Exercise In Healthy Adults Research Articles

Face Pain Scale and Borg Scale compared to physiological parameters during cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between the Face Pain and Borg Scales for rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in healthy adults, and their relationships with work rate (watts), heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO<inf>2</inf>), and minute ventilation (VE). In this prospective observational study, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 77 healthy adults were randomly assigned to either the group using the Face Pain Scale (19 men, 18 women) or using the Borg Scale (21 men, 19 women) for the RPE during CPET. In Experiment 2, 40 healthy adults (20 men, 20 women) used both the Face Pain and Borg Scales for the RPE during CPET. In both experiments, CPET was performed on ramp protocols with incremental increases in the work rate by 20 watts/minute. Their responses in terms of watts, HR, VO<inf>2</inf>, VE, and RPE (assessed using the Face Pain Scale or Borg Scale) were recorded each minute. There were significant relationships between the two scales and all physiological variables during CPET in 74 out of the 77 participants in Experiment 1 and in all subjects in Experiment 2 (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient of the Face Pain Scale with respect to the physiological parameters was slightly lower than that of Borg Scale in both experiments (P<0.05). The Face Pain Scale had a significant correlation with the Borg Scale during CPET in Experiment 2 (P<0.05). The Face Pain Scale may be useful for determining the intensity of exercise in healthy adults, similar to the Borg Scale.

The impact of preconditioning exercise on the vascular response to an oral glucose challenge.

Exercise elicits direct benefits to insulin sensitivity but may also indirectly improve glucose uptake by hemodynamic conditioning of the vasculature. The purpose of this study was to examine the modifying effect of 3 different types of exercise on the vascular response to an oral glucose challenge. Twenty healthy adults (9 women, 11 men; aged 23 ± 3 years) completed a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at rest, as well as 1.5 hours after moderate continuous cycling exercise (30min; 65% peak oxygen consumption), high-intensity interval cycling exercise (10 × 1 min at 90% peak heart rate), and lower-load higher-repetition resistance exercise (25-35 repetitions/set, 3 sets). Brachial and superficial femoral artery blood flow, conductance, and oscillatory shear index were measured throughout the OGTT. Regardless of rested state or exercise preconditioning, the OGTT induced reductions in brachial artery blood flow and conductance (p< 0.001), and transient increases in brachial and superficial femoral artery oscillatory shear index and retrograde blood flow (p< 0.01). Continuous cycling and resistance exercise were followed with a small degree of protection against prolonged periods of oscillatory flow. Our findings imply transient peripheral vasoconstriction and decreased limb blood flow during a standard OGTT, for which prior exercise was unable to prevent in healthy adults. Novelty: We investigated the impact of continuous, interval, and resistance exercise on the hemodynamic response to an OGTT. Our findings suggest decreased upper-limb blood flow during an OGTT is not prevented by prior exercise in healthy adults.

Comparison of the Intrinsic Foot Muscle Activities between Therapeutic and Three-Dimensional Foot-Ankle Exercises in Healthy Adults: An Explanatory Study.

Background: In recent years, a three-dimensional ankle exercise has been proposed as a practice for strengthening the intrinsic foot muscles, however this topic still requires further research. This study aimed to compare the activities of the intrinsic muscles in healthy participants during 3D foot–ankle exercises, namely, short foot (SF), and toe spread out (TSO). Methods: Prior to the experiment, 16 healthy adults were trained on how to perform SF, TSO, and 3D foot–ankle exercises for an hour. Once all participants passed the foot–ankle exercise performance test, we randomly measured the activity of the intrinsic foot muscles using electromyography while the patients were performing foot–ankle exercises. Results: The abductor hallucis (AbH), extensor hallucis longus (EHL), and flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) activities showed significant differences among the exercises for intrinsic foot muscle strengthening (p < 0.01). Additionally, the AbH/AdH (adductor hallucis) ratio showed significant differences among the exercises for strengthening the intrinsic foot muscles (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our results showed that the 3D extension exercise is as effective as the therapeutic exercise in terms of the AbH and FHB activities, and the AbH/AdH ratio. On the contrary, the 3D flexion exercise showed superiority in terms of the EHL activity.

Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review.

Dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation has been evidenced to induce an ergogenic effect in endurance and sprint-type exercise, which may be underpinned by enhanced muscle contractility and perfusion, particularly in type II muscle fibers. However, limited data are available to evaluate the ergogenic potential of NO3− supplementation during other exercise modalities that mandate type II fiber recruitment, such as weightlifting exercise (i.e., resistance exercise). In this systematic review, we examine the existing evidence basis for NO3− supplementation to improve muscular power, velocity of contraction, and muscular endurance during weightlifting exercise in healthy adults. We also discuss the potential mechanistic bases for any positive effects of NO3− supplementation on resistance exercise performance. Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus and SPORT Discus databases were searched for articles using the keywords: nitrate or beetroot and supplement or nut*r or diet and strength or “resistance exercise” or “resistance training” or “muscular power”. Four articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were identified. Two of the four studies indicated that NO3− supplementation could increase aspects of upper body weightlifting exercise (i.e., bench press) performance (increases in mean power/velocity of contraction/number of repetitions to failure), whereas another study observed an increase in the number of repetitions to failure during lower limb weightlifting exercise (i.e., back squat). Although these preliminary observations are encouraging, further research is required for the ergogenic potential of NO3− supplementation on weightlifting exercise performance to be determined.

A step in the right direction: pressure-volume relationships provide insight into right ventricular performance during exercise in healthy adults.

A step in the right direction: pressure-volume relationships provide insight into right ventricular performance during exercise in healthy adults.

Effects of deep and slow breathing on stress stimulation caused by high-intensity exercise in healthy adults

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the deep and slow breathing (DSB) on the chain-reaction changes of stress stimulation at over time by measuring electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate variability (HRV). Twenty-six healthy subjects were divided into two different groups: control group (CG) and DSB group (DSBG). All subjects were exposed to a stress-stimulated environment with 80% exercise intensity. After the 80% exercise intensity was maintained for 10 minutes, the subjects rested for 5 minutes and then measuring EEG and HRV. The chain-reaction changes of stress stimulation through EEG and HRV analysis showed that DSBG had higher values of alpha/high-beta ratio and High-Frequency (HF) value of HRV than CG (p <.05), and Low-Frequency/High-Frequency (LF/HF) ratio of DSBG is significant time-group interaction, indicating a significant difference between groups (p <.05). In consequence, DSB will be used as a meaningful intervention for patients of stress-related diseases or potential patients.

Core Muscle Activity During Physical Fitness Exercises: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this study was to systematically review the current literature on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of six core muscles (the rectus abdominis, the internal and external oblique, the transversus abdominis, the lumbar multifidus, and the erector spinae) during core physical fitness exercises in healthy adults. A systematic review of the literature was conducted on the Cochrane, EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases for studies from January 2012 to March 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) the full text available in English; (b) a cross-sectional or longitudinal (experimental or cohorts) study design; (c) the reporting of electromyographic activity as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (% MVIC), millivolts or microvolts; (d) an analysis of the rectus abdominis (RA), transversus abdominis (TA), lumbar multifidus (MUL), erector spinae (ES), and the internal (IO) or external oblique (EO); (e) an analysis of physical fitness exercises for core training; and (f) healthy adult participants. The main findings indicate that the greatest activity of the RA, EO, and ES muscles was found in free-weight exercises. The greatest IO activity was observed in core stability exercises, while traditional exercises showed the greatest MUL activation. However, a lack of research regarding TA activation during core physical fitness exercises was revealed, in addition to a lack of consistency between the studies when applying methods to measure EMG activity.

Influence of hyperoxic recovery on cardiopulmonary and muscle oxygenation following maximal dynamic exercise in healthy adults

Influence of hyperoxic recovery on cardiopulmonary and muscle oxygenation following maximal dynamic exercise in healthy adults

Satiety responsiveness but not food reward is modified in response to an acute bout of low versus high intensity exercise in healthy adults

To compare the effect of iso-caloric low and high intensity exercises on Satiety Quotient and Food Reward in response to a fixed meal in healthy young adults. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (BIA), aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and food preferences were assessed in 19 healthy normal-weight young adults (21 ± 0.5 years old, 10 men). They randomly completed 3 experimental sessions: i) control session without exercise (CON); ii) High Intensity exercise session (HIE); iii) Low intensity exercise session (LIE). Thirty minutes after exercise or rest, then received a fixed lunch. Food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) was assessed before and after the meal. Appetite sensations were assessed at regular intervals, SQ was calculated from the lunch meal and self-reported food intake was collected for the rest of the day. Mean body weight was 66.7 ± 9.2 kg, body mass index was 22.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2 and FM% was 18.7 ± 6.8%. Appetite feelings did not differ between conditions and were not affected by exercise. SQ for satiety was not different between conditions. SQ hunger on CON was significantly higher than on LIE and HIE (p ≤ 0.05) with no difference between exercise conditions. SQ for desire to eat was significantly higher on CON versus HIE (p ≤ 0.01) with no differences between CON and LIE and between exercise sessions. SQ PFC was significantly lower on HIE compared with CON (p = 0.02) with no differences between LIE and CON and between LIE and HIE. Food reward was not significantly different between the three condition as well as self-reported total food and macronutrient intake for the rest of the days. Acute exercise, depending on its intensity, might affect the satiating response to food intake in healthy adults, without altering food reward.

Role Of Gender In Anti-oxidant Response To A Bout Of Aerobic Exercise In Healthy Adults

Aerobic exercise acutely increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which creates an imbalance between free radicals and the body’s antioxidant defenses, resulting in increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress levels are reportedly higher in males compared to females, however there is limited knowledge regarding the role of gender in the antioxidant response following an acute bout of aerobic exercise. PURPOSE: To determine whether changes in serum antioxidant levels after an acute aerobic exercise bout differed between genders. METHODS: The study comprised of 15 healthy adults (9 females, 6 males; age 27±8 years; BMI 24±3 kg/m2) enrolled in the NIH Fatigue in Healthy Individuals Protocol (NCT00888563). During the first visit, subjects completed a treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to volitional exhaustion. On a separate visit, subjects performed a vigorous-intensity continuous work rate (WR) test, to volitional exhaustion on the treadmill. Serum samples were collected before and immediately after the vigorous exercise bout. A Human Oxidative Stress Multiplex panel was used to determine serum peroxidase (PRX2) and catalase levels. Student’s t-tests were performed between genders for WR and antioxidant levels. RESULTS: Males performed vigorous-intensity exercise at a higher WR than females (p<0.0001). No difference was found in baseline PRX2 and catalase levels between males and females. Relative change in PRX2 (+32% in males; -17% in females) and catalase (+18% in males; -11% in females) was different between genders after a vigorous bout of aerobic exercise (p=0.0136, p=0.0344, respectively). This difference became insignificant when WR was accounted for. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that higher levels of oxidative stress in males may be explained by higher work rates. However, response to exercise-induced oxidative stress demonstrated that males (6 of 6) increased anti-oxidant levels, while females (8 out of 9) showed decreased levels. Previous studies have suggested that gender differences in oxidative stress may be related to an increased production of ROS by NADPH-oxidase in males, or antioxidant properties of estrogen which may assist in minimizing oxidative stress in females. Funding: National Institute of Nursing Research, Division of Intramural Research

Exercise Intensity, Energy Expenditure And Enjoyment During Variable High Intensity Exercise In Healthy Adults.

Variable high-intensity exercise bouts may generate similar energy expenditures and possibly be favored over moderate-intensity exercise as an alternative to obtain optimal health benefits. PURPOSE: To examine exercise intensity, energy expenditure and perceptual responses to work-matched moderate-intensity steady-state exercise (MIE) and variable-intensity exercise (VIE) conditions in healthy adults (n = 6, age = 24.3 ± 5.4 yrs). METHODS: A graded exercise test on the cycle ergometer to maximal exertion was utilized to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2), maximal heart rate (HR) and work rate max (WRmax) for subsequent conditions. The two experimental conditions (MIE and VIE) were randomized and performed on separate days. MIE consisted of continuous moderate-intensity exercise at 40% of WRmax. VIE consisted of sixteen 10-sec supramaximal sprints (120% WRmax), sixteen 20-sec high intensity bouts (60% WRmax) and low-intensity recovery (20% WRmax) interspersed throughout the exercise. Total duration and total work were matched between conditions. VO2, heart rate (HR) were averaged over the entire bout for both conditions. OMNI ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and affect, via Feelings Scale, were measured during exercise and enjoyment was measured post-exercise using the physical activity enjoyment scale. Reponses between conditions were analyzed using paired t-tests. Significance was established if p<0.05. RESULTS: During VIE and MIE, HR (156 ± 10 bpm vs. 141 ± 12 bpm) and percent of maximal HR (81.6 ± 3.2% vs. 73.3 ± 4.1%) were significantly different. Absolute VO2 during VIE and MIE were 1.42± 0.22 L∙min-1 and 1.27 ± 0.24 L∙min-1 (p=0.13). The intensities relative to VO2max were similar between bouts (VIE = 50.9 ± 10.3%; MIE = 44.9 ± 8.0%). Total energy expenditure of VIE and MIE were 212.5 ± 32.3 kcals and 189.4 ± 36.3 kcals, respectively (p=0.12). While perceived exertion (VIE = 4.6 ± 0.9; MIE = 3.6 ± 1.3) was similar between trials, in-exercise affect and post-exercise enjoyment were greater in VIE (2.0 ± 0.9 and 92.2 ± 3.3) compared to MIE (1.7 ± 1.0 and 77.2± 5.8). CONCLUSION: In healthy adults, VIE was perceived as more positive and enjoyable, while eliciting a greater HR response and similar energy expenditure compared to MIE. VIE may be an alternative exercise to MIE to obtain health benefits.

Relationship Between Muscle Deoxygenation And Workload At Peak Exercise In Healthy Adults Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Relationship Between Muscle Deoxygenation And Workload At Peak Exercise In Healthy Adults Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Comparison of the Electromyographic Activity in the Lower Trapezius Muscle According to Four Different Types of Exercises in Healthy Adults

Purpose: This study examined the most effective exercise while performing shoulder abduction below ninety degrees. Methods: Thirty two healthy individuals (17 males, 15 females) participated and performed four exercises, 1) Posterior fly, 2) Prone row, 3) Modified prone cobra, and 4) External rotation in the prone position. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to measure the elec trical activities for the lower, middle and upper fiber of trapezius and serratus anterior. Results: A significant difference in the muscle activities of the upper/middle/lower trapezius and serratus anterior was observed among the three different positions in terms of the PF (posterior fly), PR (prone row), and MPC (modified prone cobra) (p<0.05). In post-hoc analysis, the activities of the lower and upper trapezius were significantly higher than those of the upper trapezius and serratus anterior (p<0.05). In addition, in ERP (external rotation in prone), there was a significant difference in each activity of the muscles. Post-hoc re sults indicated that the upper trapezius showed greater EMG activity than the other three muscles. Conclusion: External rotation in the prone position revealed the highest activation of the lower trapezius compared to upper trapezius muscle activity. This may be particularly useful in isolating the lower trapezius in cases where excessive scapular elevation is noted. Therefore, the most effective lower trapezius exercise should be performed below ninety degrees of shoulder abduction.

Strain Ultrasound Elastography of Muscles in Healthy Children andHealthy Adults.

Standardized application and evaluation of the strain ultrasound elastography method (USE) by means of a strain color scale (SCS) and a strain ratio analysis. To determine differences in muscle elasticity in healthy children and adults. Initially Mm. biceps brachii, Mm. recti femoris and Mm. gastrocnemii of 22 healthy adults were examined before and after exercise. Secondly measurements were obtained at rest in 21 healthy children. There was a difference in muscle elasticity between the upper and lower extremity. Muscle elasticity tends to be higher after exercise in healthy adults. SCS and strain ratio analysis show a similar trend. In comparison to adults, healthy children show lower muscle elasticity at rest using both analysis methods. Strain elastography is an easy to perform, cost-effective, non-invasive method to determine muscle stiffness, if the conditions of standardized measurements are given. · It is possible to perform standardized measurements with the strain elastography method in healthy adults and children. · Strain color scale as well as strain ratio analysis are appropriate tools to interpret the elastogrammes. · strain elastography shows higher elasticity in adults' muscles after exercise. · strain elastography shows higher elasticity in adults' muscles than in muscles of healthy children. · Wenz H, Dieckmann A, Lehmann T et al. Strain Ultrasound Elastography of Muscles in Healthy Children and Healthy Adults. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2019; 191: 1091 - 1098.

The effect of deloading tape on medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicle behaviour during dynamic exercise

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effect of diamond deloading tape on medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle behaviour during exercise in healthy adults (n = 27). A randomised cross-over trial assessed the effect of tape (no-tape, sham-tape and deload-tape) on ankle and MG fascicle kinematics during three heel raise-lower exercises [double leg (DL), single leg (SL) and loaded single leg (LSL)]. There was no effect of tape on standing fascicle length (FL) or pennation angle (PA), or ankle or knee joint angle. There was a significant effect of tape on ankle kinematics for all exercises. Both the deload-tape and sham-tape resulted in less ankle plantar flexion but had no effect on dorsiflexion. There was a significant effect of tape on FL change for the SL and LSL exercise. Compared to no-tape, the deload-tape resulted in less fascicle shortening during ankle plantar flexion, and more fascicle lengthening during ankle dorsiflexion. For the LSL exercise, deload-tape caused MG fascicles to operate at longer lengths, for a given joint angle. Diamond taping, with or without added tension, has only a small effect on ankle and MG fascicle kinematics during the heel raise-lower exercise. With the exception of the LSL exercise, both tape conditions resulted in similar changes in the FL-angle relations.

Face scale rating of perceived exertion during cardiopulmonary exercise test

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the correlation between the face scale and heart rate (HR), exercise load and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational study...

Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure at Rest and During Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) response to exercise may unmask latent heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. There remains a lack of consensus over threshold values for PAWP during exercise. A systematic review of studies examining PAWP by means of right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise in healthy individuals was performed. Relevant data derived from healthy volunteers were stratified by age (older than 40 years vs 40 years or younger) and sex. Three exercise intensities were predefined: light, moderate, and strenuous. Weighted means and weighted 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the aggregate data were calculated. A total of 424 individuals from 32 unique studies were included, of which 19% (n = 82) were female. PAWP reached weighted mean and 95% CI values of 19 (17-21) and 17 (16-18) mm Hg at light and moderate exercise, respectively. The PAWP response to exercise was similar between men and women >40 years of age. However, exercise intensities were lower in women. PAWP increases during exercise, reaching up to 20 mm Hg in adults >40 years of age. Older women achieve PAWP values similar to those of older men, but at lower intensities. Findings support a threshold of at least 25 mm Hg as an absolute cutoff value for "normal" PAWP response to exercise in individuals >40 years old.

GW29-e1440 Gender difference in ventricular-vascular coupling in response to exercises in medical graduate students

The cardiovascular interaction responses to exercise testing have been widely investigated in patients with cardio-cerebrovascular disease. However, little is known regarding cardiovascular stiffness in response to exercise in healthy adults. We therefore sought to study alterations in

The combined effects of yogurt and exercise in healthy adults: Implications for biomarkers of depression and cardiovascular diseases.

Several studies have reported individual benefits of yogurt and exercise on health; however, their combined effects remain unclear. Twenty‐four healthy individuals participated in the study and were randomly assigned to the following four groups: control, yogurt, exercise, and combination. The participants consumed yogurt and exercised for 2 weeks, and we examined the combined effects of yogurt and exercise on physiological biomarkers. Individually, yogurt and exercise did not exert a significant effect on biomarkers of depression or cardiovascular disease, although vitamin D levels increased in the exercise group. However, in the combination group, serotonin levels increased, while levels of triglycerides and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, which are biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases, decreased. In conclusion, the results of the study showed that, in healthy individuals, a combination of yogurt and exercise led to greater increases in serotonin levels and reductions in triglyceride and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels, relative to those observed for yogurt or exercise alone; therefore, this combination could have implications for the prevention of depression and cardiovascular disease.

Swallowing exercise for upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction in stroke patient with dysphagia: A systematic review

Dysphagia is common in patients with stroke. Patients may experience deficits in oral, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) function, including insufficiency in chewing and mastication, weak pharyngeal constriction, UES and pharyngeal incoordination, and abnormal UES relaxation. The UES is usually closed except during swallowing phase. The suprahyoid muscles make the larynx move upward and forward to open the UES. Many studies have reported the swallowing exercise for the UES dysfunction, this systematic review aims to appraise the evidence of the swallowing exercise to facilitate the suprahyoid muscle and open the UES for stroke patients with dysphagia. A systematic search of Pubmed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and ProQuest databases was conducted from January 2007 to December 2017. The following four areas of research were reviewed: –(1) studies including specific swallowing exercise for improving suprahyoid muscles activity; –(2) studies examining the efficacy of each swallowing exercise with a device in healthy adults; –(3) studies examining the efficacy of specific swallowing exercise with a device as a dysphagia treatment in stoke patients with dysphagia; –(4) studies comparing the difference between those swallowing exercise in healthy adults and stroke patients. A narrative analysis of the results was conducted. Five types of swallowing exercise including Shaker Exercise, Chin tuck against resistance, Jaw open Exercise, Modified Jaw open Exercise and Head extension Exercise may facilitate the suprahyoid muscle and the opening of the UES. With the strengthened suprahyoid muscles, the amount of upward and forward movement was increased to facilitate the opening of UES and decrease the time of pharynx passage. Though many studies have reported the swallowing exercise is efficacious for suprahyoid muscles, the Modified Jaw Opening Exercise holds more potential in training the suprahyoid muscle among the five swallowing exercise for stroke patients with dysphagia.