Excitation Functions For Proton Induced Reactions Research Articles

Excitation functions for proton-induced reactions on Te and natTi targets: Measurements and model calculations special relevant to the 128Te(p,n)128I reaction

The excitation functions for the natTe(p,x)121,123,124,126,128,130I, 128Te(p,n)128I, natTi(p,x)48V and 43,44g,47Sc reactions were measured for proton energies ranging from about 14 MeV down to threshold energy for each reaction. Stacked foils combined with gamma ray spectroscopy techniques were used. Te targets were prepared using electrodeposition method, while Ti targets are thin foils with high purity. Theoretical codes calculation, TALYS-1.9 and EMPIRE-3.2.3 results are compared with the measured excitation functions.

Excitation functions for proton-induced reactions on natural hafnium: Production of 177Lu for medical use

There is an increasing interest in using radioisotopes of rare earth elements for internal radiotherapy and for imaging in nuclear medicine. 177Lu is one of the promising radionuclides. This article reports on the first measurements of the excitation function for the production of 177Lu with proton-beam energies up to 17 MeV on natural hafnium targets. The experimental cross sections for the reaction natHf(p,x) 177Lu were obtained by the activation of a stacked-foil target and subsequent gamma spectrometry. Theoretical cross sections were calculated up to 35 MeV with the EMPIRE nuclear reaction model code. The measured and calculated cross sections were used for deriving the thick-target yields and for estimating the production of other nuclides than 177Lu. Measured production cross sections of 175,176,177,178Ta on the same target are also presented.

Calculated Excitation Functions of Proton-Induced Reactions on Vanadium and Chromium for Incident Energies up to 30 MeV

Excitation functions for proton-induced reactions on 52Cr and 51V for which there had been no experimental data were reasonably predicted by the newest theoretical calculation program at incident proton energies from threshold to 30 MeV. The set of calculation parameters used here was obtained from threshold to 65 MeV, based on the available experimental data.

Measurement and hybrid model analysis of integral excitation functions for proton-induced reactions on vanadium, manganese and cobalt up to 200 MeV

Integral excitation functions for p-induced reactions on V, Mn and Co were measured for p-energies between 45 and 200 MeV. 30 excitation functions for the production of radionuclides with 43 ⩽ A ⩽ 60 were determined. For most of the reactions, ranging from (p, n) to (p, 7p9n), scarcely no experimental data existed before now in this energy region. Together with earlier measurements the new data provide a consistent set of excitation functions of p-induced reactions from 0 to 200 MeV for these elements. A detailed hybrid model analysis was performed using the recent code ALICE LIVERMORE 82, which in contrast to earlier formulations of the model takes into account experimental mass data, multiple preequilibrium nucleon emission and non-integer initial excitation numbers. In general, the a priori calculations satisfactorily reproduce the experimental excitation functions. Some discrepancies have to be attributed to the neglect of direct processes and of preequilibrium emission of α-particles. The reasons for a complete failure of the calculations in some exceptional cases are still not clear.

The indirect production of no-carrier-added 57Co via the 59Co(p,3n) 57Ni→ 57Co reaction

A method for the production of 57Co (271.65) for medical applications using metallic 59Co as a target, and the 59Co(p,3n) 57Ni→ 57Co reaction was explored. Excitation functions for proton-induced reactions in the 40- to 10-MeV energy region, as well as thick-target and cumulative yields for the directly-produced 57Ni (35.99h) and indirectly-produced 57Co were also measured and then compared to previously reported values. A radiochemical purification procedure based on anion-exchange chemistry is also reported. 57Co with >99.9% radionuclidic purity was obtained. The indirectly-produced 57Co yield in the 40- to 24-MeV energy region was measured as 2μCi/μAh.

Excitation functions for proton-induced reactions of 140Ce and 142Ce up to Ep = 15 MeV

Excitation functions for the reactions 140Ce(p, n) 140Pr, 140Ce(p, 2n) 139Pr and 142Ce(p, n) 142Pr have been measured by the activation method. The sum of the measured cross sections for 140Ce is compared with the theoretical total reaction cross section. Below 10 MeV the sum is reproduced by the theoretical values, when r 0 is assumed to be 1.5 fm. The measured cross sections for each reaction are compared with the predictions from the statistical theory of nuclear reactions by use of a level density expression of the form W(E) = C exp [4a(E−δ)] 1 2 . The experimental cross sections and the theoretical values agree fairly well, when different values of a are applied to the different targets.

Excitation Functions for Proton-Induced Reactions with Copper

Proton bombardment at energies up to 100 Mev have been carried out in the Harvard University cyclotron using targets of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$O and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$O. Absolute cross sections of the ($p, n$), ($p, 2n$), ($p, \mathrm{pn}$), and ($p, p2n$) reactions of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ and the ($p, 3n$), ($p, 4n$), ($p, \mathrm{pn}$), ($p, p3n$), and ($p, p4n$) reactions of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$ have been determined using the ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(p, pn){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ and ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(p, 3pn){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ reactions to monitor the proton beam. An estimate of the ratio of level densities for odd-odd and even-even nuclei is made.