Excess Supply Research Articles

Space-Efficient 3D Microalgae Farming with Optimized Resource Utilization for Regenerative Food.

Photosynthetic microalgae produce valuable metabolites and are a source of sustainable food that supports life without compromising arable land. However, the light self-shading, excessive water supply, and insufficient space utilization in microalgae farming have limited its potential in the inland areas most in need of regenerative food solutions. Herein, this work develops a 3D polysaccharide-based hydrogel scaffold for vertically farming microalgae without needing liquid media. This liquid-free strategy is compatible with diverse microalgal species and enables the design of living microalgal frameworks with customizable architectures that enhance light and water utilization. This approach significantly increases microalgae yield per unit water consumption, with an 8.8-fold increase compared to traditional methods. Furthermore, the dehydrated hydrogels demonstrate a reduced size and weight (≈70% reduction), but readily recover their vitality upon rehydration. Importantly, valuable natural products can be produced in this system including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and carotenoids. This study streamlines microalgae regenerative farming for low-carbon biomanufacturing by minimizing light self-shading, relieving water supply, and reducing physical footprints, and democratizing access to efficient aquatic food production.

Photosystem II Tolerance to Excess Zinc Exposure and High Light Stress in Salvia sclarea L.

High light (HL) intensity has a substantial impact on light energy flow and partitioning within photosynthetic apparatus. To realize the impact of HL intensity on zinc (Zn) tolerance mechanisms in clary sage (Salvia sclarea L., Lamiaceae) plants, we examined the effect of the altered chlorophyll and nutrient uptake under excess Zn supply on the response mechanism of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry. Eight-week-old clary sage plants were treated with 5 μM Zn (control) or 900 μM Zn in Hoagland nutrient solution. Leaf elemental analysis for Zn, Mn, Mg, and Fe was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), whereas PSII functioning under HL was evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis. Exposure of S. sclarea plants to 900 μM Zn increased leaf Zn accumulation and decreased leaf Mg and chlorophyll. The decreased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) provided evidence of the photoprotection offered by the smaller light-harvesting antennae due to the reduced chlorophyll. The increased Mn after Zn exposure corresponded with higher efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) that was significantly correlated with the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm). An increased electron transport rate (ETR) coincided with increased leaf Fe, which is known to play a vital role in the enzymes engaged in ETR. The decreased (32%) NPQ after an 8-day exposure to Zn caused an increased (10%) quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO), indicative of an increased singlet oxygen (1O2) production. It is suggested that the decreased NPQ induced acclimation responses of clary sage plants to HL and excess Zn by increasing 1O2 production. The reduced (18%) excess excitation energy (EXC) at PSII and the increased (24%) quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) and ETR indicated improved photosynthetic efficiency under excess Zn and HL intensity. Therefore, the exposure of medicinal plants to excess Zn not only boosts their photosynthetic efficiency, enhancing crop yields, but can also improve Fe and Zn content, ameliorating the human health deficiency of these two essential micronutrients.

The allocation of carbon resources in marine capture fisheries.

Marine fishery carbon emissions play a significant role in agricultural carbon emissions, making resource allocation a crucial topic for the overall marine ecological protection. This paper evaluates the dynamic iteration method as a research approach with the factors of resource allocation consisting of value assessment, optimization objective, difference between value assessment and objective, and optimization calculation. The paper selects the shadow price from the Super-SBM model as the judgment function for the goal value, aiming for the fairness criterion. From an equity standpoint, the allocation of carbon resources in marine capture fisheries proves to be unreasonable. The fishery model exhibits an excessive supply of carbon resources, resulting in wastage, while the green fishery model faces a relatively limited supply, with a focus on energy conservation and environmental protection. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new method and discusses the corrective results. This result shows that the stabilization point achieved is a short-term equilibrium rather than a long-term one. By rectifying the social contradiction of profit-oriented approaches, this research provides a fresh perspective for economic studies and applications, particularly in industrial layout and resource utilization optimization.

Brand on the run: place brands as judgement devices and sources of local advantage in the music industry

ABSTRACT Products from certain areas are assumed to share qualities by virtue of where they are made. This article considers the economic significance of such place brands in the wider market for symbolic goods. It forwards a theory of these as judgement devices, whereby place reputation serves to lower search costs in symbolic goods markets with excess supply. This theory is investigated through a study of an online music platform where a weak form of place branding is available to producers. Results suggest that branding is associated with musical success at the individual level and that place brands may act as strategic resources for producers from creative clusters. Branding effects do not necessarily depend on the content of the place brand signal (i.e., country acts branded from Nashville are not especially privileged) and may be based in simpler heuristic mechanisms where a listed origin is a stamp of quality or an aid in recognition.

Statistical Study of the Russian Financial System under Sanctions

Purpose of the study. The imposition of sanctions on the financial sector and suspending relations with international financial institutions in 2022 has significantly affected the external conditions for the development of the domestic financial sector, caused an increase in geopolitical tensions and instability in the Russian currency market. It is necessary to study and understand the processes currently taking place in the financial market. The article is devoted to the statistical assessment of the impact of sanctions on the Russian financial system in 2022 and 2023. The purpose of research paper is to identify the situation on the currency, money and credit, debt market, as well as in the budgetary sphere, to assess the relationship between the dynamics of key financial indexes in the sanctions crisis. Materials and methods. The sources of information for the calculations were official data from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Bank of Russia, the provider of data on financial markets Cbonds and PJSC “Moscow Exchange”. The article used statistical methods of analysis: variations, dynamics, hypothesis testing. Determination of anomalous levels of the time series was carried out using the Irwin method. Differences in average federal budget indexes were assessed using the Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test. The dependence of the dynamics of the main financial indexes was assessed on the basis of time series correlation. Results. The study allowed us to conclude that 2022 was a critical year for the Russian financial system. All its sectors were affected by sanctions restrictions. The weakening of the national currency was revealed in the currency market, and it was found that the dollar exchange rate in 2023 was abnormally high for the period from 2000 to 2023. The budget sector hasdemonstrated stability. The results of the study showed that the sanctions pressure did not affect the revenue part of the federal budget. However, the average monthly expenditure of the federal budget increased statistically significantly by almost three times in 2022. The monetary market reacted with an excessive supply of money. The increase in the money supply has reached its highest value in the last 10 years. The money supply growth was accompanied by changes in its structure. The banking sector showed the development of the credit growth trend. The debt market reacted with a rapid growth of corporate bonds volume, the highest for the last 10 years. And the market of federal loan bonds was characterized by a rapid reduction in the volume of federal loan bonds owned by non-residents and a decrease in the share of non-residents. The interrelation between the dynamics of the US dollar exchange rate and the volume of corporate lending associated with the conversion of loans in US dollars and euros into yuan was revealed. Direct interrelation was observed in the dynamics of money supply and the volume of corporate bonds and federal loan bonds market. Conclusion. The financial system is adapting to new circumstances. The transformation of methods and tools of financial regulation accompany this process. This process requires studying and understanding changes in the composition, dynamics, and interconnection of the structural elements of the financial system, as well as finding ways for its development.

Utilizing supply-demand bundles in Nature-based Recreation offers insights into specific strategies for sustainable tourism management

Balancing supply and demand in Nature-based Recreation (NbR) has the potential to yield co-benefits across multiple Ecosystem Services (ES), helping to make tourism activities more sustainable. However, a comprehensive understanding of supply-demand mismatches in NbR is challenging due to the complex interaction among various social, economic and ecological factors. This paper investigates mismatches in NbR supply and demand to provide insights for informing spatial and regional planning to achieve sustainable tourism. To this end, the paper uses a wide range of indicators such as biophysical attributes, accessibility and social indicators to map and assess NbR supply and demand, followed by the application of spatial statistics to analyse supply-demand mismatches. Cluster analysis was performed based on the supply-demand relationship to identify a typology of NbR ES across the study area in the north of Iran. The paper proposes an innovative application of recreation ES bundles with potential implications for sustainable tourism in a region marked as a hot spot for tourism. The analysis generated a typology of five bundles of NbR ES with differing recreational opportunities. Bundles 1 and 2, characterized by a supply surplus and substantial ecological value, are suitable for NbR activities such as camping, hiking, climbing, and birdwatching. In contrast, bundle 4 and 5 associated with urban centres, experience a supply deficit, making them less suitable for NbR. Bundle 3, characterized by a mixture of natural and productive lands, plays an important role in maintaining a balanced supply-demand state. This region holds potential for diverse forms of tourism, including rural and agricultural recreation such as farm tours and farm life experiences. Based on findings, the paper provides valuable insights for spatial and regional planning by proposing targeted strategies to sustainably manage tourism activities.

The Scaling-up of Agricultural Mechanization Services and the Re-shaping of Small-Scale Household Farming in China

Abstract Taking the case of the agricultural mechanization service industry as an example, this study discusses the dynamics of the transformation of China’s agricultural contracting service industry in the context of the scaling-up of agricultural production, and how the transformation is reshaping small-scale household farming in grain production. With the accelerated growth of farmland transfer, large-scale agricultural producers have been emerging rapidly in different parts of China in the past years. Since their demand for agricultural contracting services is different from that of small-scale household producers, the scaling-up of agricultural production has promoted the scaling-up of agricultural contracting services. Meanwhile, the capital surplus in the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry has created three consequences simultaneously: the excess supply of agricultural mechanization services, the acceleration of agricultural machinery renewal, and the rising cost of machinery purchases. The interactions of these three factors not only raised the threshold of the agricultural machinery service industry, which makes it difficult for part-time service providers to survive market competition, but also shortened the time window for machinery service provision, which makes it difficult for large-scale agricultural producers to balance land operation and machinery service provision. Consequently, large-scale agricultural machinery service organizations are continuously replacing those small-scale part-time service providers. During this process, small-scale household producers engaged in grain production are faced with increasing risks of being excluded from farming, both directly and indirectly, as it is difficult for small producers to deal with large service organizations, and the small-scale part-time service providers that used to serve them are continually being replaced.

Flexibility Potential of Smart Charging Electric Trucks and Buses

In addition to passenger vehicles, battery-electric trucks and buses could offer substantial flexibility to the energy system. Using a Bass diffusion model, we extrapolated the unidirectional charging needs and availability of trucks in five of eleven typical applications, as well as city buses, for Germany until 2040. Combined, these heavy-duty vehicles could provide up to 23 GW of down-regulating flexibility potential (i.e., in case of excess power supply) in 2040. The resulting revenues could contribute to reducing electricity costs for depot operators. These results illustrate the need to provide easy and automated market access to heavy-duty vehicle fleets.

Excess demand or excess supply? A comparison of renewable energy certificate markets in the United Kingdom and Australia

Comparing the United Kingdom's Renewables Obligation and Australia's Renewable Energy Target, this paper reconstructs the market for green certificates in which penalties are imposed on missed certificates. Our analysis shows that excess demand in the Renewables Obligation makes the penalty the minimum certificate price, but excess supply in the Renewable Energy Target makes the penalty the maximum certificate price. Further, excess supply also implies that the sales of certificates are not guaranteed in the Renewable Energy Target. Therefore, compared to the Renewables Obligation, generators face greater risk under the Renewable Energy Target as there is more uncertainty about the price of certificates and the possibility of sales.

Tata Kelola Persediaan Bahan Baku Usaha Djamoe Van Java untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Pembuatan Jamu

Raw material inventory is unprocessed basic material provided by the company for later use in the company's production process. Raw materials are important in production companies. Limited or excess supplies of raw materials can be a problem for the company. A shortage of raw materials can result in problems with company activities, especially in the production process, while excess supplies of raw materials can lead to excessive costs in maintaining raw materials and the value of raw materials will decrease over time (Anista & Widiyastuti, 2016). The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. According to Winartha (2006: 155), the quantitative descriptive method is analyzing, describing and summarizing various conditions and situations from various data in the form of numbers collected from the results of analysis and interviews or observations regarding the problems being studied that occur in the field. Based on the calculation results, the optimal quantity of raw material orders for the Djamoe Van Java business is 10 Kg. Based on the results of the research and discussion described previously, it can be concluded that to obtain optimal raw material inventory management for the Djamoe Van Java business, the quantity The economic purchase (EOQ) that the company must provide is 10 kg. The results of calculations that have been carried out in Total Inventory Cost (TIC) show that after implementing an appropriate and optimal inventory control system, the company can save costs of IDR 150,000. Companies should determine Reorder Points in carrying out raw material inventory control to anticipate possible delays in ordering raw materials.

Where have all the pediatric anesthesiology fellows gone in the USA? Anesthesiology fellowship trends.

Recent consternation over the number of unfilled Pediatric Anesthesiology fellowship positions in the United States compelled us to assess the change in the ratio of Pediatric Anesthesiology fellows to the number of graduating anesthesiology residents over the 14-year period between 2008 and 2022. We also sought to report the total ratio of anesthesiology fellows to graduating residents and trends in the annual number of fellowship applicants relative to the number of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited anesthesiology fellowship positions by specialty. We used publicly available resources, including ACGME Data Resource Books, National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) data, San Francisco (SF) Match data, and American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) data, to determine the ratio of anesthesiology fellows to graduating anesthesiology residents and to compare the number of fellowship applicants to fellowship positions for Adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Critical Care Anesthesiology, Obstetric Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Pediatric Anesthesiology. Since 2008, the ratio of ACGME-accredited anesthesiology fellows to graduating residents increased from 0.36 in 2008 (2007 residency graduates) to 0.59 in 2022 (2021 residency graduates) and the ratio of Pediatric Anesthesiology fellows to graduating residents remained relatively stable from 0.10 to 0.11. The number of unmatched positions in Pediatric Anesthesiology increased from 17 in 2017 to 86 in 2023, and all ACGME-accredited fellowships had more positions available than applicants in 2023. In the USA, while the ratio of Pediatric Anesthesiology fellowship graduates to anesthesiology residency graduates remained relatively constant from 2008 to 2022, this is likely a lagging indicator that has not yet accounted for the recent decrease in fellowship applicants. These findings refute prior estimates for a surplus in Pediatric Anesthesia supply in the USA and have significant implications for the future.

Moisture source differences between the 2020 and 1998 super Meiyu-flood events in the Yangtze River Valley

Two historic Meiyu events in 1998 and 2020 hit the Yangtze River Valley (YRV), causing catastrophic damage to the socio-economy. By tracking moisture supplies to the extreme precipitation events using Water Accounting Model-2Layers and ERA5 reanalysis, the moisture origins and their differences in feeding the YRV precipitation were revealed. Climatologically, the southwest monsoon channel is the most important moisture channel with the Indian Ocean contributing ∼45% and the Indo-China Peninsula contributing ∼16% of the YRV precipitation. During the two super Meiyu events, the Indian Ocean and the Indo-China Peninsula dominated the excessive moisture supply, which together contributed more than 65% of the extra precipitation. Moisture supply anomalies in 1998 and 2020 showed a robust spatial pattern of “west increase-east decrease”. When the YRV precipitation is higher than the normal, moisture mainly comes from the southwest sources, and moisture contribution from the northwestern Pacific is relatively small. We also found that the intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high is a major influencing factor that explained ∼47% of the YRV precipitation variation during 1991–2020. When it intensifies, an anomalous anticyclone is formed in the mid-lower troposphere around the tropical Northwest Pacific. In its northwestern flank, a strong southwesterly in the upwind of the YRV helps bring in more moisture through the southwest monsoon. In the downwind, it inhibits moisture supply from the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Compared with 2020, a drier condition over Indo-China Peninsula and YRV in 1998 led to a substantially less (∼29%) moisture supply to the YRV precipitation, resulting in a less strong Meiyu event in 1998.

Accelerated charging dynamics in shell-and-multi-tube latent heat storage systems for building applications

Thermal energy storage (TES) is an emerging technique to store the surplus energy generated during periods of excess supply and utilise it when demand arises. Phase change material (PCM) stands out as a highly efficient TES system. Enhancing heat transfer during phase change is a major challenge in creating effective PCM-based TES systems. This study focuses on enhancing the melting performance of a shell-and-tube latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system. This improvement is achieved by conducting an extensive parametric study involving various geometric factors including tube position from the bottom, vertical tube spacing, tube diameter, different heat exchanger shell aspect ratios, PCM temperature, tube temperature, and PCM type. A three-dimensional model is simplified to a two-dimensional geometry for numerical simulation. The results indicate that the PCM melting time decreased by 20.6 % and 4.4 % with a 20 mm vertical tube distance compared to 15 mm and 25 mm. Among the considered scenarios, the configuration with a doubled number of tubes in width consistently exhibits a higher melt fraction throughout the entire duration. Regarding the aspect ratio, the square-shaped system demonstrates both quicker melting times and a higher energy storage rate. When comparing PCM types, it is evident that RT 35 exhibits a 3.2 % higher heat storage rate and a 44.7 % shorter melting time compared to RT 35 HC.

Guiding and constraining reclamation for coastal zone through identification of response thresholds for ecosystem services supply–demand relationships

AbstractEnhancing the understanding and management of ecosystem services (ESs) supply and demand under the influence of global change is crucial for sustaining human well‐being and promoting sustainable development. However, the comprehension of changes in ecosystem service dynamics in the face of complex human disturbances remains limited. This study focuses on four representative ESs in the northern Liaodong Bay, a typical global estuary wetland, to elucidate alterations in the supply and demand of these ESs and comprehend the impact mechanisms arising from reclamation activities. The findings reveal the following key insights: between 1993 and 2020, the supply and demand for water yield disparity became increasingly pronounced, while the equilibrium between supply and demand for carbon storage shifted from surplus to balance. In contrast, the excess supply–demand of food supply and landscape esthetics remained relatively consistent. This study delves deeper into the non‐linear relationship between reclamation activities and ESs supply–demand relationships, with each ecosystem service exhibiting distinct patterns. As reclamation intensity rises, the supply–demand ratio of ESs exhibits varying trends: food supply and carbon storage demonstrate an inverted U‐shaped relationship, water yield follows a U‐shaped pattern, and landscape esthetics progressively decline. By identifying reclamation thresholds, different management strategies should be applied to areas exceeding and falling below these thresholds, with constraints and guidance being necessary for the former and the latter, respectively. These findings advance our understanding of ESs dynamics in the context of human‐driven changes and provide practical implications for sustainable ecosystem management in coastal areas.

Nutrient vitamins enabled metabolic regulation of ferroptosis via reactive oxygen species biology.

Vitamins are dietary components necessary for cellular metabolic balance, especially redox homeostasis; deficient or excessive supply may give rise to symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Exploring the nutritional and metabolic pathways of vitamins could contribute to uncovering the underlying pathogenesis of ferroptosis-associated diseases. This mini-review aims to provide insights into vitamins closely linked to the regulation of ferroptosis from the perspective of cellular reactive oxygen species biology. The mainstream reprogramming mechanisms of ferroptosis are overviewed, focusing on unique biological processes of iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, recent breakthroughs in therapeutic interventions targeting ferroptosis via fully utilizing vitamin-based pharmacological tools were overviewed, covering vitamins (B, C, E, and K). Finally, mechanism insight related to vitamin-associated nutrient signaling was provided, highlighting the pharmacological benefits of metabolically reprogramming ferroptosis-associated diseases.

Linear and non-linear dynamics of ecosystem services supply, demand, and mismatches across a rapidly urbanizing region

Achieving the sustainability of coupled human-nature systems requires matching the ecosystem services (ES) provided by nature to the needs of society. However, most of the current studies on ES supply–demand relationships focus on spatial mismatches and rarely consider their temporal dynamics. In this study, the year-by-year dynamics (2001–2020) of 12 ESs at multiple spatial scales were investigated by using space–time interaction (STI) analysis, fuzzy C-mean clustering, and emerging hotspot analysis. We found that (1) three forms of temporal dynamics of ES indicators can be identified, including linear dynamics, fluctuating dynamics, and regime shift dynamics. (2) Temporal dynamic patterns of the same ES were not consistent across all counties, showing great spatial heterogeneity. The temporal dynamics of each ES type at each county were spatially explicitly clustered into linear dynamics, fluctuating dynamics, and regime shift dynamics with different means. (3) The ES supply–demand relationships can shift between supply–demand balance, excess supply, and excess demand when the temporal dynamics of ES supply do not match with that of ES demand. Our results suggest that temporal dynamic analysis in ecological restoration effectiveness assessment can help to avoid erroneous results compared to considering only pre- and post-policy ES changes. The identified emerging hotspots of excess supply and excess demand can help decision-makers more accurately identify priority locations for management.

Estimation of Crop Water Requirement of Sweet corn crop using CROPWAT 8.0 model

Most of the crops are watered through traditional methods of irrigation, which leads to wastage of water. The Crop Water Requirement (CWR) is necessary to design the irrigation system, which is the total quantity of water required for the crop from sowing to harvest.Optimization of water applied to the crop is essential as the yields of the crop are adversely affected either by excess or deficit water supply. CROPWAT 8.0 requires meteorological data as input such as maximum and minimum temperatures, wind speed, relative humidity, and sunshine hours. The soil and crop data were also given as input for calculating the CWR of sweet corn. The meteorological data of the past ten years was collected from the meteorological observatory, which is located at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The average values of the above-said data were calculated for ten years (2012-2021) to estimate the crop water requirement using CROPWAT 8.0. The crop water requirement was estimated as 332 mm using the CROPWAT 8.0 model. It was found to be minimal in the initial stages (15.60 mm/dec) and found to be maximum in the middle stages (64.80 mm/dec), and again at harvesting stage, it started declining (16.70 mm/dec). CROPWAT 8.0 model gives more accurate amount of water needed for the crop, which in turn helps the crop growers to design the appropriate irrigation scheduling.

Productivity and water saving of ‘Fortune’ plum under different water regimes

This study was conducted over four consecutive years (2015-2018) in the Sefrou region of Morocco, between Sais and the Middle Atlas Mountains. The goal of the study was to assess how plum trees respond to three different irrigation strategies: a normal supply of water (T2) to meet 100% of crop water needs; an irrigation deficit (T1) that provides only 75% of the water needs; and an additional water supply of 25% (T3) above the crop needs. The study found that deficient irrigation (T1) had no significant effect on plum yield or average fruit weight at harvest, but an excess water supply of 25% (T3) over the requirements (T2) resulted in higher yields and average fruit weight than the control. T3 also showed an increase in fruit size at harvest compared to the control, but not in T1 compared to T2. However, the excess water input for T3 did not justify the excess yield in terms of water use efficiency (WUE). On the other hand, T1 maintained the same level of production as the control while saving water, which resulted in a higher WUE compared to T2 and T3..

Health behaviour in baby boomers and Generations X, Y, and Z: focus on dietary fibre and saturated fat intake

Purpose: To assess the frequency of food intake as a source of dietary fibre and saturated fatty acid intake in terms of preventive health care for women and men of the baby boomer (BB), X, Y, and Z generations. Design/methodology/approach: The research instrument was a survey questionnaire administered through the computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) method using Google Forms. The survey was conducted from February to March 2023. The survey included 204 respondents between the ages of 19 and 60, residents of Gdynia. Purposive group selection was used. The results of the survey are presented as the percentage distribution (percentage) of each evaluation (% of indications). A chi-square test with Yates correction was used to determine the effect of gender and age on lifestyle, dietary style and frequency of dietary fibre and saturated fatty acid intake in the study groups. Findings: Analysis of the consumption of selected food groups by respondents showed that gender and age influenced the lifestyle and type of selected food products consumed by adults, and therefore the attainment of individual nutrient requirements, and the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. It is satisfactory that the level of fat intake among the surveyed group of respondents was at an appropriately low level. On the other hand, the inadequate and very low intake of dietary fibre among women and men remains a concern. Research limitations/implications: The research has certain limitations. The results obtained are not representative and cannot be generalised to the population of women and men of the baby boomer (BB), X, Y and Z generations in Poland. Practical implications: The present study is part of health risk management and health promotion in the Polish population. It is important that adults (in Poland) pay attention to the impact of the products they consume on their health, since the lack of a balanced diet and an excessive supply of simple carbohydrates and saturated fatty acids carries a risk of reducing their quality of life. It is essential to conduct research monitoring the dietary behaviour of various population groups to evaluate the need for preventive actions to ensure health and better safeguard the mental and physical condition of current and future generations. Social implications: The research is part of health risk management and health promotion in the Polish population. Originality/value: The research adds to the knowledge of adult eating behaviour from the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. Keywords: adult consumers, eating habits, health-related quality of life. Category of the paper: Research paper

ОЦІНКА НАВАНТАЖЕННЯ БІОГЕННИМИ ЕЛЕМЕНТАМИ БАСЕЙНУ Р. СУЛА ВІД ТОЧКОВИХ ТА ДИФУЗНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ

Excessive supply of nutrients, phosphorous and nitrogen, to water bodies leads to their eutrophication and other adverse natural processes in aquatic ecosystems. The Sulynska Bay, where the Sula River discharges, has been suffering from severe eutrophication and fish mortality. This is probably due to the high nutrient load in the Sula River basin. However, the dominant approach in Ukraine, which took into account only point sources, did not allow estimating the actual volumes of nutrient inputs to water bodies. A calculation method has been applied in the article for determining the nutrient load of the Sula basin, which takes into account the inputs from point and diffuse sources of pollution. The method applied enabled to establish that the emission in the Sula basin is 921 tons per year or 0.05 tons per km2 for nitrogen and 313 tons per year or 0.017 tons per km2 for phosphorous. However, due to natural processes (primarily nitrification-denitrification and sedimentation), some nutrients are retained in the basin and do not enter water bodies. Thus, it was calculated that 273 tons per year nitrogen and 135 tons per year phosphorous enter the Sula directly. The main nutrient sources are not point sources of pollution, but rather inputs from arable lands (96 tons per year for nitrogen and 95 tons per year for phosphorous) and from the population unconnected to sewage systems (68 tons per year for nitrogen). However, for phosphorous, point sources due to inefficient wastewater treatment facilities also contribute significantly to the nutrient load – 18 tons per year. The study emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to water resources management, which should at least include calculations of the load of catchment with nutrients from diffuse sources of pollution.