Executive Agreements Research Articles

Conclusion and Implementation of Treaties and Other International Agreements in the United States

The United States Constitution uses the term treatiesy in a rather limited sense,' distinguishing them from several kinds of executive agreements and also from compacts which states of the United States may enter into with foreign governments.2 The Constitution also mandates a special process for making a treaty. On the other hand, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties3 uses the term treaty to connote any international agreement. In this report both terms, and international agreements, are used to avoid confusion. The next section will examine the process of making treaties and other international agreements in the United States. The following section on implementation will focus upon the invocation of and international agreements by individual litigants in the United States. The final section offers some conclusions.

THE OPEN DOOR DOCTRINE IN AMERICAN FAR EASTERN POLICY, 1899-1924

In this paper, the author has presented her arguments on why American foreign policy in the Far East from 1898 to 1914  rested more on executive acts and executive agreements and  little to do with the expressed sanction of the Senate or the Congress.

The Making of the Fulbright Program

The nature and character of the Fulbright program were shaped by the 1946 legislation that gave it life, by the circumstance of its foreign currency financing generated by surplus property sales, by those in the State Department and in a few private organizations, and by members of the first Board of Foreign Scholarships, who transformed the Fulbright Act into the worldwide educational exchange program we know today. Early decisions by the Board were the building blocks on which the program has grown and flourished. The first bilaterial Fulbright programs depended on the negotiation of executive agreements with participating governments and the establishing of binational commissions abroad. The latter played a key role in the initial acceptance of the exchange program, in its planning and administration, and in eventual joint financing by many participating governments. Today the Fulbright program looks to the future with confidence as it proudly claims over 156,000 alumni in the United States and abroad.

United States Treaties, Executive Agreements and Guide to Participation in International Organizations. Distributed for Marketing Internationals Washington Group by Butterworths United Kingdom. Gaithersburg, Md: The Washington Group, 1985. Pp. x, 364. US $70.00 (hardbound).

United States Treaties, Executive Agreements and Guide to Participation in International Organizations. Distributed for Marketing Internationals Washington Group by Butterworths United Kingdom. Gaithersburg, Md: The Washington Group, 1985. Pp. x, 364. US $70.00 (hardbound).

The Bricker Amendment Controversy: Its Origins and Eisenhower's Role

“The Bricker Amendment” Poor Senator Bricker Can haggle and bicker But does not know what to do He fears for the fate Of the Ship of State ’Till commands are approved by the crew. He continues to barter For change in our Charter Although it has done very well; He will not commend it Until we amend it— But how? He's quite unable to tell. In the first edition of his book America, Russia, and the Cold War, Walter LaFeber wrote that in 1954 Senator John Bricker (R-OH) proposed a constitutional amendment stipulating that treaties would not go into force, unless approved by both houses of Congress and all forty-eight states, and requiring congressional action before executive agreements went into effect. According to LaFeber, Bricker introduced the measure to prevent presidents from entering into important agreements with foreign leaders on their own authority, as Franklin D. Roosevelt had done at Yalta. The Constitution was “saved from the most radical overhauling in its history,” LaFeber concluded, “when the Bricker Amendment was defeated in the Senate by just one vote.”2 Other scholars have described the Bricker amendment controversy in similar, if less dramatic, terms. William Manchester asserted that “Yalta was what the Bricker Amendment was all about,” while Alexander DeConde explained that Senator Bricker, “resenting executive agreements such as those made at Yalta, … sponsored an amendment to the Constitution that would have given Congress the power to regulate all executive agreements with foreign countries, in addition to its power over treaties.” Gary Reichard and Charles Alexander have recognized that the issues involved in the Bricker amendment fight were more complex than just Yalta, but they still see the amendment, in Reichard's words, as “aimed primarily at curtailing executive autonomy in the area of foreign relations.”3

Executive Agreements and Separation of Powers: A Reconsideration

Journal Article Executive Agreements and Separation of Powers: A Reconsideration Get access Gary J. Schmitt Gary J. Schmitt Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Journal of Jurisprudence, Volume 28, Issue 1, 1983, Pages 189–230, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajj/28.1.189 Published: 01 June 1983

United States Foreign Relations Law: Documents and Sources. Vol. I: Executive Agreements.

Journal Article United States Foreign Relations Law: Documents and Sources. Vol. I: Executive Agreements. Get access United States Foreign Relations Law: Documents and Sources. Vol. I: Executive Agreements. 474 pp.; Vol. 2: Treaties. 567 pp.; Vol. 3: The War Power. 389 pp. Edited by Michael J. Glennon and Thomas M. Franck. New York, London: Oceana. 1980–81. $40.00per volume. Richard Kennedy Guelff Richard Kennedy Guelff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 58, Issue 2, Spring 1982, Pages 348–349, https://doi.org/10.2307/2618014 Published: 01 April 1982

Separation of Powers: Introduction to the Study of Executive Agreements

Separation of Powers: Introduction to the Study of Executive Agreements

United States Foreign Relations Law. by Michael J. Glennon and Thomas M. Franck. [New York: Oceana Publications Inc.1980. Vol. 1: Executive Agreements. 474 pp. Vol. 2: Treaties. 567 pp. $40.00 per volume.

United States Foreign Relations Law. by Michael J. Glennon and Thomas M. Franck. [New York: Oceana Publications Inc.1980. Vol. 1: Executive Agreements. 474 pp. Vol. 2: Treaties. 567 pp. $40.00 per volume.

United States Foreign Relations Law: Documents and Sources. Volume I: Executive Agreements. Edited by Michael J. Glennon and Tomas M. Franck. London/Rome/New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1980. Pp. ix, 474.

United States Foreign Relations Law: Documents and Sources. Volume I: Executive Agreements. Edited by Michael J. Glennon and Tomas M. Franck. London/Rome/New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1980. Pp. ix, 474.

Executive Agreements and Treaties, 1946-1973. Framework of the Foreign Policy of the Period. By Amy M. Gilbert . (Endicott, N.Y.: Thomas-Newell, 1973. pp. x, 213. Appendices. Index. $10.00.)

Executive Agreements and Treaties, 1946-1973. Framework of the Foreign Policy of the Period . By Amy M. Gilbert . (Endicott, N.Y.: Thomas-Newell, 1973. pp. x, 213. Appendices. Index. $10.00.) - Volume 68 Issue 4

Executive Agreements and Treaties, 1946-1973: Framework of the Foreign Policy of the Period

Journal Article Executive Agreements and Treaties, 1946–1973: Framework of the Foreign Policy of the Period. By Amy M. Gilbert. (Endicott, N.Y.: Thomas-Newell, 1973. x + 213 pp. Appendixes, notes, bibliography, and index. $10.00.) Get access Thomas M. Campbell Thomas M. Campbell Florida State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 61, Issue 2, September 1974, Pages 538–539, https://doi.org/10.2307/1904041 Published: 01 September 1974

Constitutional Law: Executive Agreements: International Law: Executive Authority concerning the Future Political Status of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

Constitutional Law: Executive Agreements: International Law: Executive Authority concerning the Future Political Status of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States. Their Separate Role and Limitations

Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States. Their Separate Role and Limitations

Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States. By Elbert M. Byrd Jr. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1960. pp. x, 276. Appendices. Bibliography. Index. Gld. 21.

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Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States; Their Separate Roles and Limitations.Elbert M. Byrd, Jr.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsTreaties and Executive Agreements in the United States; Their Separate Roles and Limitations. Elbert M. Byrd, Jr. John M. HowellJohn M. Howell Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Politics Volume 23, Number 2May, 1961 Sponsored by the Southern Political Science Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2126720 Views: 2Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States: Their Separate Roles and Limitations.

Journal Article Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States: Their Separate Roles and Limitations Get access Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States: Their Separate Roles and Limitations. By Elbert M. Byrd Foreword by Elmer Plischke. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1960. x + 276 pp. Bibliog. Index. Fl. 21. C. J. C. C. J. C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 37, Issue 2, April 1961, Pages 271–272, https://doi.org/10.2307/2611940 Published: 01 April 1961

Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States: Their Separate Roles and Limitations

Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States: Their Separate Roles and Limitations

Book Review: Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States

Book Review: Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States

ELBERT M. BYBD, JR. Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States: Their Separate Roles and Limitations. Pp. x, 276. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1960. Guilders 21

ELBERT M. BYBD, JR. Treaties and Executive Agreements in the United States: Their Separate Roles and Limitations. Pp. x, 276. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1960. Guilders 21