Excessive Worry Research Articles

Intolerance of uncertainty, pain catastrophizing, and symptoms of depression: a comparison between adults with and without chronic pain

ABSTRACT Recent evidence suggests that individuals living with chronic pain demonstrate reduced tolerance of uncertainty compared to healthy individuals. Intolerance of uncertainty often lead to excessive worry, which may be related not only to the tendency to catastrophize pain, but also to increased distress. However, the specific nature of these relationships remains largely unexplored. The present study sought to investigate the associations between intolerance of uncertainty, pain catastrophizing, and symptoms of depression, while exploring how they differ between adults with and without chronic pain. Questionnaires were administered electronically to a community sample of 160 adults. All variables were significantly and positively correlated in the chronic pain group (n = 80), while only intolerance of uncertainty and symptoms of depression were positively and strongly correlated in the pain-free group (n = 80). Individuals in the chronic pain group reported higher levels of pain catastrophizing and symptoms of depression compared to the pain-free group, but both groups exhibited similar levels of intolerance of uncertainty. Intolerance of uncertainty and pain catastrophizing were significant predictors of the severity of depression in both groups, even after controlling for age and gender. However, intolerance of uncertainty was no longer statistically significant in the chronic pain group once pain catastrophizing was considered. These findings suggest that intolerance of uncertainty serves as a general vulnerability factor for psychological distress in adults, while pain catastrophizing acts as a specific vulnerability factor for individuals living with chronic pain. Enhancing knowledge about the role of cognitive factors in depression among individuals with chronic pain could help improve the management of this debilitating condition.

The mediating role of rumination between stress appraisal and cyberchondria

Cyberchondria, defined as excessive concern about one's health and looking for solutions to health problems on the Internet, is becoming increasingly common. This paper examines the relations between the dimensions of stress appraisal (threat, challenge-activity, challenge-passivity, harm/loss) and cyberchondria. We also tested whether these relations were mediated by rumination. The study included a nonclinical sample of N = 615 participants aged 18 to 83 years (M = 43.86, SD = 14.57, 53 % women), who completed the short version of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale, the Rumination Scale, and the Stress Appraisal Questionnaire. We used the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method. The results revealed that rumination was a partial mediator between stress as a threat and cyberchondria and between stress as a harm/loss and cyberchondria. Cyberchondria was positively related to rumination, stress as a threat, and stress as a harm/loss and negatively related to the challenge-activity dimension of stress appraisal. The study indicates that stress appraisal is linked to cyberchondria and that rumination plays an important role in this relationship.

Assessment of Depression, Anxiety and Stress among the Undergraduate Physiotherapy Students

Background: Today, psychological morbidities such as depression, anxiety and stress are most common psychiatrichealth issues worldwide. Stress in medical education especially among the undergraduate students has become aglobal phenomenon nowadays. According to WHO, depression is the most common mental disorder, characterisedby sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, low energy and poor concentration anddisturbance in sleep or appetite, Anxiety disorders are characterised by excessive fear and worry and relatedbehavioural disturbances and stress is defined as a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation.This study is important to identify the risk factors of depression, anxiety and stress among the undergraduatephysiotherapy students, as it affects their health as well as their academic achievements. The aim and objective ofthis study is to assess depression, anxiety and stress among the undergraduate physiotherapy students by usingDASS-21 scale.Methods: This is an observational study was conducted in a Physiotherapy College in Maharashtra. The totalduration of this study was 6 months from October 2022 to March 2023. Data was collected from 43 undergraduatephysiotherapy students from first year to fourth year by using a DASS-21 questionnaire.Conclusion: Psychological illness in the form of depression, anxiety and stress have been reported in substantialproportion of undergraduate. Depression has been reported in 76.74% of students, while anxiety and stresswere found in 86.05% and 83.72% respectively. Organized interventions should be initiated to prevent excessivepsychological illness among undergraduate physiotherapy students.

Centrality depression-anxiety symptoms linked to suicidal ideation among depressed college students--A network approach.

The long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have caused severe mental health problems among college students, which can eventually cause suicidal ideation. Therefore, through network analysis, this study aims to explore the new characteristics of the depression-anxiety symptom network that arose during the long-term lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify the most influential symptoms linked to suicidal ideation. We used a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score above 10 as the cutoff and screened 622 participants with an inclination toward depressive disorders from 7976 college students, and then divided the sample into suicidal and nonsuicidal groups based on the presence or absence of suicidal ideation. The General Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) was also used. Network analysis was used to identify the network structure of anxiety-depression and which symptoms were directly related to suicidal ideation in the network. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among Chinese college students in the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic was 7.8% and 17.8%, respectively. The most central symptoms in the nonsuicidal group were "excessive worry," "uncontrollable worry," and "nervousness," and in the suicidal group they were "excessive worry," "motor function," and "irritability." The network of the suicidal group was denser than that of the nonsuicidal group. The most influential symptom directly related to suicidal ideation was "guilt." The most influential central symptom of depression-anxiety comorbidity characteristics of Chinese adolescents showed a tendency to shift from depression-oriented (i.e., sad mood) to anxiety-oriented (i.e., excessive worry) with the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Treatments or interventions focused on these critical symptoms could be useful in preventing college students from suicide risk.

Loose ends in the differential diagnosis of IBS-like symptoms.

Two thirds of the patients we believed to have IBS in the 1970's have since been possible to diagnose with treatable conditions like bile acid diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, microscopic colitis, celiac disease, disaccharide malabsorption, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, or rare genetic variants. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques a substantial proportion of patients continue suffering from IBS-like symptoms that cannot be explained by current knowledge. Although it is likely that further research will reveal small but important subgroups of patients with treatable mechanisms for IBS-like symptoms, we propose that only two large groups remain for being addressed in the clinic: those with connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or hypermobility spectrum disorders and those with autism spectrum disorders. Patients with connective tissue disorders exhibit identifiable disturbances of gut motor function and possibly increased gut permeability as underlying mechanisms for IBS-like symptoms. Autism spectrum disorders pose a much more difficult problem in the clinic. Disturbances of perception combined with anxiety and excessive worry about signals from the gut can lead to an endless but futile search for something being wrong. The search can involve large numbers of care givers, no one understanding the patient's suffering. Others may try to change their diet to lessen symptoms, only to find that almost all foods may cause worrying perceptions from the gut. Early recognition of autism spectrum disorders is essential for finding better ways to help patients with gastrointestinal and, as is often the case, extraintestinal symptoms.

Communication Pattern "Omahjiwa" Community Counselor in Helping Counselee Who have Anxiety Disorder

Mental health is an important thing for everyone to have. Because with a healthy mentality, individuals can do their days productively and can also maximize the abilities that exist in themselves. However, since the pandemic came, all activities have stopped and people also need to follow the changes caused by the pandemic. Because of this, people also feel lost and are also worried about what will happen in the future, which eventually leads to excessive worry. At that time the mental health of some people finally felled and along with this, several communities related to mental health issues emerged on social media to help everyone who had mental disorders. One of these communities is OmahJiwa which provides free counseling for everyone who has mental problems, one of which is anxiety disorders. The purpose of this study was to see the pattern of communication and also the effectiveness of interpersonal communication between a counselor and a counselee who has an anxiety disorder. This research uses a post positivist paradigm with a qualitative approach. The concepts used are Communication Patterns and Interpersonal Communication. The results obtained from this study are the OmahJiwa Community Counselors use 4 Communication Patterns (primary, secondary, linear, circular) and use Two-Way Communication Patterns. 5 directions for the effectiveness of Interpersonal Communication that occurs between counselors and counselees, but the most prominent are empathy, support, and positiveness

Effects of Test Anxiety on Academic Performance of Under Graduate University Students

Anxiety has been a key topic in psychological research for many decades. It is commonly defined as a state of excessive fear, worry and apprehension accompanied by physiological symptoms relating to the arousal of the autonomic nervous system. The current study was carried out to find out effect of test anxiety on students’ academic performance. The current study was descriptive in nature and survey method was used to collect the data. 1192 students of department of education of three universities (Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Bagh, University of Poonch Rawalakot AJ&K and University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad were the population of the study.. 300 students selected randomly were the sample of the study. A researcher adapted standardized questionnaire having five point Likert scale. Data was analyzed by using regression. It is concluded that anxiety before, during and after test has significant effect on academic performance. It is recommended that; friendly environment may be created before conducting the test.

Tingkat Religius dengan Kecemasan Menghadapi Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS) Kelas 8 SMPN 12 Kota Bekasi

Anxiety is common in everyone, especially in school students when it comes to the implementation of exams, this is indicated by some behaviors as a response to anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of anxiety in grade 8 students of SMPN 12 Kota Bekasi when approaching the final semester exam. The research was designed using quantitative methods with a correlational approach. The subjects of the study were grade 8 students of SMPN 12 Bekasi City. Data collection using questionnaires through google from. Meanwhile, data analysis uses the t test and the f test. The results showed that the regression equation of student anxiety variables was 53,078. The figure indicates that the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected which says there is no influence of religious level with student anxiety, meaning that each student is confirmed to have anxiety, only the level of anxiety varies. The implications of this study suggest that each school can deepen and strengthen students' religious competence so that anxiety levels are not at high levels. Low anxiety can motivate children to learn. During the test, people who felt confident performed better than those who felt less anxious. Excessive worry can also weaken students' learning abilities. Decreased confidence of students during exams can affect their learning. Because religiosity or diversity refers to how deeply understood or practiced religious teachings in daily life, prayer becomes very important before each exam in the final semester.

Identification and comparison of pandemic-to-symptom networks of South Korea and the United States.

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in a dramatic increase in the prevalence of anxiety and depression globally. Although the impact on the mental health of young adults was especially strong, its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Using a network approach, the present study investigated the putative pathways between pandemic-related factors and anxiety and depressive symptoms among young adults in South Korea and the U.S. Network analyses were conducted on cross-country data collected during the COVID-19 lockdown period (n = 1,036). Our model included depression symptoms (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety symptoms (GAD-7), and COVID-19-related factors (e.g., COVID-19-related traumatic stress, pandemic concerns, access to medical/mental health services). The overall structure of pandemic-to-symptom networks of South Korea and the U.S. were found to be similar. In both countries, COVID-related stress and negative future anticipation (an anxiety symptom) were identified as bridging nodes between pandemic-related factors and psychological distress. In addition, worry-related symptoms (e.g., excessive worry, uncontrollable worry) were identified as key contributors in maintaining the overall pandemic-to-symptom network in both countries. The similar network structures and patterns observed in both countries imply that there may exist a stable relationship between the pandemic and internalizing symptoms above and beyond the sociocultural differences. The current findings provide new insights into the common potential pathway between the pandemic and internalizing symptoms in South Korea and in the U.S. and inform policymakers and mental health professionals of potential intervention targets to alleviate internalizing symptoms.

Study of Changes in Parents' Educational Psychology Caused by Changes in Educational Policies in China and Japan

At present, China and Japan do not have a clear unified standard in terms of educational objectives, but in terms of educational policies, China and Japan are becoming more and more similar in their philosophy of human resource development. According to Fan (2022), both China and Japan have begun to "focus on the mastery of basic knowledge," "focus on the cultivation of abilities," "the comprehensive development of knowledge and abilities," and "the cultivation of comprehensive talents for the healthy development of children's bodies and minds. According to Fan (2022), these changes in the philosophy of talent training are, in the end, caused by the "view of learning ability" at different stages. The "view of learning ability" in a period affects the educational reform in a period." Although "free education" ended in Japan, the "abolition of free education" policy, which was reintroduced in 2008, still inherited its core elements. In 2021, China adopted measures to reduce the burden of homework and out-of-school training courses for students in compulsory education, known as the "double reduction." The current enactment of China's "double reduction" policy is also an inheritance and development of the implementation of the "burden reduction”. In recent years, "parents' anxiety about education" has been repeatedly mentioned as an implicit indicator to evaluate the level of education while the government is revising its education policies. Some studies have shown that "parents' anxiety about education" refers to parents' excessive concern about the process and results of their children's education at school. It is a general anxiety that is prevalent among parents. Japan has been successfully implementing the "free education elimination" policy for 15 years. Meanwhile, China, which has just implemented a "double reduction" policy, is a good example of alleviating parental anxiety. I think it is very meaningful to make efforts to eliminate parents' educational anxiety by exchanging contents related to the educational psychology of parents in China and Japan and identifying examples to learn.

Anxiety and posttraumatic stress in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: prevalence, characteristics, comorbidity, and clinical correlates.

Anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms have been reported in association with acute and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). This study aimed to document the cross-sectional prevalence, characteristics and clinical correlates of anxiety and post-traumatic stress in a study of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19. 75 participants recruited from a post-COVID-19 recovery program and the community were assessed for sociodemographic, medical, psychiatric, and neurocognitive symptoms and performance. The generalized anxiety questionnaire-7 (GAD-7) and post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire for DSM5 (PCL5) were utilized to measure anxiety and PTSD symptoms. Established cutoff scoring for the GAD-7 and algorithm-based scoring of the PCL5 were utilized to determine clinically significant anxiety symptoms and PTSD, respectively. The cohort was 71% female, 36% ethnic minority, with the main age of 43.5 years, 80% employment, 40% with the prior psychiatric treatment history and 2/3 seeking post-COVID care for PASC. Clinically significant anxiety symptoms were found in 31% and PTSD was found in 29% of the cohort. Nervousness and excessive worry were the most prominent anxiety symptoms, while changes in mood/cognition and avoidance were most frequent in PTSD. There was a high degree of comorbidity between clinically significant anxiety symptoms, PTSD, depression and fatigue. In logistic regression, acute COVID illness severity, prior psychiatric history, and memory complaints (but not objective neuropsychological performance) predicted clinically significant anxiety symptoms and/or PTSD. Clinically significant anxiety and PTSD are found in approximately 1 of 3 individuals after COVID-19 infection. They are highly comorbid with each other as well as with depression and fatigue. All patients seeking care for PASC should be screened for these neuropsychiatric complications. Symptoms of worry, nervousness, subjective changes in mood, and cognition as well as behavioral avoidance are particularly important targets of clinical intervention.

Validation and reliability of the Russian version of the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depressive disorders in women are among the most common in the perinatal period. Timely detection of anxiety symptoms specific to the perinatal period is important for providing the necessary comprehensive psychological and medical care to women. This study assesses the validity and reliability of the Russian version of the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS-R).METHODS: A step-by-step translation of the scale into Russian was carried out. The study involved 609 pregnant women who answered questions in the following scales: PASS, Beck Depression Inventory II, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Clinical Questionnaire for the Identification and Assessment of Neurotic Conditions. Content validity, factor analysis and internal consistency were assessed.RESULTS: The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin criterion was found to be 0.93, Bartlett’s Test was found to be significant at P<0.0001 (χ2=8184.421) and Cronbach’s α coefficient for the scale was 0.930. PASS-R also significantly correlated with other measures of depression and anxiety (P<0.001). Analyses revealed that the optimal cut-off of the PASS-R score for detecting anxiety was 26. Principal component analysis and oblique (oblimin) rotation, repeated with Varimax rotation, suggested a six-factor structure addressing the following conditions: 1) acute anxiety and trauma; 2) social anxiety; 3) perfectionism and control; 4) excessive worry and specific fears; 5) adjustment (dissociation); and 6) generalized anxiety.CONCLUSIONS: The Russian version of PASS showed reasonably adequate validity and reliability and can be used to screen for anxiety disorder among women in the perinatal period.

PEMANFAATAN METODE NAÏVE BAYES UNTUK DIAGNOSIS TINGKAT STRES PADA MAHASISWA TINGKAT AKHIR BERBASIS DOMAIN EXPERT

Stress is something that everyone experiences in general, meaning that stress itself is a change in the body's response to threats and pressure. In dealing with stress, there are two reactions experienced by person, positive reactions and negative reactions. positive reactions can be in the form of better adaptability and increased levels of alertness and can spur these individuals to become more advanced in various matters and fields, besides the positive impact on some individuals stress can cause negative reactions which can be characterized by excessive worry, fear and feeling anxious. In living life as a student who hones knowledge in lectures according to the field taken, stress can hinder the lectures that are being undertaken, stress factors that are generally experienced by students such as bad association and relationships between fellow students or lecturers, lack of trust self, lack of support from family. Based on these problems, the authors feel the need for an expert system design to detect student stress levels with the Naive Bayes Method by taking the test location at Narotama University. The design of this expert system aims to allow students to independently diagnose the level of stress experienced. from this expert system design as much as 90% of students who do the testing get solutions from expert advice as outlined in the design of this application.

Achieving High Expression of Cry in Green Tissues and Negligible Expression in Endosperm Simultaneously via rbcS Gene Fusion Strategy in Rice.

To allay excessive public concern about the safety of transgenic foods, and to optimize insect-resistant genes expression to delay the evolution of resistance in pests, we developed a promising strategy to fuse the GOI (gene of interest) with OsrbcS (rice small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) in transgenic rice, which acted as a carrier, driven by the OsrbcS native promoter to sequester its expression in green tissues. Using eYFP as a trial, we reported a high-level accumulation of eYFP in green tissue and almost none in the seed and root of the fused construct compared to the non-fused construct. After applying this fusion strategy in insect-resistant rice breeding, recombinant OsrbcS-Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac expressed rice plants conferred high resistance to leaffolders and striped stem borers, among which two single-copy lines possessed normal agronomic performance in the field. Specifically, Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac protein levels in single-copy construct transgenic lines ranged from 1.8 to 11.5 µg g-1 in the leaf, higher than the Actin I promoter-driven control, T51-1, about 1.78 µg g-1 in the leaf, but negligible (only 0.00012-0.00117 µg g-1) in endosperm by ELISA analysis. Our study provided a novel approach to creating Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac-free endosperm rice with a high level of insect-resistant protein in green tissues through the simultaneous usage of the OsrbcS promoter and OsrbcS as a fusion partner.

Psychometric properties of the PSWQ in a sample of pregnant and postpartum women

ABSTRACT Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)–characterised by excessive and uncontrollable worry–is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Identification of GAD often relies on assessment of its cardinal feature, pathological worry. The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) is the most robust measure of pathological worry to date but has not been extensively evaluated for use during pregnancy and the postpartum period. This study evaluated the internal consistency, construct validity, and diagnostic accuracy of the PSWQ in a sample of pregnant and postpartum women with and without a principal GAD diagnosis. Methods: One hundred forty-two pregnant and 209 postpartum women participated in this study. Sixty-nine pregnant and 129 postpartum participants met criteria for a principal diagnosis of GAD. Results: The PSWQ demonstrated good internal consistency and converged with measures assessing similar constructs. Pregnant participants with principal GAD scored significantly higher on the PSWQ than those with no psychopathology and postpartum participants with principal GAD scored significantly higher than those with principal mood disorders, other anxiety and related disorders, and no psychopathology. A cut-off score of 55 and 61 or greater was determined for detecting probable GAD during pregnancy and the postpartum period, respectively. Screening accuracy of the PSWQ was also demonstrated. Conclusions: This study underscores the robustness of the PSWQ as a measure of pathological worry and probable GAD and supports its use in the detection and monitoring of clinically significant worry symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum period.

Symptoms of depression and anxiety among elite high school student-athletes in Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated numerous changes in daily life, including the cancellation and restriction of sports globally. Because sports participation contributes positively to the development of student-athletes, restricting these activities may have led to long-term mental health changes in this population. Using a repeated cross-sectional study design, we measured rates of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and anxiety using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 scale in student-athletes attending elite sport high schools in Sweden during the second wave of the pandemic (February 2021; n = 7021) and after all restrictions were lifted (February 2022; n = 6228). Depression among student-athletes decreased from 19.8% in 2021 to 17.8% in 2022 (p = .008, V = .026), while anxiety screening did not change significantly (17.4% to 18.4%, p > .05). Comparisons between classes across years revealed older students exhibited decreases in depressive symptoms, while younger cohorts experienced increases in symptoms of anxiety from 2021 to 2022. Logistic regressions revealed that being female, reporting poorer mental health due to COVID-19, and excessive worry over one’s career in sports were significant predictors of both depression and anxiety screenings in 2022. Compared to times when sports participation was limited, the lifting of restrictions was associated with overall reduced levels of depression, but not anxiety.

Depression and anxiety among Macau residents during the COVID-19 outbreak: A network analysis perspective.

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak affected people's lifestyles and increased their risk for depressive and anxiety symptoms (depression and anxiety, respectively hereafter). We assessed depression and anxiety in residents of Macau during "the 6.18 COVID-19 outbreak" period and explored inter-connections of different symptoms from the perspective of network analysis. In this cross-sectional study, 1,008 Macau residents completed an online survey comprising the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) to measure depression and anxiety, respectively. Central and bridge symptoms of the depression-anxiety network model were evaluated based on Expected Influence (EI) statistics, while a bootstrap procedure was used to test the stability and accuracy of the network model. Descriptive analyses indicated the prevalence of depression was 62.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 59.47-65.44%], the prevalence of anxiety was 50.2% [95%CI = 47.12-53.28%], and 45.1% [95%CI = 42.09-48.22%] of participants experienced comorbid depression and anxiety. "Nervousness-Uncontrollable worry" (GADC) (EI = 1.15), "Irritability" (GAD6) (EI = 1.03), and "Excessive worry" (GAD3) (EI = 1.02) were the most central symptoms, while "Irritability" (GAD6) (bridge EI = 0.43), "restlessness" (GAD5) (bridge EI = 0.35), and "Sad Mood" (PHQ2) (bridge EI = 0.30) were key bridge symptoms that emerged in the network model. Nearly half of residents in Macau experienced comorbid depression and anxiety during the 6.18 COVID-19 outbreak. Central and bridge symptoms identified in this network analysis are plausible, specific targets for treatment and prevention of comorbid depression and anxiety related to this outbreak.

Acne and its association with internalizing problems

AbstractAcne vulgaris or “acne” is a prevalent and burdensome cutaneous condition that has been linked with unique mental health implications. Clinical (i.e., general and social anxiety, and major depression) and subclinical indicators (e.g., excessive worry, social self‐consciousness, and low self‐esteem) of internalizing disorders have been associated with acne across demographics (e.g., age groups and cultures). Considering the persistent burden of disease associated with these mental health outcomes, our primary aim was to concretely synthesize the relation between acne and internalizing symptoms. A secondary aim was to address the role that combined oral contraceptives and isotretinoin (e.g., Accutane), widely prescribed medical treatments for acne, may play in this relation as both have been linked to depression and anxiety. We discuss practical implications that may strengthen the effective biopsychosocial management of acne for suffering individuals. This review actively upholds and amplifies the call for longitudinal research that integrates the developmental psychology and dermatology literature to effectively treat acne in its entirety, including mental health.

Homoeopathy: A promising treatment for generalized anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive worry about a wide range of events is broadly termed as Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). This excessive worry hinders physiology, and these individuals are unduly preoccupied in issues of health, financial, family, intimate relations, social connection problems, death, or work challenges. Amygdala of brain is responsible for carrying out the events of GAD. These events are manifested at psychic and somatic level and is differently manifested in various individuals. DSM – V is helpful in the diagnosis and management of GAD. In the treatment of GAD, homoeopathy provides an integrated approach. Dr. Hahnemann recommends a full understanding of an individual by history taking, followed by a thorough investigation and selection of the appropriate remedy for significant cure. Also Psychotherapy and the use of an anti-psoric medicine to complete the healing are required. Various Reportorial rubrics are mentioned from Repertory along with the Homoeopathic Remedies showing their therapeutic cleavage in the cases of GAD.

Effectiveness of Endorphin Massage and Breast Milk Supplements on Lactation Success in Aceh Besar

Background: The mother's psychological preparation before breastfeeding, stress, excessive worry, unhappiness, all play a major role in the success of exclusive breastfeeding. Endorphin Massage is a light touch and massage that can increase the release of endorphins and oxytocin hormones. If endorphin massage is given to postpartum mothers, it will provide a sense of calm and comfort during lactation so as to increase the response of the posterior pituitary to produce the hormone oxytocin to increase the let down reflex. The purpose of this study was to find out whether there are differences in endorphin massage and breast milk enhancing supplements for lactation success.&#x0D; Methods: This study used a Quasi-Experimental Design method with Pre-test and Posttest with control group design. This research was conducted in Aceh Besar District in 2021. The population in this study were postpartum mothers up to the 3rd day postpartum with a total sample of 51 people. Data analysis used the Anova test and the Post Hoc Test.&#x0D; Results: The results of the ANOVA test showed that there was a difference in LATCH scores between the three groups with a significance value of 0.000