Excessive Generation Research Articles

Impact of polystyrene nanoplastics on apoptosis and inflammation in zebrafish larvae: Insights from reactive oxygen species perspective

In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the toxicity and mortality induced by nanoplastics (NPs) in aquatic organisms. However, studies investigating mechanisms underlying oxidative stress (OS), apoptosis, and inflammation induced by NPs in fish remain limited. This study observed that polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) were accumulated into zebrafish larvae and zebrafish embryonic fibroblast (ZF4 cells), accompanied by the occurrence of pathological damage both at the cellular and tissue–organ level. Additionally, the transcriptional up-regulation of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and subsequent excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted in notable changes in the relative mRNA and protein expression levels associated with antioxidant oxidase systems in larvae. Furthermore, the study identified the impact of NPs on mitochondrial ultrastructural, resulting in mitochondrial depolarization and downregulation of mRNA expression related to the electron transport chain due to excessive ROS generation. Short-term exposure to NPs also triggered apoptosis and inflammation in zebrafish larvae, evident from significant up-regulation in mRNA expressions of proapoptotic factors and NF-κB proinflammatory signaling pathway, as well as increased transcription and protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors in larvae. Inhibition of intracellular excessive ROS effectively reduced the induction of apoptosis, NF-κB P65 nuclear migration levels, and cytokine secretion, underscoring OS as a pivotal factor throughout the process of apoptosis and inflammatory responses induced by NPs. This research significantly advances our comprehension of biological effects and underlying mechanisms of NPs in freshwater fish.

NADPH Oxidases in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.

Significance: The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) enzyme family, located in the central nervous system, is recognized as a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain. Despite its importance in cellular processes, excessive ROS generation leads to cell death and is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Recent advances: NOX enzymes contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and stroke, highlighting their potential as targets for future therapeutic development. This review will discuss NOX's contribution and therapeutic targeting potential in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on PD, AD, ALS, and stroke. Critical issues: Homeostatic and physiological levels of ROS are crucial for regulating several processes, such as development, memory, neuronal signaling, and vascular homeostasis. However, NOX-mediated excessive ROS generation is deeply involved in the damage of DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to cell death in the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, namely neurodegenerative diseases. Future directions: It is essential to understand the role of NOX homologs in neurodegenerative disorders and the pathological mechanisms undergoing neurodegeneration mediated by increased levels of ROS. This further knowledge will allow the development of new specific NOX inhibitors and their application for neurodegenerative disease therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 41, 522-541.

Assessment of PV excess generation savings in Ghana considering peer-to-peer energy trading

ABSTRACT Solar is one of the Renewable (RE) sources with a high electricity generation potential. However, the challenge with using individual stand-alone Photovoltaic (PV) systems is the mismatch between load demands and electricity generated such that surplus and insufficient energy are experienced by prosumers. This study used the Net Present Value (NPV), and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) economic models to assess the impact of modern (peer-to-peer, P2P) trading and applicable PV system cost reduction strategy in Ghana, considering a cluster of stand-alone systems. The energy demand and generations of a total of 7 prosumer and consumer buildings in the Don Bosco Technical Institute, Ashaiman, were used. The results, considering a mini-grid connection between the buildings, showed an LCOE of GH₵ 1.358 over 10 years and NPV of about GH₵ 5 million for 25 years when excess generation is traded as compared to GH₵ 2.423 for LCOE and about GH₵ 180,000 NPV when excess generation is disregarded. A proposed shared investment community-owned system design showed further LCOE reduction to GH₵ 1.122 because the capital cost decreased. This shows that P2P energy trading can make PV generation attractive amidst other benefits like job creation, revenue generation and emissions reduction if RE is used. Lastly, a suitable energy trading market mechanism was proposed for implementing P2P in the context of Ghana. Though the research revealed that more benefits can be obtained from PV systems in Ghana, future technical analysis regarding transmission losses, the Internet of Things (IoTs), and blockchain need to be done.

Methodology for modeling and optimizing liquid cooling plates in the design of electronic equipment

Problem formulation. When solving the problem of excessive heat generation, which occurs when operating radio-electronic devices with a high density of electronic components and increased power, it is necessary to use cooling. Otherwise, this problem can lead to overheating of the electronics, which in turn can cause malfunctions of the devices or even their failure. Purpose. Development of a technique that will improve the cooling process of radioelectronic devices due to op-thymization of the parameters of liquid cooling plates. Results. A mathematical statement was formed, a modeling technique was proposed and procedures for optimizing liquid cooling plates were performed. Based on the developed 3D model of the liquid cooling plate, multivariate analysis procedures have been implemented using modern automated design tools. The liquid cooling system was optimized using modern modeling software, in particular the Solidworks Simulation program. Practical significance. The presented simulation results can be used in designing and creating cooling systems for various devices and devices.

Omeprazole-Loaded Copper Nanoparticles for Mitochondrial Damage Mediated Synergistic Anticancer Activity against Melanoma Cells.

Metallic nanoparticles are promising candidates for anticancer therapies. Among the different metallic systems studied, copper is an affordable and biologically available metal with a high redox potential. Copper-based nanoparticles are widely used in anticancer studies owing to their ability to react with intracellular glutathione (GSH) to induce a Fenton-like reaction. However, considering the high metastatic potential and versatility of the tumor microenvironment, modalities with a single therapeutic agent may not be effective. Hence, to enhance the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs, repurposing them or conjugating them with other modalities is essential. Omeprazole is an FDA-approved proton pump inhibitor used in clinics for the treatment of ulcers. Omeprazole has also been studied for its ability to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy and induce apoptosis. Herein, we report a nanosystem comprising of copper nanoparticles encapsulating omeprazole (CuOzL) against B16 melanoma cells. The developed nanoformulation exerted significant synergistic anticancer activity when compared with either copper nanoparticles or omeprazole alone by inducing cell death through excessive ROS generation and subsequent mitochondrial damage.

IL-8 Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Severe Thermal Injury.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have a dual role in the innate immune response to thermal injuries. NETs provide an early line of defence against infection. However, excessive NETosis can mediate the pathogenesis of immunothrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multiple organ failure (MOF) in sepsis. Recent studies suggest that high interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in intensive care unit (ICU) patients significantly contribute to excessive NET generation. This study aimed to determine whether IL-8 also mediates NET generation in patients with severe thermal injuries. IL-8 levels were measured in serum samples from thermally injured patients with ≥15% of the total body surface area (TBSA) and healthy controls (HC). Ex vivo NET generation was also investigated by treating isolated neutrophils with serum from thermal injured patients or normal serum with and without IL-8 and anti-IL-8 antibodies. IL-8 levels were significantly increased compared to HC on days 3 and 5 (p < 0.05) following thermal injury. IL-8 levels were also significantly increased at day 5 in septic versus non-septic patients (p < 0.001). IL-8 levels were also increased in patients who developed sepsis compared to HC at days 3, 5 and 7 (p < 0.001), day 10 (p < 0.05) and days 12 and 14 (p < 0.01). Serum containing either low, medium or high levels of IL-8 was shown to induce ex vivo NETosis in an IL-8-dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibition of DNase activity in serum increased the NET-inducing activity of IL-8 in vitro by preventing NET degradation. IL-8 is a major contributor to NET formation in severe thermal injury and is increased in patients who develop sepsis. We confirmed that DNase is an important regulator of NET degradation but also a potential confounder within assays that measure serum-induced ex vivo NETosis.

Design and analysis of a wheel valve piezoelectric micropump with high performance

The delivery and distribution of fluid have wide applications in biomedicine, the fine chemical industry, pharmaceutical research, and other fields. However, existing fluid delivery and distribution systems often suffer from issues such as large size, excessive noise generation, and high-power consumption, rendering them unsuitable for convenient applications. Here, a wheel-shaped valve piezoelectric micropump with a size of only 10 mm*10 mm*1 mm is proposed and a prototype is prepared. The vibration mode, operating principle, and the liquid flow of the micropump are analyzed by finite element method. The output liquid (distilled water) flowrate of the pump is approximately 15 mL/min, and the maximum pump distilled water pressure can reach 100 KPa. The results indicate that the performance of the micropump is consistent with the analysis results, which shows its potential application in the field of portable devices and medical.

Prediction of Excess Pore Water Pressure Generation in Sand–Silt Mixtures During Cyclic Loading: A Dissipated Energy-Based Model

Prediction of Excess Pore Water Pressure Generation in Sand–Silt Mixtures During Cyclic Loading: A Dissipated Energy-Based Model

Non-firm vs priority access: On the long run average and marginal costs of renewables in Australia

In Australia, the National Electricity Market (NEM) has experienced a rapid expansion of Variable Renewable Electricity (VRE) projects, not without obstacles. Entry frictions such as movements in Marginal Loss Factors and/or network congestion adversely impacted ∼15% of new projects. Are these the expected results in a workably functioning market, or due to market design defects? Policy advisors have sought to reform the NEM's non-firm, open-access regime. As VRE market shares increase, curtailment will increase rapidly through excess generation and/or network congestion, given the ratio of maximum-to-average wind output is 3 times, and solar PV is 4 times. But access reform focused solely on congestion and curtailment may have unintended consequences as a careful analysis of the difference between average and marginal curtailment rates demonstrates. Malalignment between market conventions and access policy may distort entry, raise consumer prices and harm welfare. Our model results confirm that switching from open- to priority access in Australia's NEM and REZ in particular damages consumer and producer welfare materially.

Evolution of sulfur species on malachite surfaces in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions and implications for xanthate flotation

The depletion of mining resources has led to a sharp increase in gangue minerals. The use of flotation technology with seawater, which is rich in Ca2+ and Mg2+, has gradually increased. However, these ions may affect the flotation process. Herein, we study the effects of the addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the process and products of malachite sulfidization. Analysis of the S layer on the mineral surface indicates that the quantities of S components generated on the malachite surface decrease in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Additionally, Ca2+ and Mg2+ induce the excessive generation of oxidized S species (SOn2−) during sulfidization, which inhibits the formation of Cu2S. Furthermore, both the solubility of malachite and the consumption of collector ions in the solution increase in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Microflotation experiments confirm that Ca2+ and Mg2+ result in insufficient sulfidization properties on the malachite surface and reductions in the activity of the sulfidization products, leading to a decrease in sample floatability.

An antioxidative-enhanced endoplasmic reticulum-targeted cyanine dye for efficient tumor immunotherapy

Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggers intense endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, emerging as a key mechanism for arousing autoimmune therapy. Therefore, the development of an ER-targeted ROS generator is crucial for advancing self-immunotherapy. However, despite a clear demand for ER-targeting ROS generators, the high-efficiency agents are still limited. In this study, the pentamethine cyanine dye (Cy5) is used as a parent structure to explore the efficient ER-targeted immune activator. Three variants (PCy5-H, PCy5-Cl, and PCy5-2Cl) were synthesized by introducing benzene, chlorobenzene, and dichlorobenzene structures at the meso-position of the Cy5 scaffold. The electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) effectively reduce the electron density on the conjugate chain, facilitating the intersystem crossing (ISC) process and enhancing the antioxidant capability. Consequently, the antioxidant properties and ROS generation capacity of PCy5-2Cl were enhanced. Furthermore, encapsulating PCy5-2Cl into liposomes significantly improves its retention at the tumor site, inducing robust ER stress. Upon accumulation at the ER sites in tumor cells, PCy5-2Cl nanoparticles induced strong ER stress under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Exposure to necrotic fragments reverses the immunosuppressive microenvironment within the tumor, ultimately promoting dendritic cell maturation and infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). As a result, significant inhibition is observed in both primary and distant tumors, underscoring the efficacy of this EWGs modification strategy for enhancing tumor immunotherapy.

An efficient measure for controlling pollution in the dye industry: Experimental and DFT investigations on direct determination of 3-(N,N-diethylamino)acetanilide

The rapid expansion of the dye industry has led to severe environmental pollution. The lack of real-time direct determination methods for dye intermediates is a key factor in high pollution emissions and low product quality in the continuous synthesis of dyes. This study proposes an accessible, fast, and precise approach for the clean and direct determination of 3-(N,N-Diethylamino)acetanilide (DEAA), a dye intermediate used in the synthesis of the azo dye Disperse Violet 93:1. For precise DEAA quantification, we developed a multi-pathlength and multi-wavelength coupled differential photometric approach based on the absorption spectra characteristics of DEAA at various concentrations and optical pathlengths. A relatively stable analytical sensitivity (0.5671–66.2630) and a large concentration range of 0.01–11% were obtained. Compared to the traditional single-optical pathlength and single-wavelength quantification, this new method possessed 119 times higher sensitivity. The maximum quantitative relative error decreased from 9.17% to 2.44%. The orbital contribution and distinctive peak electronic excitation mechanism of DEAA were uncovered using TD-DFT. By comparing the oscillator strength and peak position variations between the target DEAA and coexisting sulfuric acid, the unique spectral behavior of DEAA, such as its high sensitivity and selectivity, was explained. In addition to providing a reference for real-time industrial dye and intermediate monitoring, this study lays the methodological groundwork for future research. In light of the new method's short time consumption and non-secondary pollution benefits, we further believe it will be crucial in controlling the industrial synthesis process in order to improve product quality, resource conversion efficiency, and effectively prevent excessive pollution generation.

Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of Scrophularia ningpoensis on β-cell pyroptosis in diabetic mice

Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. (SN) is an herbal medicine used as a functional food in China. SN has traditionally been used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM), but its mechanism of action is not well understood. Our previous study indicated that the aqueous extract of SN can reduce hepatic insulin resistance and correct the irregular shape of pancreatic islets in diabetic mice. This study aims to investigate whether the aqueous extract of SN can regulate pyroptosis in pancreatic β-cells and explore its underlying mechanisms. Db/db mice were orally given an aqueous extract of SN for eight weeks. Subsequently, their pancreatic tissues were collected for histopathological analysis and immunoblotting. Rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells were cultured either alone or with the aqueous extract of SN and evaluated for cell viability, pyroptotic body formation, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and gasdermin D (GSDMD) activation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under high glucose (HG) exposure conditions. The aqueous extract of SN reduced insulitis and pancreatic β-cell death in db/db mice. Increased AMPK phosphorylation and decreased NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD activation were observed in pancreatic tissues after administration of the aqueous extract of SN. In vitro, the aqueous extract of SN increased cell viability and AMPK phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the aqueous extract of SN corrected excessive ROS generation, NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD activation, and pyroptotic body formation. Inhibition of AMPK negated these beneficial effects of the aqueous extract of SN on INS-1 cells. The study concluded that the aqueous extract of SN alleviates β-cell pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3/GSDMD activation in an AMPK-dependent manner.

The role of HMGB1 on SiC NPs-induced inflammation response in lung epithelial-macrophage co-culture system

In recent years, carbonized silicon nanoparticles (SiC NPs) have found widespread scientific and engineering applications, raising concerns about potential human health risks. SiC NPs may induce pulmonary damage through sustained inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, with unclear toxicity mechanisms. This study uses an in vitro co-culture model of alveolar macrophages (NR8383) and alveolar epithelial cells (RLE-6TN) to simulate the interaction between airway epithelial cells and immune cells, providing initial insights into SiC NP-triggered inflammatory responses. The research reveals that increasing SiC NP exposure prompts NR8383 cells to release high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), which migrates into RLE-6TN cells and activates the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). RAGE and TLR4 synergistically activate the MyD88/NF-κB inflammatory pathway, ultimately inducing inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in RLE-6TN cells, characterized by excessive ROS generation and altered cytokine levels. Pretreatment with RAGE and TLR4 inhibitors attenuates SiC-induced HMGB1 expression and downstream pathway proteins, reducing inflammatory responses and oxidative damage. This highlights the pivotal role of RAGE-TLR4 crosstalk in SiC NP-induced pulmonary inflammation, providing insights into SiC NP cytotoxicity and nanomaterial safety guidelines.

TIMP-1 Promotes Expression of MCP-1 and Macrophage Migration by Inducing Fli-1 in Experimental Liver Fibrosis.

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) plays a role in the excessive generation of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis. This study aimed to explore the pathways through which TIMP-1 controls monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and promotes hepatic macrophage recruitment. Liver fibrosis was triggered through carbon tetrachloride, and an adeno-associated virus containing small interfering RNA targeting TIMP-1 (siRNA-TIMP-1) was administered to both rats and mice. We assessed the extent of fibrosis and macrophage recruitment. The molecular mechanisms regulating macrophage recruitment by TIMP-1 were investigated through transwell migration assays, luciferase reporter assays, the use of pharmacological modulators, and an analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs). siRNA-TIMP-1 alleviated carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis, reducing macrophage migration and MCP-1 expression. Co-culturing macrophages with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) post-TIMP-1 downregulation inhibited macrophage migration. In siRNA-TIMP-1-treated HSCs, microRNA-145 (miRNA-145) expression increased, while the expression of Friend leukemia virus integration-1 (Fli-1) and MCP-1 was inhibited. Downregulation of Fli-1 led to decreased MCP-1 expression, whereas Fli-1 overexpression increased MCP-1 expression within HSCs. Transfection with miRNA-145 mimics reduced the expression of both Fli-1 and MCP-1, while miRNA-145 inhibitors elevated the expression of both Fli-1 and MCP-1 in HSCs. miRNA-145 bound directly to the 3'-UTR of Fli-1, and miRNA-145-enriched EVs secreted by HSCs after TIMP-1 downregulation influenced macrophage recruitment. TIMP-1 induces Fli-1 expression through miRNA-145, subsequently increasing MCP-1 expression and macrophage recruitment. MiRNA-145-enriched EVs from HSCs can transmit biological information and magnify the function of TIMP-1.

Potential mechanisms of aortic medial degeneration promoted by co-exposure to microplastics and lead

Microplastics (MPs) have attracted widespread attention because they can lead to combined toxicity by adsorbing heavy metals from the environment. Exposure to lead (Pb), a frequently adsorbed heavy metal by MPs, is common. In the current study, the coexistence of MPs and Pb was assessed in human samples. Then, mice were used as models to examine how co-exposure to MPs and Pb promotes aortic medial degeneration. The results showed that MPs and Pb co-exposure were detected in patients with aortic disease. In mice, MPs and Pb co-exposure promoted the damage of elastic fibers, loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and release of inflammatory factors. In vitro cell models revealed that co-exposure to MPs and Pb induced excessive reactive oxygen species generation, impaired mitochondrial function, and triggered PANoptosome assembly in VSMCs. These events led to PANoptosis and inflammation through the cAMP/PKA-ROS signaling pathway. However, the use of the PKA activator 8-Br-cAMP or mitochondrial ROS scavenger Mito-TEMPO improved, mitochondrial function in VSMCs, reduced cell death, and inhibited inflammatory factor release. Taken together, the present study provided novel insights into the combined toxicity of MPs and Pb co-exposure on the aorta.

Protective effects of baicalin against phenylarsine oxide-induced cytotoxicity in human skin keratinocytes

Phenylarsine oxide (PAO) is a known environmental pollutant and skin keratinocytes are most seriously affected. Baicalin (BCN) was reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but its protective effect against PAO toxicity is unknown. This study aimed at exploring whether baicalin can reverse the toxicity of human epidermal keratinocytes that are subjected to PAO exposure and underlying mechanisms. In silico analysis from a publicly accessible HaCaT cell transcriptome dataset exposed to chronic Arsenic showed significant differential expression of several genes, including the genes related to DNA replication. Later, we performed in vitro experiments, in which HaCaT cells were exposed to PAO (500 nM) in the existence of BCN (10–50 µM). Treatment of PAO alone induces the JNK, p38 and caspase-3 activation, which were engaged in the apoptosis induction, while the activity of AKT was significantly inhibited, which was engaged in the suppression of apoptosis. PAO suppressed SIRT3 expression and induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing a marked reduce in cell viability and apoptosis. However, BCN treatment restored the PAO-induced suppression of SIRT3 and AKT expression, reduced intracellular ROS generation, and markedly suppressed both caspase-3 activation and apoptosis induction. However, the protective effect of BCN was significantly attenuated after pretreatment with nicotinamide, an inhibitor of SIRT3. These findings indicate that BCN protects against cell death induced by PAO via inhibiting excessive intracellular ROS generation via restoring SIRT3 activity and reactivating downstream AKT pathway. In this study, we firstly shown that BCN is an efficient drug to prevent PAO-induced skin cytotoxicity, and these findings need to be confirmed by in vivo and clinical investigations.

Ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for imaging hydrogen peroxide during stroke-induced ferroptosis

Ischemic stroke (IS) initiates a programmed cell death through apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis, which results in neuronal damage and brain injury. However, existing methods for in situ detection of ferroptosis are currently insufficient. Therefore, we constructed a series of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2—one of the major ROS) probes (QH2O2, MQH2O2, and BQH2O2) with quinoline derivatives as two-photon fluorophores and boronate as the recognition domain. Experimental results indicated that the linear response range of the probe MQH2O2 to H2O2 increased from < 10–300 μM as compared with the probe QH2O2. Moreover, the linear correlation coefficient also increased from 0.9012 to 0.999, indicating that the ratiometric fluorescent probe has built-in corrections for environmental interference, which allows a more accurate fluorescence analysis. Modification of the probe by connecting triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (BQH2O2) increased the lipophilic index of the probe to 2.01, which enhanced its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Therefore, the developed probe is useful for analyzing the H2O2 production during an ischemic stroke and its fluctuation with ferroptosis.

Altered Metabolic Signaling and Potential Therapies in Polyglutamine Diseases.

Polyglutamine diseases comprise a cluster of genetic disorders involving neurodegeneration and movement disabilities. In polyglutamine diseases, the target proteins become aberrated due to polyglutamine repeat formation. These aberrant proteins form the root cause of associated complications. The metabolic regulation during polyglutamine diseases is not well studied and needs more attention. We have brought to light the significance of regulating glutamine metabolism during polyglutamine diseases, which could help in decreasing the neuronal damage associated with excess glutamate and nucleotide generation. Most polyglutamine diseases are accompanied by symptoms that occur due to excess glutamate and nucleotide accumulation. Along with a dysregulated glutamine metabolism, the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels drop down, and, under these conditions, NAD+ supplementation is the only achievable strategy. NAD+ is a major co-factor in the glutamine metabolic pathway, and it helps in maintaining neuronal homeostasis. Thus, strategies to decrease excess glutamate and nucleotide generation, as well as channelizing glutamine toward the generation of ATP and the maintenance of NAD+ homeostasis, could aid in neuronal health. Along with understanding the metabolic dysregulation that occurs during polyglutamine diseases, we have also focused on potential therapeutic strategies that could provide direct benefits or could restore metabolic homeostasis. Our review will shed light into unique metabolic causes and into ideal therapeutic strategies for treating complications associated with polyglutamine diseases.

Performance analyses on the air cooling battery thermal management based on artificial neural networks

Air cooling thermal management technology is a lightweight and cost-effective approach for managing heat in power battery packs for electric ships. However, it suffers from significant drawbacks such as poor temperature control and excessive noise generation. To address these challenges, this study proposes a method that combines fluid dynamics and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to optimize the thermal management and aeroacoustic performance of the air cooling battery thermal management system (BTMS) for marine power batteries. Initially, a thermal-flow coupled model and an acoustic model for the BTMS were developed to investigate the impact of system structural parameters (battery spacing d, and main channel inclination angle θ) and operating parameter (system inlet velocity v) on the thermal management performance indicators (maximum temperature Tmax, and maximum temperature difference ΔTmax) as well as the aeroacoustic performance indicator (overall sound pressure level, OSPL). Subsequently, a relationship between the system structural and operating parameters and performance indicators was established using the 50-layer Residual Network (ResNet-50) model, enabling accurate and rapid prediction of the system thermal management and aeroacoustic performance. Furthermore, by combining ResNet-50 with the evaluation method of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), this study successfully obtained the optimal system structure and operating parameters. The research indicates that keeping the remaining parameters constant, increasing the battery spacing results in higher maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference, while decreasing the overall system sound pressure level. Conversely, increasing the main channel inclination angle results in lower maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference, but higher overall system sound pressure level. In addition, increasing the inlet velocity will result in higher maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference, as well as higher overall system sound pressure level. The optimal case were found to be a main channel inclination angle θ = 3°, battery spacing d = 2 mm, and inlet velocity v = 10 m⋅s−1. Compared to the base case, the optimal case shows a maximum temperature reduction of 10.63 K, a maximum temperature difference reduction of 9.41 K, and an overall sound pressure level reduction of 4.6 dB. The prediction errors for these values are 0.08 %, 2.64 %, and 1.36 % respectively. This research demonstrates an effective and rapid approach based on fluid dynamics and ANNs in the design and optimization of BTMS.