduction or depolarization which are revealed by strenuous exertion by this method of displaying the vectorcardiogram. The possibility is raised that these changes in magnitude of atrial depolarization and in intraventricular conduction may reflect limitations in compliance of the normal left ventricle at maximal exercise.