Excessive Foot Research Articles

전투화 맟춤형 발보장구 착용 시 하지 근육 활동의 평가

본 연구는 행군 시 발보장구 착용이 하지 근육 활동에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 과회내족과 정상족을 선정하여 트레드밀에서 4.5km/h의 속도로 걷게 하였고 이때 근전도기를 이용하여 하지근육의 근육신호를 수집, 분석하였다. 수집한 데이터를 평균적분근전도와 스펙트럼 분석을 통해 근활성도와 피로도를 알아보았고 SPSS 12.0을 이용하여 통계분석하였다. 실험 결과는 과회내족이 정상족보다 행군 시 근 활성이 큰 것으로 나타났고, 보장구 착용 시 근 활성과 피로도가 줄어드는 경향을 나타냈다. 특히 전경골근과 장비골근의 근육활성 감소와 피로도 감소가 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 결과적으로 과회내족은 장시간 행군 시 발보장구 착용이 피로도 감소에 효과적이며 이는 잠재적인 하지 근골격계 상해 예방에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of customized foot orthotics on lower extremity muscle activity and fatigue during march in combat boots. Four volunteers with normal foot and five volunteers with excessive pronation foot among soldiers on service were fitted with foot orthotics. The electromyography signal from activity of low extremity muscles were collected with surface electromyography device during walking on the treadmill. The walk on the treadmill was performed with a speed of 4.5 km/h. The experiment design for reseach wes composed two experimentation. The first experiment was to examine the muscle activity of lower extremity between normal foot and excessive pronator foot during march. The second experiment was to examine the muscle activity of lower extremity between wearing orthotics and no wearing orthotics. These data were analyzed by the averaged integral EMG and the mean power frequency. The analyzed results were compared by independent T-test method and paired T-test method of SPSS(windows version 12.0). The result of the study were the muscle activity on pronator foot tend to increase during march but a statistically significant increase in muscle fatigue of vastus lateralis and fibularis longus. A statistically significant decrease in muscle activity of anterior tibialis and fibularis longus and fatigue occurred using the customized foot orthotics in volunteers with excessive pronation foot compared to volunteers with normal foot. Clinically, the application of orthotics for the soldiers with excessive pronation foot appears to delay muscle fatigue and prevent from variable foot injuries. This may contribute to enhancing fighting efficiency.

Leg-runner

HISTORY: A 42-year-old male runner presented with a complaint of his left foot "turning in" and a "funny feeling" in his lateral foot. Symptoms occurred only with running. He had recently been treated for interdigital neuroma and metatarsalgia with corticosteroid injection and orthotics. Foot pain had resolved. He denied any other significant pain in the left lower extremity. His orthotic was modified without improvement in his current complaints. He subsequently began to complain of lateral lower leg paresthesias and low back pain. He denied previous injuries and was otherwise a healthy nonsmoker. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: This gentleman had a thin, muscular build. Complete neurologic exam was normal including detailed lower extremity strength evaluation. Bilateral lower extremities were without palpable deformities or tenderness. Full range of motion of concerned joints was noted. Spine exam was unremarkable with a negative straight leg raise bilaterally. Distal pulses were normal. Tinel's sign was absent at the sural and peroneal nerve distributions. Video treadmill running showed excessive left foot supination and foot slap after a few minutes. Post-exercise examination still did not reveal any significant tenderness of his leg or foot. Slight foot eversion weakness was appreciable. Distal pulses were still excellent. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: L5 radiculopathy Chronic exertional compartment syndrome Peripheral neuropathy or nerve entrapment Peripheral vascular disease TESTS AND RESULTS: Sensory/motor nerve conduction studies_normal MRI lumbar spine-essentially normal Tibia/fibula x-ray_normal Compartment pressure testing: resting left anterior 16 and 14, resting left lateral 18 and 20, post-exertion left anterior 50 and 52, post-exertion left lateral 63 and 65, post-exertion right lateral 15. FINAL WORKING DIAGNOSIS: Chronic exertional anterior and lateral compartment syndrome TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: Anterior and lateral compartment fasciotomies were performed. At 4-week follow-up, he was slowly improving. He had some pain and swelling thought secondary to increasing his activity level too soon. He was encouraged to use compression stockings and to return to his previous activity level in a slow, step-wise fashion. The next follow-up appointment is expected in 2 weeks.

Influence of Different Footwear on Force of Landing During Running

Previous studies have demonstrated an increase in foot pronation with mileage in runners. Motion control footwear was designed to check excessive foot motions, but its clinical efficacy, especially in terms of pedographic analysis, has not been well reported. The purposes of this study were to investigate the changes in plantar force in people when running with motion control shoes and to compare pedographic measurements obtained in 2 footwear testing conditions (wearing motion control shoes and wearing neutral shoes) at the beginning and end of a 1.5-km running session. Twenty-five recreational runners who had > or = 6 degrees of foot pronation participated in the study. An insole sensor was used to register the plantar force of the subjects before and after running 1.5 km in different shoe conditions. There was no change in the magnitude and distribution pattern of plantar force with the motion control shoes after the 1.5-km run. With the neutral shoes, however, there was an increase in mean peak force under the medial midfoot (364-418 N, 15% increase) and first metatarsal head (524-565 N, 8% increase) toward the end of the running bout. The plantar force on the medial foot structures increased with mileage of running with neutral shoes but not with motion control shoes. This finding has implications for injury prevention with footwear selection for recreational runners who have more than 6 degrees of foot pronation.

Bilateral and unilateral increases in calcaneal eversion affect pelvic alignment in standing position

Excessive foot pronation has been associated with the occurrence of low back pain, possibly for generating changes in the lumbopelvic alignment. However, the influence of foot pronation (measured as calcaneal eversion) on pelvic alignment during standing has not been well established. Fourteen young healthy subjects participated in the study. A Motion Analysis System was used to obtain pelvic positions in sagittal and frontal planes and calcaneal position in the frontal plane. Volunteers were filmed in relaxed standing position during three trials, in three conditions: control; unilateral experimental with increased right calcaneal eversion and bilateral experimental with increased bilateral calcaneal eversion. Increased calcaneal eversion was obtained using wedges tilted 10° medially, unilaterally and bilaterally. Repeated measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni corrections were used for statistical analysis. Unilateral and bilateral use of medially tilted wedges produced a significant increase of calcaneal eversion ( P⩽0.01), on the right and left sides. Bilateral and unilateral increases of the calcaneal eversion caused average pelvic anteversion of 1.57° ( P=0.003) and 1.41° ( P=0.021), respectively. Unilaterally increased everted position generated an average pelvic lateral tilt of 1.46° ( P<0.001). Excessive calcaneal eversion during standing changes pelvic alignment and should be considered, associated with other relevant factors, when assessing pelvic misalignments.

Efficacy of motion control shoes for reducing excessive rearfoot motion in fatigued runners

Objectives Excessive foot pronation and fatigue in running are possible risk factors for injuries. Motion control footwear was designed to limit excessive foot motion in runners, but its clinical efficacy has not been well reported. This study investigated the rearfoot kinematics in runners when running with different footwear before and after fatigue of the lower leg muscles. Design Within subjects repeated measures. Setting University gait laboratory. Participants 25 female recreational runners. Main outcome measures A Vicon three-dimensional motion analysis system was used to capture the rearfoot motions of 25 recreational runners who had excessive foot pronation, when running with motion control shoes and neutral shoes before and after fatigue of the lower leg muscles. Results The findings with neutral shoe testing revealed a significant increase in rearfoot angle of 6.5° (95% CI 4.7–8.2°) ( p<0.01) when the muscles were fatigued. However, the findings with motion control shoes revealed that rearfoot angle was marginally insignificant ( p=0.06) in subjects before and after muscle fatigue. Moreover, rearfoot motion when running with neutral shoes was higher than that with motion control shoes in both pre- ( p<0.01) and post-fatigue states ( p<0.01). Conclusions Motion control shoes can control excessive rearfoot movements in runners with over-pronation regardless of the state of leg muscle fatigue.

Long distance running increases plantar pressures beneath the metatarsal heads: A barefoot walking investigation of 200 marathon runners

Background The growing popularity of endurance sports activities is associated with a growing number of metatarsal stress fractures in recreational runners. Excessive foot loading has been suggested as a potential cause for these problems [Bennell, K, Matheson G, Meeuwisse W, Brukner P. Risk factors for stress fractures. Sports Med 1999;28(2):91–122]. Therefore, the question arises whether long distance running affects foot loading characteristics like ground reaction forces and peak pressure in specific areas of the foot. Purpose To investigate the effects of long distance running on plantar pressure patterns before and after a marathon race. Study design Repeated measurements of recreational runners before and after a marathon race. Methods Two hundred participants of the third Muenster marathon, 2004, were measured before and after the race with plantar pressure measurements during barefoot walking on a capacitive platform. The ratio between forefoot and toe loading was calculated to assess a suggested loading shift between these areas. Results The results of the whole group of participants revealed a significant difference in foot loading characteristics before and after the race. Post-race peak pressure and impulse values were higher in the forefoot regions and reduced under the toes. Conclusions The increased peak pressure under the metatarsal heads after the race indicates a load shift from the toes to the metatarsal heads. This suggests an increased loading of the metatarsal bones and could explain the increased incidence of metatarsal stress fractures in long distance runners.

Frontal Plane–Guided Percutaneous Tendo Achilles’ Lengthening

The authors review the historical evolution of the percutaneous tendo Achilles’ lengthening (PTAL), pertinent anatomy, and advantages and disadvantages of the procedure, and present a technique for addressing gastrocsoleus equinus, using the frontal plane rearfoot valgus or varus as the guiding factors when placing incisions for triple partial transection PTAL. The PTAL is being increasingly utilized to alleviate excessive plantar foot pressures to aid in treating chronic ulcers associated with diabetic, neuropathic, and post partial foot amputations, and is often considered the surgical treatment of choice for nonspastic gastrocsoleus equinus (1).

A prospective biomechanical study of the association between foot pronation and the incidence of anterior knee pain among military recruits

Excessive foot pronation has been considered to be related to anterior knee pain. We undertook a prospective study to test the hypothesis that exertional anterior knee pain is related to the static and dynamic parameters of foot pronation. Two weeks before beginning basic training lasting for 14 weeks, 473 infantry recruits were enrolled into the study and underwent two-dimensional measurement of their subtalar joint displacement angle during walking on a treadmill. Of the 405 soldiers who finished the training 61 (15%) developed exertional anterior knee pain. No consistent association was found between the incidence of anterior knee pain and any of the parameters of foot pronation. While a statistically significant association was found between anterior knee pain and pronation velocity (left foot, p = 0.05; right foot, p = 0.007), the relationship was contradictory for the right and left foot. Our study does not support the hypothesis that anterior knee pain is related to excessive foot pronation.

Re: Factors associated with chronic plantar heel pain: a systematic review

1 d he paper by Irving et al.1 in this issue is an xtensive, well-presented and constructive systemtic literature review in an area where there are any theories, yet little conclusive work comleted. Chronic plantar heel pain (CPHP) is a ommon musculoskeletal condition often seen by ealth care professionals. A number of risk facors have been reported in the literature and have ncluded overuse, over-training, excessive body eight, biomechanical changes to the properties f the soft tissue and/or altered biomechanics in articular excessive foot pronation. Occupations hat require extended periods of weight-bearing ave also been reported with the development of PHP. Irving et al. report that previous literature on PHP offers only a descriptive comparison between roups, limiting the statistical interpretation of he differences. Limited research has specifically ested risk factors by using appropriate statistial analysis for prediction. Irving et al. have synunderstand the impact of the major risk factors associated with this chronic condition. The authors postulate that, where such analyses have been applied, statistical assumptions and power standards have often been violated, especially with respect to determining appropriate sample sizes. A methodological quality assessment tool enabled the authors to evaluate key papers systematically and therefore to ensure internal and external validity and thus determine a minimum quality threshold for the selection of studies for the review. Although there is insufficient empirical evidence regarding validity of the application of a scoring system, a basic scoring system does give the reader a global picture of the quality of each study. Irving et al. go on to state that dynamic foot motion is not associated with chronic plantar heel pain and only a weak association was found with decreased first metatarsophangeal joint extension hesised the data by calculating the effect size nd odds ratios. Effect size is simply a way of uantifying the effectiveness of a particular risk actor. The use of Tables (2—7) helps the reader (Table 5). However, the concept of excessive foot motion, in particular rearfoot pronation, in the development of chronic plantar heel pain is a popular belief among clinicians and is commonly cited a r f

Association of Footwear with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome in Runners

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common knee problem with a diverse aetiology. One of the clinically well accepted risk factors is malalignment of the lower extremities, including excessive foot pronation, tibial and femoral rotations. A feature of footwear technology entitled 'motion control' aims to reduce excessive movements of the rearfoot during sports activities, and has been developed and used by runners. However, no studies have reported a causal relationship between footwear and PFPS. This review attempts to explore a possible link between the footwear and PFPS so as to shed light on whether proper selection of shoes may be an adjunct therapeutic consideration in the management of patients with PFPS.

Appropriate exercise and correct gait as a needful supplement in treatment of excessive pronation and flat foot

As the previous research shows (St'astna 1997–1998), the dependence of frequency of excessive pronation and flat foot on the age of children suggests that there might be some features having positi...

Incidence and risk factors for injury in non-elite Australian Football

This paper identifies the risk and protective factors for injury in non-elite Australian Football. Five hundred and thirty five non-elite Australian footballers completed a baseline questionnaire at the commencement of the 1997 preseason. Participants were telephoned each month during the 1997 and 1998 playing seasons to provide details of their exposure at training and games and any injury experiences in the previous four weeks. The incidence of injury in this study was 24 injuries per 1000 player hours. The risk factors for injury were identified as: not wearing sports-specific football boots (IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.90); an existing back pathology (IRR 1.29, 95% CI 1.10-1.51); excessive foot pronation (IRR 1.29, 95% CI 1.07-1.56); and extroverted behaviour (IRR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.03). Cooling down after training (IRR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90-0.99) and not being injured in the previous 12 months (IRR 0.73, 95% CI 0.61-0.88) were found to be protective against injury. This study found that there was a high risk of injury associated with playing Australian Football at a community level. Further research is required to gain an understanding of the mechanisms by which the identified risk factors influence injury risk in community level Australian Football.

The effect of simple insoles on three-dimensional foot motion during normal walking

Background. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of simple non moulded flat based insoles on three-dimensional foot motion during normal walking. Excessive foot pronation is considered a major contributing factor to lower limb injuries. Moulded foot orthoses have been shown to decrease maximum foot eversion. Simple insoles are widely used in clinical practice as an alternative to moulded orthoses. However, there has been little research into the kinematic effects of simple insoles. Methods. All subjects had an inverted rearfoot and forefoot position when the subtalar joint was placed in neutral, which was assessed by a weight bearing goniometer. Rotations of the whole foot about three orthogonal axes relative to the shank were estimated using a five camera motion analysis system. Findings. Biplanar insoles significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced maximum eversion by an average of 3.1° when compared to the no insole condition. The cobra insole reduced maximum eversion by an average of 2.1° when compared to the no insole condition. This difference approached statistical significance ( P = 0.058). Interpretation. Biplanar and cobra insoles had no significant effect on maximum dorsiflexion, abduction or rate of eversion, when compared to the no insole condition. These results provide some limited support for the use of simple insoles to control for excessive foot pronation during walking.

Cerebellar damage produces context-dependent deficits in control of leg dynamics during obstacle avoidance

It has been suggested that the cerebellum is an important contributor to CNS prediction and control of intersegmental dynamics during voluntary multijoint reaching movements. Leg movements subserve different behavioral goals, e.g., locomotion versus voluntary stepping, which may or may not be under similar dynamic control. The objective was to determine whether cerebellar leg hypermetria (excessive foot elevation) during obstacle avoidance in locomotion and voluntary stepping could be attributed to a particular deficit in appropriately controlling intersegmental dynamics. We compared the performance of eight individuals with cerebellar damage to eight healthy controls as they walked or voluntarily stepped in place over a small obstacle. Joint kinematics and dynamics were calculated during swing phase for both movement contexts. The kinematic analysis showed that hypermetria occurred during both walking and stepping and was associated with excessive knee flexion. When present, the amplitude of hypermetria was greater during stepping compared to walking. During stepping, subjects with cerebellar damage produced excessive knee flexor muscle torques and consequently overcompensated for interaction and gravitational torques normally used to decelerate the limb. During walking, the torque pattern was very similar to that of control subjects walking over a taller obstacle, and therefore might be a voluntary compensatory strategy to avoid tripping. Our results show that the extent of kinematic and dynamic abnormalities associated with cerebellar leg hypermetria is context-specific, with more fundamental abnormalities of leg dynamics being apparent during stepping as opposed to walking.

シューズ安定性設計のための最適化アプローチ(シューズ(2))

Stability which controls the excessive foot motion is one of the important requirement property for running shoes. It is effective for designing the stability to control the torsional deformation of sole at the midfoot region. However the direct structural design is so difficult, because sole torsional deformation is affected by the three-dimensional sole geometry. In this study the optimized designing method based on the homogenization method is applied to sole stability designing. At first, torsional stiffness evaluation base on eigenvibration mode obtained from eigenfrequency analysis is proposed. Then topological optimized designing method in which object function is maximum of eigenfrequency is carried out to design the midfoot region. Finally the validity of the above method is checked by the comparison with the experiment result.

The role of foot orthoses as an intervention for patellofemoral pain.

Foot orthoses often are prescribed for patients with patellofemoral pain. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to review the theoretical and research basis that might support this intervention and to provide our own clinical experience in providing foot orthoses for these patients. Literature is reviewed regarding (1) the effects of foot orthoses on pain and function, (2) the relationship between foot and lower-extremity/patellofemoral joint mechanics, (3) the effects of foot orthoses on lower-extremity mechanics, and (4) the effects of foot orthoses on patellofemoral joint position. The literature and our own clinical experience suggest that patients with patellofemoral pain may benefit from foot orthoses if they also demonstrate signs of excessive foot pronation and/or a lower-extremity alignment profile that includes excessive lower-extremity internal rotation during weight bearing and increased Q angle. The mechanism for foot orthoses having a positive effect on pain and function for these patients may include (1) a reduction in internal rotation of the lower extremity; (2) a reduction in Q angle; (3) reduced laterally-directed soft tissue forces from the patellar tendon, the quadriceps tendon, and the iliotibial band; and (4) reduced patellofemoral contact pressures and altered patellofemoral contact pressure mapping. Foot orthoses may be a valuable adjunct to other intervention strategies for patients who present with the previously stated structural alignment profile.

The effect of inturning of the foot on knee kinematics and kinetics in children with treated idiopathic clubfoot

Objective. To assess the effect of internal foot progression angle (inturning) on knee dynamics in children with treated clubfeet. Design. Prospective study dividing a population of clubfeet according to the factor inturning. Background. Excessive internal or external foot progression angle increases knee flexion by a backward shift of the ground reaction force to the knee joint in children with cerebral palsy. Similarly, inturning in clubfeet was hypothesized to shift the ground reaction force backwards with reference to the knee joint, increasing the external knee flexion moment and the maximal knee flexion at stance. Methods. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed on 20 children with surgically treated clubfeet (n=28) to assess alterations of knee dynamics related to inturning (>7°) and on 13 normal children. Results. Inturning occurred in 46% of the clubfeet and was associated during stance, at maximal knee flexion, to an increase in maximal knee flexion (+7°), external knee flexion moment (+60%) and related lever arm to the knee (+100%) and at minimal knee flexion, to a reduction in external knee extension moment (−62%) and related lever arm (−58%). Inturning was associated with a more frequent prolongation of internal knee extension moment and of rectus femoris activity exceeding 50% of stance. Conclusion. Inturning in clubfeet is associated with knee dynamics alteration, which might contribute to the long-term development of knee osteoarthritis. Relevance The therapeutic correction of inturning in clubfeet would be of importance if the consecutive knee dynamics alteration is shown by further studies to contribute to long-term degenerative knee pathology.

Systematic review of the quality of randomized controlled trials for patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Systematic review of the literature. To develop a grading scale to judge the quality of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and conduct a systematic review of the published RCTs that assess nonoperative treatments for patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Systematic reviews of the quality and usefulness of clinical trials allow for efficient synthesis and dissemination of the literature, which should facilitate clinicians' efforts to incorporate principles of evidence-based practice in the clinical decision-making process. Using a scale based on criteria in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, we sought to critically appraise the methodology used in RCTs related to the nonoperative management of PFPS, synthesize and interpret our results, and report our findings in a user-friendly fashion. A scale to assess the methodological quality of trials was designed and pilot tested for its content and reliability. Published RCTs identified during a literature search were then selected and rated by 6 raters. We used predefined cutoff scores to identify specific weaknesses in the clinical research process that need to be improved in future clinical trials. The quality scale we developed was demonstrated to be sufficiently reliable to warrant interpretation of the reviewers' findings. The percentage of trials that met a minimum level of quality for each specific criterion ranged from a low of 25% for the adequacy of the description of the randomization procedure to a high of 95% for the description and standardization of the intervention. Based on the results of trials exhibiting a sufficient level of quality, treatments that were effective in decreasing pain and improving function in patients with PFPS were acupuncture, quadriceps strengthening, the use of a resistive brace, and the combination of exercises with patellar taping and biofeedback. The use of soft foot orthotics in patients with excessive foot pronation appeared useful in decreasing pain. In addition, at a short-term follow-up, patients who received exercise programs were discharged earlier from physical therapy. Unfortunately, most RCTs reviewed contained qualitative flaws that bring the validity of the results into question, thus diminishing the ability to generalize the results to clinical practice. These flaws were primarily in the areas of randomization procedures, duration of follow-up, control of cointerventions, assurance of blinding, accountability and proper analysis of dropouts, number of subjects, and the relevance of outcomes. Also, given the limited number of high-quality clinical trials, recommendations about supporting or refuting specific treatment approaches may be premature and can only be made with caution.

Evolution of foot orthotics—part 2: Research reshapes long-standing theory

Objective: To challenge casual understanding of the causal mechanisms of foot orthotics. Although the classic orthotic paradigm of Merton L. Root and his colleagues is often acknowledged, the research attempting to explain and validate these mechanisms is far less clear in its appraisal. Data Sources: Studies evaluating the relationship of foot type (medial arch height) and use of foot orthoses to the motions of the foot and ankle were compared and contrasted. A search was conducted to evaluate other possible mechanisms of orthotic intervention. Results: Although Root's methods of foot evaluation (subtalar neutral position) and casting (non–weight-bearing) are well referenced, these methods have poor reliability, unproven validity, and are, in fact, seldom strictly followed. We challenge 2 widely held concepts: that excessive foot eversion leads to excessive pronation and that orthotics provide beneficial effects by controlling rearfoot inversion/eversion. Numerous studies show that patterns of rearfoot inversion/eversion cannot be characterized either by foot type or by orthotics use. Rather, subtle control of internal/external tibial rotation appears to be the most significant factor in maintaining proper supination/pronation mechanics. Recent evidence also suggests that proprioceptive influences play a large, and perhaps largely unexplored, role. Conclusions: Considerable evidence supports the exploration of new theories and paradigms of orthotics use. Investigations of flexible orthotic designs, proprioceptive influences, and the 3-dimensional effects of subtalar joint motion on the entire kinetic chain are areas of research that show great promise.

INTERDEPENDENCY OF FOOT KINEMATICS AMONG PRO/SUPINATION COMPONENTS FOR VARIOUS FOOT-PROGRESSION ANGLES DURING GAIT

Understanding how the foot progression angle affects the foot kinematics, and interdependence of foot pro/supination components may be an important consideration for identifying those changes in a locomotor disorder arising from the pathological gait. Thirty females with different foot progression angle during normal gait were selected and assigned to one of the groups (neutral, toe-in and toe-out). Each participate performed 10 trials of barefoot walking during which 3-D foot kinematics were analyzed. Compare to the neutral group, the statistical analysis (p < 0.05) demonstrated that the toe-out group landed in greater inversion position (−4° ± 2°) and accompanied with greater abduction position (8° ± 3°); while the toe-in group landed in greater eversion position (1° ± 5°) and accompanied with less abduction position (3° ± 1°). At the instant of toe-off, the toe-out and toe-in groups were in the significantly greatest (9° ± 5°) and least (3° ± 1°) inversion position and accompanied with greatest (6° ± 7°) and least (−1° ± 3°) abduction position, respectively. The results suggested that foot progression angle affected the foot kinematics during gait. The different positional components of foot pro/supination indicated inter-dependent relationships that allowed the non-neutral groups with excessive or insufficient foot positioning around one axis direction a compensatory shift to another axis. In addition, the foot compensatory mechanisms could be separated as two opposite conditions which are inverse proportion within the pronation (or supination) components and direct proportion between pronation and supination components. On the other hand, the most observable differences of positioning could also have affected the abilities to absorb impact forces effectively and provide foot rigidity adequately. Individuals predisposed to landing in a toe-in position may be most affected by potentially deleterious foot-ankle mechanics. The study provided a preliminary insight into the interdependency of the foot pro/supination components which is suggested to be important to distinguish between/normal/ and /abnormal/ gait.