Objective This study aims to explore the correlation between different exercise types and adolescents’ executive function as well as mobile phone dependence, and to investigate the mediating role of executive function in the relationship between exercise types and mobile phone dependence. Methods This study adopted a cross-sectional study design, and a total of 1,016 first-year and second-year high school students from three cities in Sichuan Province were selected via convenience sampling. The Adolescent Executive Function Scale was used to assess ecological executive function. The Self-Rated Questionnaire for Adolescent Mobile Phone Use Dependence was employed to evaluate mobile phone dependence. Participants were divided into the open-skill exercise group and closed-skill exercise group through questionnaire surveys. Statistical analyses, including generalized linear models, partial correlation analysis, and mediating effect analysis, were conducted using SPSS 21.0 software. Results Compared with the closed-skill exercise group, adolescents in the open-skill exercise group had significantly higher inhibitory control (β = 0.410, 95% CI = 0.083∼ 0.738, P = 0.014) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0.588, 95% CI = 0.188∼0.988, P = 0.004), as well as significantly lower physical and mental impacts caused by mobile phone dependence (β = −0.600, 95% CI = −1.073∼-0.127, P = 0.013). In addition, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility played a partial mediating role in the relationship between open-skill exercises and the physical and mental impacts of mobile phone dependence, with indirect effects of −0.178 and −0.278, respectively. Conclusion Open-skill exercises are associated with higher levels of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in adolescents, as well as lower physical and mental impacts caused by mobile phone dependence. Moreover, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility play a mediating role in the association between open-skill exercises and mobile phone dependence. This study provides scientific support for adolescents’ exercise type selection and the formulation of relevant health policies.

Introduction Early-life protein malnutrition disrupts redox balance in the brain and alters brain development and function. This study evaluated the effects of subcutaneous melatonin (MLT) administration, treadmill exercise (TE), and their combination on behavioral parameters (anxiety and memory), brain electrical activity (cortical spreading depression, CSD), and brain oxidative stress in well-nourished ( n = 40) and malnourished ( n = 40) young male rats. Methods Both well-nourished and malnourished rats were assigned to treadmill exercise ( n = 20) or sedentary ( n = 20) groups. Each group (exercised and sedentary) received either MLT (subcutaneous; n = 10/group) or vehicle ( n = 10/group). MLT (10 mg/kg on alternate days) and TE (forced running on a treadmill for 40-min daily sessions, 3 days/week) were conducted from P25 to P55. Immediately after TE and MLT treatments, animals underwent behavioral tests for anxiety (elevated plus maze and open field) and object recognition memory. CSD was continuously recorded for 4 h. Brains were collected for redox balance analyses. Results Malnutrition increased anxiety-like behaviors, impaired memory, accelerated CSD propagation, and disrupted cortical redox balance. Both MLT administration and TE reduced these adverse effects, improving behavioral performance, slowing CSD, and attenuating prooxidant markers. The combined interventions produced values closer to those of well-nourished animals. Conclusion The data suggest that melatonin and aerobic exercise have complementary neuroprotective effects in malnourished young rats, mitigating behavioral and electrophysiological disturbances and restoring brain oxidative balance. These interventions may be promising strategies for minimizing the consequences of early-life protein malnutrition on neurodevelopment.

Seated exercises may reduce the need for in-person support during home-based exercise programs in people with balance impairments. However, it is uncertain if these exercises can transfer to improved lower extremity function and mobility. Thus, the objective is to investigate the effects of a remotely delivered 10-week seated exercise intervention on functional mobility, compared with control, in individuals living with a chronic stroke who have balance impairments. The study is a multi-site, assessor blinded, randomized controlled trial that will recruit across five provinces in Canada using the CanStroke Recovery Trials platform. A total of 100 adults living with a chronic stroke (≥ 6months post-stroke) and mobility impairment (using a walking aid) will be recruited. Participants will be randomized (1:1) to the 10-week Virtual Physical Activity Seated Exercise (V-PASE) or control group. All exercise sessions will be delivered one-on-one through videoconferencing by a trained instructor. Sessions will be 60min in duration and completed 3 times/week at a moderate intensity (40%-60% Heart Rate Reserve). The primary outcome measure is the 30s Sit-To-Stand score at the end of the 10-week intervention. Secondary outcome measures will be mobility, balance, quality of life, stroke-related quality of life, cognition, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and blood profiles (glucose and lipids). Exercises completed in a chair have the potential to transfer to improved functional mobility in people with balance impairments, such as individuals with stroke. The stability of the seated position may improve safety during home-based exercises and thus increase participation. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05724823. Registered on February 13th, 2023.

Remote health care delivery, including the use of digital health interventions, is emerging as a tool for assessing and managing physical function, but its design and implementation often overlook the needs and preferences of older adult end users. The primary aim of this modified Delphi process was to develop consumer consensus on preferences for remote assessment and management of physical function in older adults. Research and consumer experts of the Remote Assessment and Management of Physical Function in Older Adults (RAMP) Working Group co-developed the Round 1 Delphi survey, which was advertised to consumers (adults aged ≥60 years) via international clinical and research networks and social media between August and November 2023. The online survey presented 23 Delphi statements for which respondents reported their level of agreement using an 11-point Likert scale (0-10; scores ≥7 indicated agreement). Statements were classified as having "strong agreement" and achieving consensus if ≥80% of participants indicated agreement. Statements classified as having "moderate" (70%-80% of participants indicated agreement) or "low" (<70% of participants indicated agreement) agreement were revised or rejected. Revised statements were presented to participants in Round 2 (January to February 2024), and the final consensus statements were consolidated into recommendations. A total of 654 consumers (75.7% female) with a mean age of 69.0 (SD 6.0) years from 15 countries (5 continents) were included in analyses in Round 1. Of 23 statements, 13 achieved consensus, with the strongest agreement observed for statements relating to the importance of physical function for quality of life and performing activities of daily living (6 statements; agreement 97.6%-99.5%). Two statements regarding privacy and security concerns when using technology (agreement 20.8%) and the inability to perform physical function assessments or exercise at home (agreement 15.5%) were rejected with low agreement. The remaining 8 statements (agreement 49.5%-79.5%) were modified into 7 new statements for the Round 2 survey, which was completed by 526 (80.4%) respondents from Round 1. Five of seven Round 2 statements were accepted with strong agreement (agreement 80%-82.7%), including the importance of addressing personal preferences for self- versus clinician-led remote interventions, group versus individual exercise, and availability of necessary resources (eg, technology and exercise equipment). Eighteen statements achieved consensus and were translated into 7 recommendations highlighting that older adults recognize physical function as a health priority, would value more information about it, and are willing to participate in remote assessment and management interventions (including via digital health) to maintain or improve it. These recommendations also reinforce that interventions should be easily accessible and meet individual preferences of consumers.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the synergistic effects of AB-Flu nanodrugs and exercise intervention on enhancing the antitumor effects in melanoma by improving the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME). The focus is on evaluating how this combination influences reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, inhibition of melanoma in vivo . Methods An intact B16F10 melanoma mouse model was established, and mice were divided into four groups: control, AB-Flu treatment, exercise intervention, and combination therapy (AB-Flu + exercise). AB-Flu nanodrug was administered intraperitoneally, while exercise was facilitated by a weighted swimming intervention. Tumor growth, tumor hypoxia, ROS levels, and apoptosis were analyzed through tumor volume measurements, histological staining, and ROS detection assays. The antitumor effects of different treatments were compared. Results The combination therapy group showed the most significant tumor inhibition efficacy with tumor growth inhibition rates of 56%, compared to 30% for the AB-Flu monotherapy group and 41% for the exercise group. Additionally, tumor tissues from the combination group exhibited significantly lower levels of hypoxia and enhanced tumor cell apoptosis. ROS levels were substantially higher in the combination therapy group compared to other groups, indicating that the combination of AB-Flu and exercise synergistically elevated ROS production, which may contribute to increased tumor cell apoptosis. No significant toxicity was observed in major organs. Conclusion The combination of AB-Flu nanodrugs and exercise intervention significantly enhances the antitumor effects in melanoma by improving the hypoxic TME, elevating ROS levels, and promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. This strategy may offer a potential approach for melanoma therapy.

Objectives: This study explored the antidepressant mechanisms of aerobic exercise in CUMS rats by analyzing urinary metabolomics (LC-MS and NMR), with the aim of providing both theoretical and practical support for exercise-based depression interventions. Methods: (1) Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were acclimatized for one week and then randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8 per group): control (C), control + aerobic exercise group (E), CUMS model (D), and CUMS + exercise (DE). Groups D and DE were subjected to nine types of CUMS stimuli. Behavioral indicators were assessed weekly, and the successful establishment of the CUMS model was confirmed at week 3. Following successful modeling, rats in groups E and DE underwent four weeks of aerobic exercise training. Throughout this period, groups D and DE continued to receive CUMS exposure, while groups C and E were maintained under standard control conditions. (2) At the end of week 7, behavioral tests were repeated. Twelve-hour urine samples were collected for metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The following morning, rats were euthanized under anesthesia. Whole blood was collected from the abdominal aorta, and serum was separated for subsequent biochemical assays. Bioinformatics approaches were employed to identify potential targets and signaling pathways associated with the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise. (3) For statistical analysis, one-way or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to behavioral, physiological, and biochemical data, whereas multivariate statistical analysis was used for metabolomic data. Results: (1) By week 3, body mass, sucrose preference, rearing frequency, and the number of grid crossings were significantly lower in groups D and DE than in groups C and E (p &lt; 0.05 or p &lt; 0.01). These findings confirmed the successful establishment of the depression model. At week 7, all behavioral indicators in group DE showed significant recovery relative to group D (p &lt; 0.05 or p &lt; 0.01). (2) Compared with group C, corticosterone and blood ammonia levels were significantly elevated in group D (p &lt; 0.01). In contrast, these levels were markedly reduced in group DE compared with group D (p &lt; 0.01). (3) LC-MS analysis identified 25 urinary metabolites associated with depression in group D relative to group C. Among these, 21 were significantly downregulated and 4 were upregulated (p &lt; 0.05 or p &lt; 0.01), involving seven metabolic pathways. Following aerobic exercise intervention, six of these depression-related metabolites in group DE showed significant recovery (p &lt; 0.05 or p &lt; 0.01), which were associated with two metabolic pathways. (4) Integrated analysis of LC-MS and 1H-NMR data revealed glutamine as a common differential metabolite, linked to three metabolic pathways. All metabolic pathways modulated by aerobic exercise were related to amino acid metabolism. (5) Bioinformatics analysis indicated that AKT1, MTOR, IL6, RAF1, and TNF were core targets through which aerobic exercise regulated urinary metabolism in CUMS rats. Conclusions: A four-week regimen of aerobic exercise significantly improved depressive-like behaviors and enhanced anti-fatigue capacity in CUMS rats. This exercise regimen promoted urinary metabolic remodeling, primarily through the modulation of amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, its antidepressant effect is likely mediated through the regulation of core tissue targets—including AKT1, mTOR, IL-6, RAF1, and TNF—thereby influencing key pathways such as PI3K-AKT, MAPK/ERK, and neuroinflammatory signaling.

Acute aerobic exercise improves inhibitory control in individuals with test anxiety: evidence from event-related potentials.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of aerobic exercise on circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in adults, given the inconsistent results in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which is the basis for our investigation. A comprehensive search of ISI Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Scopus was conducted up to May 2025. Thirteen RCTs satisfied eligibility criteria. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the overall Standrad mean difference (SMD) in VEGF between aerobic exercise group and control group. We conducted subgroup analyses dated on exercise intensity, duration, and biological sample (serum versus plasma). The results of the pooled analysis demonstrated no significant overall effect of aerobic exercise on circulating VEGF levels ) SMD: - 0.075; 95% CI: - 0.246 to 0.096; p = 0.390; I2 = 32.9%; τ² = 0.030; PI = -0.5 to 0.35(. Observed reduction in VEGF levels occurred in the studies utilizing interventions with a duration of ≤ 8 weeks. Evidence certainty was rated as very low. It appears that aerobic exercise does not have significant overall influence on circulating VEGF levels. However, VEGF reductions may subsequently occur after short-duration interventions. Further research is needed with larger high-quality RCTs to verify these associations and further explore the mechanisms.

This article introduces the Binary Social Game (BSG) framework, designed to promote desired behaviors through asynchronous social interactions. In a 2-week preliminary study, we validated GrowFlower, a BSG-based system aimed at motivating group exercise, which informed the design of GENGO. This gamified system leverages social influence and a bingo-style board to encourage consistent exercise within groups. In a 2-month real-world experiment, 387 participants completed 3,827 workouts, including both solo and group exercises. The results demonstrated that participants who engaged in both personal and group modes (Mixed Cohort) exhibited the highest overall engagement. Additionally, we analyzed the characteristics of successful groups, identifying key factors such as social ties and communication that contributed to sustained participation. These findings demonstrate the potential of BSG-driven designs to foster behavior change through socially motivated, asynchronous group dynamics.

Comparison of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises with and without the feldenkrais method on pain, balance, and hip muscle strength in elderly women with chronic non-specific low back pain.

Increased thoracic kyphosis (TK) in adolescence can negatively affect posture, balance, and quality of life (QoL). While conventional corrective exercises (CE) are commonly used, Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS), based on developmental kinesiology, has shown potential as a targeted intervention. This study aims to compare the effects of DNS and conventional CE on TK angle, dynamic balance, and QoL in adolescent boys with increased TK. In this single-blind randomized controlled trial, 60 male adolescents aged 14-16 years with increased TK were randomly assigned to three groups: DNS, conventional CE, or control. The DNS and CE group completed six sessions per week (three supervised and three home-based) for 8 weeks and control group continues their normal life. TK angle was measured using a Spinal Mouse device, dynamic balance was assessed with the Y-Balance Test, and QoL was evaluated using the SF-36 questionnaire. Analysis revealed that both the DNS and conventional exercise (CE) groups showed statistically significant improvements in all measured outcomes, including thoracic kyphosis (TK) angle, dynamic balance, and quality of life (QoL) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, while the DNS group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the CE group in TK angle and dynamic balance (p < 0.05), the difference in QoL between the two intervention groups was not statistically significant. DNS exercises were more effective than conventional CE in improving posture, balance, and QoL in adolescents with increased TK. This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) under the registration code IRCT20240907062968N5. Registration Date: 13/05/2025.

Exercise and quality of life in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients receiving neoadjuvant immuno-chemotherapy: A randomized, open-labeled phase II trial.

The impact of aerobic exercise on maternal lipid panel during the third trimester of pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Pain and pain-related functional limitations are common in fibromyalgia patients. In this regard, attempts to cope with pain and related symptoms are important. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercises on pain, kinesiophobia and functional status in fibromyalgia patients. This randomized controlled study has been conducted with 85 individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia between November 2022 and June 2023. The study consisted of experimental and control groups. Progressive relaxation exercise was applied to the experimental group 2 days a week for 8 weeks. Data have been collected with Descriptive Information Form, Visual Analogue Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, and Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. In this study, it has been determined that Visual Analogue Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire total mean scores of the progressive muscle relaxation exercise group have decreased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.01). This study has shown that progressive muscle relaxation exercises improve pain, kinesiophobia and functional status in fibromyalgia patients. It is recommended to be applied by individuals with chronic pain and in clinics. Trial Registration: This study is registered in the Clinical Trial Registry (registration number NCT05695274).

OBJECTIVES This study aims to compare and analyze the effects of different exercise instruction methods, with high-intensity aerobic exercise using smartphone-based applications versus in-person trainers, on the aerobic capacity and exercise-related psychological indicators (achievement, satisfaction, and immersion) of university students, thereby verifying their actual effectiveness.METHODS This study randomly assigned 27 male college students to an application-based exercise group (AEG, n=9), a trainer-led face-to-face exercise group (HEG, n=9), and a control group (CG, n=9). Both exercise groups engaged in aerobic exercise three times per week for 30 minutes each session, at an intensity of 70–85% of maximum heart rate, for a period of 8 weeks. Measurement indicators included body composition, exercise stress testing, and the Cooper 1.5-mile run test to measure VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to assess exercise achievement, satisfaction, and exercise persistence. The statistical analysis employed a variety of methods, including paired t-tests, independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and 2×3 repeated measures ANOVA.RESULTS First, no significant differences in body composition were observed between groups. Second, a significant interaction effect between group and time was observed for VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; in the HEG group (p = 0.022). Third, the survey results showed that the HEG group achieved significantly higher scores than the AEG group in the items “perceived improvement in physical ability,” “improved confidence and mental state,” and “adherence to exercise plans.” However, the AEG group also demonstrated high scores, with an average of above 3.68 in exercise achievement, satisfaction, and participation.CONCLUSIONS Application-based exercise yielded relatively high scores in exercise achievement, satisfaction, and immersion despite limited improvements in aerobic capacity, suggesting a partial disconnect between psychological indicators and aerobic fitness. In light of the persistent escalation in obesity rates, the utilization of exercise applications emerges as a prospective strategy to improve physical activity levels.

Health and physical activity counseling is one of the efforts to raise awareness and healthy lifestyle habits, especially for vulnerable groups such as street children. This article is a community service article based on participatory education that aims to increase street children's knowledge about healthy lifestyles and foster simple physical activity habits. This program is also in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) number 3, namely a healthy and prosperous life. This activity also helps strengthen the values ​​of togetherness and unity as contained in the 3rd principle of Pancasila, "Indonesian Unity". The approach to this activity is through basic health education about the importance of physical health, group exercise, and competitions that affect physical health. These competitions include group exercise activities, mingle squid games, and guessing styles. The service method is carried out through an educational and participatory approach, which includes filling out a pre-test to measure participants' initial knowledge, delivering health education materials, interactive physical activities in the form of simple exercises and games, and a post-test as an evaluation instrument to measure the increase in participants' understanding. The results of this activity showed a 21.7% increase in average understanding of the importance of health and simple physical activities, accompanied by a growing sense of community. This activity provided a practical contribution to non-formal health education for marginalized groups and strengthened community service implementation in accordance with Pancasila values ​​and the principles of the SDGs.

Reductions in plasma volume (PV), a hallmark of spaceflight and its analog head-down-bed rest (HDBR), trigger compensatory releases of renin and aldosterone to promote fluid retention. Artificial gravity (AG) and exercise have been proposed to counteract PV reductions during HDBR, but optimal protocols remain undefined. We investigated how simultaneous exercise and AG affects volume-regulating hormones and PV during HDBR compared to exercise or sedentary control groups. We hypothesized that exercise+AG would protect PV and maintain volume-regulating hormones at pre-HDBR levels, outperforming exercise and sedentary control groups. Twenty-four healthy males (29±6 yr) underwent 60 days of 6° HDBR and were assigned to sedentary control (n=8), exercise (n=8), or exercise+AG (n=8) groups. Exercise group participants performed near daily 30-minute supine moderate-to-high-intensity interval cycling throughout HDBR, while exercise+AG participants performed the same exercise during 30 minutes of short-arm centrifugation with head-to-foot gravitational profiles based on resting G tolerance tests. Changes in PV, fluid-regulating hormones, and erythropoietin were assessed using carbon monoxide rebreathing and biochemical assays. HDBR reduced PV (p<0.001), blood volume (p<0.001), and hemoglobin mass (p<0.001) in all groups, and reductions were inversely correlated with an increase in active renin (all p<0.05; rrm=-0.615, rrm=-0.553, rrm=-0.426, respectively). Erythropoietin was reduced at HDBR day 3 (p<0.001) irrespective of group. Exercise+AG responses did not differ from the exercise or control groups, with countermeasures failing to maintain PV or blunt fluid-regulating hormone release. These results contrast work showing benefit of gravity-like exposure after exercise on PV and suggests that AG should not be applied exclusively during exercise.

BackgroundOnline exercise groups for people with Parkinson’s disease (PwP) are increasing in popularity, but little is known about PwP’s experiences with them.ObjectiveTo explore the views and experiences of PwP who have utilised Parkinson’s disease‐specific online exercise groups.MethodsA qualitative study utilising semistructured interviews and thematic analysis in a purposive sample of PwP who had participated in an online exercise group.ResultsNine participants (5 females) with a mean age of 69.5 (63–78) years and a mean disease duration of 9.1 (3–20) years participated. Analysis revealed three overarching themes: ‘Considerations of online exercise groups for PwP’, which highlighted the pros and cons of attending online exercise classes; ‘Online exercise class qualities’, including the importance of a tailored approach, clearly communicated aims and the importance of a well‐informed instructor; and ‘Accessibility’, which included considerations of convenience of access, costs and technological access.ConclusionOnline exercise groups may play an important role in future Parkinson’s disease management by offering greater access to exercise. They may also perpetuate inequalities for PwP and lack the social engagement many PwP seek. Hybrid group exercise, a combination of online and face‐to‐face classes, could provide this. Providers must develop classes that are tailored to PwP and delivered by well‐informed instructors.

Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, characterized by progressive cognitive decline and, in advanced stages, marked motor impairments. These motor deficits are associated with muscle atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and amyloid- β (Aβ) pathology affecting both motor brain areas and peripheral tissues, ultimately contributing to disability, fall risk, and reduced quality of life. Although physical exercise has been shown to confer cognitive and functional benefits in AD, to date, no studies have directly examined the relationship between motor performance and the underlying pathological mechanisms. This study introduces a novel approach by simultaneously addressing muscle pathology and mitochondrial alterations associated with motor decline. Methods Twelve-month-old male triple-transgenic (3xTg-AD) and non-transgenic (Non-Tg) mice were assigned to sedentary or exercise groups ( n = 16 each group). The exercise protocol combined voluntary wheel running and forced treadmill training, 5 days/week for 4 months. Motor performance was evaluated using open-field, gait analysis, grip strength, and beam walking tests. Post-intervention, histological analyses evaluated Aβ deposition and mitochondrial morphology, biochemical assays assessed mitochondrial function, and ELISA estimated Aβ levels in the brain and muscle. Results Physical exercise improved locomotion, balance, and strength in advanced stages of the disease, with modest benefits for memory. Histology showed reduced muscle atrophy and cortical amyloid, but not hippocampal. ELISA detected lower relative levels of Aβ only in the brain. Exercise restored reduced muscle Complex I activity, increased brain Complex IV and ATPase in both tissues, and pronounced changes in mitochondrial morphology in muscle. Conclusion This study provides the first evidence that physical exercise improves motor function and attenuates muscle and brain pathology in advanced stages of 3xTg-AD, supporting its potential as a complementary therapeutic strategy with translational relevance to humans.

Abstract Introduction: Physical activity plays a crucial role in promoting health and preventing chronic non-communicable diseases. In university settings, it is essential to maintain both physical and mental balance. Objective: To assess physical activity levels and propose an appropriate exercise prescription using the Minnesota Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with a sample of 26 individuals from diverse backgrounds, including university students, relatives, and friends. The Minnesota Questionnaire was applied to estimate energy expenditure and classify participants into four categories: very active, active, moderately active, and sedentary. Results: Most participants were classified as very active, followed by active and a small group of moderately active individuals. Collective activities such as football and handball predominated, showing a preference for group exercise. Conclusion: The findings provide a basis for developing personalized exercise recommendations that promote adherence to regular physical activity and support healthy lifestyles.