Excess 210Pb Research Articles

Radium and Lead Radioisotopes Composition of Sediment and Its Biogeochemical Implication in Polymetallic Nodule Area of Clario-Clipperton Zone.

Radioactivity levels of 210Pb and 226Ra were detected in a sediment core obtained using a multi-corer from the polymetallic nodule area inside the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), a contract area of the China Ocean Mineral Resources Association (COMR) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The profile of excess 210Pb (210Pbex) shows that the specific activity of 210Pbex has three parts with different distributions at depths of 0–16 cm (I), 17–36 cm (II), and 37–48 cm (III). When the I section of nonlocal mixing was excluded, using a steady-state diffusion mode, the bioturbation coefficients of the core were estimated to be 24.2 cm2/a at 17–36 cm deep and 5.9 cm2/a at 37–48 cm deep, which were greater compared to previously published results. This is most likely owing to bioturbations caused by various organism species in the two sections.

The sedimentation, bioturbation and organic matter degradation as revealed by excess 230Th and 210Pb in the Cosmonaut Sea

Sedimentation and bioturbation (the activity of benthic organisms) play an important role in organic matter degradation. The excess 230Th and 210Pb in a sediment core were used to evaluate the sedimentation, bioturbation and organic degradation processes in the Cosmonaut Sea, East Antarctica. Our results show that the sedimentation rate estimated from excess 230Th through the Constant Flux (CF) and Constant Flux and Constant Sedimentation (CFCS) models has changed in the past 200 ka. The mass accumulation and the linear sedimentation rates vary from 0.36 to 0.76 kg m-2 ka-1 and from 0.6 to 1.3 mm ka-1, which are significantly lower than the rates in other Antarctic seas. The stage III (120–202 ka), which corresponds to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 (glacial period), had the lowest sedimentation rate, indicating less sediment input by sea ice expansion. The bioturbation coefficient estimated by excess 210Pb is as low as 0.023 ± 0.003 cm2 a-1, showing inactive benthic activities. The average C/N ratio of organic matter is 7.2 ± 0.4, which is close to that of fresh organic matter and lower than the typical value of deep-sea sediments, indicating that organic matter is less degraded. The degradation rates of organic carbon and organic nitrogen estimated by the bio-diffusion model are 0.61 ka-1 and 0.29 ka-1, respectively, which are significantly lower than previously reported values for Southern Ocean sites. Despite the low sedimentation rate, low rates of bioturbation and inefficient organic matter degradation are conducive to the preservation of organic matter in sediments of the Cosmonaut Sea.

The constant flux and constant sedimentation (CF:CS) 210Pb chronological method applied to determine sedimentation rates at Amazon River watershed, Brazil

Activity profiles of excess 210Pb determined in three sediment cores from Amazon River mouth, Amapá State, Brazil, provide the evaluation of sedimentation rates, contributing to a better knowledge of the hydrological conditions. Chemical data on the sediments allowed calculation of the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) for each constituent analyzed. Significant direct relationships among Fe2O3 and major/minor constituents Al2O3 (r = 0.86), K2O (r = 0.94), MgO (r = 0.89), MnO (r = 0.92), BaO (r = 0.64), P2O5 (r = 0.62), and TiO2 (r = 0.54), inverse correlation between Fe2O3 and SiO2 (r = −0.93) and the direct correlation between SiO2 and LOI (loss on ignition) (r = 0.88) suggest competitive sorption of Si to Fe oxides and organic compounds. Igeo values between −3.75 and 0.22 for Si, Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ti, P, S, Sr, Ba, Rb, Zn, Cr, Nb, Cu, Ni, As, V, Ga, Tb, Y, and Ce indicate practically unpolluted environments despite several mining activities in the Amazon basin and its vicinity. The apparent sediment mass accumulation rates between 0.5 and 2.4 gcm−2yr−1 are compatible with the results of others studies. The 210Pb activity at one sampling point (P1) exhibited an abrupt fluctuation, similar to findings from previous studies held at the northern channel of the Amazon River discharge. On the other hand, in two sediment profiles (P2 and P3), the excess 210Pb activity data validate the use of the CF:CS method, yielding unique straight lines and increasing the sedimentation rates database.

Characteristics of Lake Sediment from Southwestern Mongolia and Comparison with Meteorological Data

To understand how the climate system works in the continental interior, sediment cores that are approximately 30-cm long were taken from Olgoy, Boontsagaan, and Orog lakes, Mongolia. These cores were analyzed and compared with meteorological data (air temperature, precipitation, and wind) from climate stations in the study area. Comparison of metrological data from four stations shows similar climate fluctuations. When the temperature was high, less precipitation occurred in general. The sedimentary features measured in this study were water content, organic matter, carbonate, amorphous silica contents, whole and mineral grain size, and grain density. Excess 210Pb measurements were used to estimate sedimentary ages. According to principal component analysis (PCA), temperature correlates well to sediment characteristics in Olgoy Lake. Whole and mineral grain sizes are coarser when the temperature is high, while the amorphous-silica concentration is lower. A coarse grain size is interpreted to reflect low lake levels due to evaporation under high temperature with less precipitation. Amorphous silica may be from surrounding plants and reflects less vegetation when the temperature is high. However, in the recent 30 years, after the social system changed and overgrazing became a problem, the amount of amorphous silica has positively correlated with temperature on a short time scale. In the past 30 years, with less vegetation, amorphous silica has mainly come from weathered mineral particles. High temperature caused a thick, weathered mantle for each mineral particle, resulting in high amorphous-silica concentration. In Boontsagaan Lake, whole and mineral grain sizes are coarser when the wind speed is increased. Low precipitation correlates with a decrease in organic matter and an increase in carbonate and amorphous silica. In Orog Lake, it is difficult to establish an age model due to dried-up events. Some fluctuations in sedimentary characteristics may correspond to extreme events, such as earthquakes, and natural hazards, such as dzuds (harsh winters).

Anthropogenic influences on sedimentary geochemistry of Itapessoca Estuarine Complex, Pernambuco, Brazil.

The Itapessoca Estuarine Complex is characterized by a history of intense economic activities developed on the banks of its tributary rivers, often exercised without any control or planning. In order to relate natural and/or anthropic events to the sediment age, radiometric dating method was performed by determining excess 210Pb in the sediment using the proportional gas flow technique. To investigate possible disturbances in recent sedimentation processes in studied area, 20 surfaces sediment samples and 2 sediment cores were collected for determination of concentrations of the chemical elements. Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Sr, Ti and Zn concentrations were determined by the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. Through the enrichment factors and ratios among some elements associated with geochronological data, it was possible identify geochemical changes in sedimentation of sampled points, with increase of minerals associated with fine fractions and decrease of the proportions of elements associated with coarse fractions. The radiometric dating reveals that Pb enrichment and the exacerbated increase of Ca and Sr enrichment factors are strongly related to the anthropic activity in the region.

210Pb-Derived Bioturbation Rates in Sediments Around Seamounts in the Tropical Northwest Pacific

To evaluate bioturbation coefficients (DB) and mixing depths (L), 210Pb and 226Ra activity was measured in two sediments cores (from water depths of 5,398 m and 4,428 m), which were collected from seamount areas in the Northwest Pacific. Using a steady-state diffusion mode, we estimated DB values of 16.8 and 24.1 cm2/a, higher than those in abyssal sediments and those predicted by traditional empirical equations. Corresponding L values varied between 19.3 and 23.1 cm. These high values indicate that seamounts are the area of active bioturbation. A one-dimensional model for the transport of total organic carbon (TOC) from the surface layer of sediments to the deep layer was developed using the distribution pattern of the specific activity of excess 210Pb (210Pbex) and its relationship with TOC. The model showed that the TOC flux transmitted downward by bioturbation was 0.09 mmol/(cm2⋅a) and 0.12 mmol/(cm2⋅a).

Legacy of anthropogenic lead in urban soils: Co-occurrence with metal(loids) and fallout radionuclides, isotopic fingerprinting, and in vitro bioaccessibility

Anthropogenic lead (Pb) in soils poses risks to human health, particularly to the neuropsychological development of exposed children. Delineating the sources and potential bioavailability of soil Pb, as well as its relationship with other contaminants is critical in mitigating potential human exposure. Here, we present an integrative geochemical analysis of total elemental concentrations, radionuclides of 137Cs and 210Pb, Pb isotopic compositions, and in vitro bioaccessibility of Pb in surface soils sampled from different locations near Durham, North Carolina. Elevated Pb (>400 mg/kg) was commonly observed in soils from urban areas (i.e., near residential house foundation and along urban streets), which co-occurred with other potentially toxic metal(loids) such as Zn, Cd, and Sb. In contrast, soils from city parks and suburban areas had systematically lower concentrations of metal(loids) that were comparable to geological background. The activities of 137Cs and excess 210Pb, coupled with their correlations with Pb and co-occurring metal(loids) were used to indicate the persistence and remobilization of historical atmospherically deposited contaminants. Coupled with total Pb concentrations, the soil Pb isotopic compositions further indicated that house foundation soils had significant input of legacy lead-based paint (mean = 1.1895 and 2.0618 for 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb, respectively), whereas urban streetside soils exhibited a clear mixed origin, dominantly of legacy leaded gasoline (1.2034 and 2.0416) and atmospheric deposition (1.2004–1.2055 and 2.0484–2.0525). The in vitro bioaccessibility of Pb in contaminated urban soils furthermore revealed that more than half of Pb in the contaminated soils was potentially bioavailable, whose Pb isotope ratios were identical to that of bulk soils, demonstrating the utility of using Pb isotopes for tracking human exposure to anthropogenic Pb in soils and house dust. Overall, this study demonstrated a holistic assessment for comprehensively understanding anthropogenic Pb in urban soils, including its co-occurrence with other toxic contaminants, dominant sources, and potential bioavailability upon human exposure.

Evidence of large increases in sedimentation rates due to fish trawling in submarine canyons of the Gulf of Palermo (SW Mediterranean)

Bottom trawling in submarine canyons can affect their natural sedimentation rates, but studies addressing this issue are still scarce. In the Gulf of Palermo (SW Mediterranean), bottom trawling occurs on the slope around Oreto, Arenella and Eleuterio canyons. Analyses of excess 210Pb concentrations and grain size fractions in sediment cores from their canyon axes revealed that sedimentation rates and silt contents increased in all canyons in the 1980s, due to the expansion of more powerful trawlers (>500 HP) to deeper fishing grounds. In Eleuterio and Arenella canyons, sedimentation rates increased by an order of magnitude (0.1-1.4 cm·yr-1), whereas they increased less (0.1-0.7 cm·yr-1) in Oreto Canyon, since the enhanced trawling-derived sediment fluxes into this canyon are affected by sediment resuspension from trawling along its axis. Considering the global expansion of bottom trawling, we anticipate similar alterations in other trawled canyons, with ecological consequences that should be addressed by management strategies.

Heterogeneous tidal marsh soil organic carbon accumulation among and within temperate estuaries in Australia

The scarcity of data on tidal marsh soil accumulation rates (SAR) and soil organic carbon accumulation rates (CAR) globally precludes a comprehensive assessment of the role of tidal marshes in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Particularly few data exist from the southern hemisphere and for Australia in particular, which contains ~24% of globally recognised tidal marsh extent. Here we estimate SAR and CAR over the last 70 years using 210Pb-based geochronologies in temperate estuarine tidal marsh ecosystems in southern Western Australia (WA). Specifically, we assessed tidal marsh ecosystems situated in two geomorphic settings (marine vs. fluvial deltas) within 10 wave-dominated, barrier estuaries. Overall, average SAR (1.1 ± 0.3 mm yr−1) and CAR (32 ± 9 g m−2 yr−1) estimates were 5-fold lower than global mean estimates. Furthermore, we showed that hotspots of soil organic carbon stocks are not indicative of current hotspots for CAR. The lack of significant differences (P > 0.05) in SAR, CAR, and excess 210Pb inventories between marine and fluvial settings can be explained by the high heterogeneity among and within estuaries throughout the region. The relative stability of recent and Holocene relative sea-levels in WA likely explains the limited CAR potential in tidal marshes under relatively stable sea-level conditions. However, further research exploring interactions among biotic and abiotic factors within estuaries is required to shed more light on the small spatial-scale variability in SAR and CAR across tidal marsh ecosystems in WA and elsewhere. This study provides baseline estimates for the inclusion of tidal marshes in national carbon inventories, identifies hotspots for the development of blue carbon projects, and supports the use of site-specific assessments opposed to regional means for estimating blue carbon resources.

Biogenic matter content in marine sediments in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula: Recent sedimentary conditions under a diverse environment of production, transport, selective preservation and accumulation

Burial fluxes of organic carbon and biogenic silica were determined in 17 continental shelf sediment cores collected from the northern Weddell Sea, the Bransfield Strait, and the southern Drake Passage. Coring sites included open-shelf stations as well as slope and glacial trough environments, with water depths varying from 220 to 760 m. Apparent 210Pb accumulation rates from these cores ranged from 0.04 g m−2y−1 to 0.21 g m−2y−1 (1 to 3 mm y−1), with organic carbon burial rates ranging from 3 to 15 g OC m−2y−1 and biogenic silica accumulation rates ranging from 15 to 126 g SiO2 m−2y−1. OC contents below the surface mixed layer ranged from 0.26 to 1.51 wt. % (avg. 0.64 %). Biogenic silica contents at depth ranged from 2.3 to 11.2 wt. % (avg. 7.5%), with an average bSi/OC ratio (wt. %/wt. %) at depth of 12. Annual OC primary production rates and biogenic silica production rates in the euphotic zone were estimated from satellite chlorophyll-a data in the literature and from a seasonal model for biogenic particle export from surface waters. Based on these biogeochemical data, preservation efficiencies (i.e., mass burial rate/water column production rate) were calculated for organic carbon and biogenic silica. These preservation efficiency values ranged from 2 to 18% (avg. 9%) for OC and 8 to 106% (avg. 54%) for bSi. These relatively high preservation efficiencies resulted from extensive lateral sediment focusing (210Pb Psi (Ψ) values [burial flux/water column production rate] ranging from 2 to 33; avg. of 16), cold bottom water temperatures (2 to −2°C), and relatively high biogenic Si and OC production rates in the euphotic zone. The enhanced preservation efficiency for bSi relative to OC (i.e., 54% vs. 9%) in these Antarctic settings is consistent with the change in the phytoplankton bSi/OC (wt. %/wt. %) value of 2 for this area to the burial bSi/OC value of 12. Excess 210Pb activities in surface sediments varied from 4 to 47 dpm g−1. The surface mixed layer in the seabed varied in thickness from 0 to 4 cm. The penetration of excess 210Pb into these Antarctic Peninsula sediments varied from 6 to 28 cm (avg. 18 cm). The inventory of excess 210Pb in the seabed varied from 13 to 230 dpm cm−2 (avg. 110 dpm cm−2). Although 210Pb was the only radionuclide measured in this study, “apparent” 210Pb sediment accumulation rate (SAR) values from these 17 cores (assuming that deep bioturbation is negligible) are believed to be accurate SAR values because of good agreement between 210Pb and 14C chronologies from nearby cores reported in the literature.

Organic carbon accumulation in oligotrophic coastal lakes in southern Brazil during the last century

We report organic carbon (OC) accumulation rates in three freshwater ecosystems in southern Brazil, along the largest shallow coastal lagoon ecosystem in the world, the Patos-Mirim-Mangueira. After European colonisation in the seventeenth century, regional wetlands started being replaced by agricultural fields (mostly rice). We used excess 210Pb to develop chronologies for lagoon sediment cores and quantify bulk sediment and OC accumulation rates. In the past 120 years, OC accumulation rates in Mirim and Mangueira Lagoons, which are influenced by rice paddies, averaged 14.9 ± 8.5 and 6.4 ± 3.7 g C m−2 year−1, respectively. Greater accumulation rates were estimated for macrophyte-dominated Nicola Lake (69.9 ± 38.5 g C m−2 year−1) located within the protected Taim Wetland with no direct influence of rice plantations. Starting in the early twentieth century, the construction of dams and drainage canals altered regional hydrology. Despite these anthropogenic changes, only a mild increase in OC accumulation was observed in Mirim Lagoon (15% only in site MIR2) after 1970. Mangueira Lagoon experienced the lowest OC burial rates despite increasing sedimentation rate and OC burial after the mid-1970s. This is probably because these large lakes (> 500 km2) have great nutrient-dilution potential, and their well-mixed water columns prevent nutrients from accumulating in the sediments over time.

Baseline radionuclide and heavy metal concentrations in sediments of Sabaki River estuary (Kenya, Indian Ocean)

Baseline study of natural (7Be, 210Pb, 226Ra, 234Th, 228Ra, 40K) and anthropogenic (137Cs) radionuclides was carried out in two cores collected from Sabaki River estuary (Kenya, Indian Ocean). There was no exponential decrease of excess 210Pb down the cores, which did not allow dating and determination of heavy metal pollution history. The use of 137Cs as a time marker was not possible due to its low fallout rates in East Africa. The short-lived radioisotope 7Be, a tracer of river floods, confirmed 2018 flood in Sabaki River estuary. Heavy metal concentration in the two cores showed nonsystematic trends with depth. Only Pb concentration in Sabaki River estuary was higher than the background levels. Application of the “Environmental Risk from Ionising Contaminants Assessment and management” (ERICA) tool confirmed that the potential dose rates to biota from the sediment radioactivity concentrations are unlikely to pose appreciable ecological risks.

Fine-tuning of 210Pb-based methods for dating vegetated saltmarsh sediments

Abstract Saltmarshes, wetlands, inter-tidal mudflats are highly productive natural ecosystems with significant ecological value. 210Pb and 137Cs have been used for establishing chronologies at a centennial scale in these sediments. They are relevant for assessing how saltmarshes are vulnerable to climate change, natural hazards and contamination from human inputs. This paper aims to review and adapt existing methods for the 210Pb-based radiometric dating of these sediments where the subterranean production and decay of OM are sources of achronicity. This limits the use of the basic assumption of considering the sediment as a continuous medium. From the available evidence, 210Pb fluxes onto sediments may be mediated by the activities bound to the mass flows, suggesting that models assuming a constant flux should be handled with care. The activity concentrations of excess 210Pb required by CF-CS, CIC and TERESA radiometric models must be those of the sediment mineral fraction, while CRS and PLUM can work with the composite sediment matrix. A review of these issues and application of the models is illustrated with new data from two recent saltmarsh sediment cores. The effects of non-ideal boundary conditions in radiometric dating and the system time-average of 137Cs fluxes are discussed. Although specific to vegetated saltmarshes, this topic and the present results have generic applications for other vegetated coastal sediments.

Kajian Erosi Tanah menggunakan Isotop 137Cs dan 210Pb Excess di Sub DAS Ciesek, DAS Ciliwung Hulu, Bogor

Metode jatuhan radioisotop (Fallout Radio Nuclides) telah lama dimanfaatkan dan dikembangkan untuk mempelajari dan mengukur erosi tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menduga erosi/deposisi tanah di Sub DAS Ciesek, DAS Ciliwung Hulu menggunakan jatuhan radioisotop 137Cs dan 210Pb excess di alam. Pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan menggunakan soil core pada empat transek penggunaan lahan yang berbeda. Sampel tanah dianalisis menggunakan Multi Channel Analyzer (MCA) untuk mendapatkan nilai inventori kedua radioisotop tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan pola distribusi erosi/deposisi antara isotop 137Cs dan 210Pb excess. Penggunaan isotop 137Cs menunjukkan proses erosi tanah terjadi pada lahan kebun campuran dan tegalan, tapi proses deposisi terjadi di lahan terbuka. Penggunaan 210Pb excess menunjukkan erosi tanah terjadi di lahan terbuka, namun deposisi terjadi di lahan kebun campuran dan tegalan. Penggunaan 210Pb excess pada penelitian ini lebih dapat diandalkan dibandingkan dengan 137Cs, dalam hal pendugaan erosi tanah

Reconstruction of temporal variations of metal concentrations using radiochronology (239+240Pu and 137Cs) in sediments from Kizilirmak River, Turkey

Sediment cores retrieved from rivers, lakes, and coastal marine environment have been widely utilized to reconstruct historical variations of anthropogenic pollutants. A sediment core was collected in the Kizilirmak River, Turkey during 2014 and analyzed for a suite of metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Ni, Co, Mn, As, Cd, Sb, V, Cr, Hg and Se) to reconstruct their temporal variations. Chronology was attempted using excess 210Pb (210Pbxs), 137Cs and 239,240Pu in the sediment cores. The vertical profile of excess 210Pb indicates that this core is not datable using excess 210Pb method. The 137Cs-based linear and mass apparent accumulation rates were estimated to be 0.84 cm year−1 and 0.93 g cm−2 year−1, respectively. These values are in agreement with the 239+240Pu peak-based linear (0.88 cm year−1) and mass apparent accumulation (0.97 g cm−2 year−1) rates. There is considerable broadening in the peaks of both 137Cs and 239,240Pu, likely due to post-depositional mixing processes. The measured sediment inventories of 210Pbxs, 137Cs and 239+240Pu were 38, 29, and 0.42 dpm cm−2, respectively, which were generally higher than the expected inventories based on local atmospheric depositional inventories. We attribute these enhanced inventories to potential sediment focusing and additional watershed erosional input. The Al-normalized enrichment factors (ANEF) were used to evaluate the contribution from natural versus anthropogenic sources. The ANEF of Ag, Ni, As, Cd and Se were > 1.5, which suggests a significant contribution of anthropogenic sources for these trace metals varied between 226% and 1163%. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values of the sediment column suggest that Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Mn, Sb, V and Hg were in an unpolluted level and the others were in a polluted level. Besides, both the ANEF and Igeo values of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, Se, Cd and Hg showed a peak at 28–30 cm layer (corresponds to 1978–1981), which is attributed to maximum metal release during 1970s.

Challenges to select suitable habitats and demonstrate ‘additionality’ in Blue Carbon projects: A seagrass case study

Seagrass restoration has been suggested as a Blue Carbon (BC) strategy for climate change mitigation. For Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and carbon crediting schemes, BC projects need to demonstrate ‘additionality’, that is enhanced CO2 sequestration and/or avoided greenhouse gas emissions following management actions. This typically requires determining soil carbon accumulation rates (CAR), which is often done using radionuclides or surface elevation tables to estimate sedimentation rates. Here we undertook a case study, using 210Pb and 14C dating, to detect possible changes in Corg stocks and CAR following the loss and partial recovery of Posidonia seagrass meadows in South Australia since 1980–90s. The 210Pb data revealed a lack of accumulation of excess 210Pb in most sites, suggesting negligible accumulation of sediments, intense mixing of the upper layers, or accumulation of reworked sediments, precluding the estimation of reliable CAR at decadal time scales. This limitation was also encountered with 14C. The inability to compare sites over analogous periods of time prevented quantifying differences in soil Corg sequestration, thereby to demonstrate additionality. The lack of significant differences in soil Corg stocks among sites which never suffered seagrass loss, those showing recovery and those with no recovery (5.7 ± 1.2, 4.5 ± 0.7 and 3.3 ± 0.3 kg Corg m-2 within the top meter, respectively) also precluded estimates of soil Corg gains or losses. Our findings demonstrate that, while 210Pb and 14C provide important information on sediment deposition dynamics, it is not straightforward to demonstrate additionality using radionuclides in low depositional seagrass habitats exposed to hydrodynamic energy, features which may be encountered in seagrass sites. We provide insights for the selection of suitable habitats for seagrass BC projects, suggest possible alternative methods for estimating additionality, and discuss the implications of the findings for the implementation of seagrass BC strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

Evidence of changes in sedimentation rate and sediment fabric in a low-oxygen setting: Santa Monica Basin, CA

Abstract. The Southern California Bight is adjacent to one of the world's largest urban areas, Los Angeles. As a consequence, anthropogenic impacts could disrupt local marine ecosystems due to municipal and industrial waste discharge, pollution, flood control measures, and global warming. Santa Monica Basin (SMB), due to its unique setting in a low-oxygen and high-sedimentation environment, can provide an excellent sedimentary paleorecord of these anthropogenic changes. This study examined 10 sediment cores, collected from different parts of the SMB between spring and summer 2016, and compared them to existing cores in order to document changes in sedimentary dynamics during the last 250 years, with an emphasis on the last 40 years. The 210Pb-based mass accumulation rates (MARs) for the deepest and lowest oxygen-containing parts of the SMB basin (900–910 m) have been remarkably consistent during the past century, averaging 17.1±0.6 mg cm−2 yr−1. At slightly shallower sites (870–900 m), accumulation rates showed more variation but yield the same accumulation rate, 17.9±1.9 mg cm−2 yr−1. Excess 210Pb sedimentation rates were consistent with rates established using bomb test 137Cs profiles. We also examined 14C profiles from two cores collected in the deepest part of the SMB, where fine laminations are present up to about 450 yr BP. These data indicate that the MAR was slower prior to ∼1900 CE (rates obtained were 9 and 12 mg cm−2 yr−1). The δ13Corg profiles show a relatively constant value where laminations are present, suggesting that the change in sediment accumulation rate is not accompanied by a change in organic carbon sources to the basin. The increase in sedimentation rate towards the Recent occurs at about the time previous studies predicted an increase in siltation and the demise of a shelly shelf benthic fauna on the SMB shelf. X-radiographs show finely laminated sediments in the deepest part of the basin only, with centimeter-scale layering of sediments or no layering whatsoever in shallower parts of the SMB basin. The absence of finely laminated sediments in cores MUC 10 (893 m) and MUC 3 (777 m) suggests that the rate at which anoxia is spreading has not increased appreciably since cores were last analyzed in the 1980s. Based on core top data collected during the past half century, sedimentary dynamics within SMB have changed minimally during the last 40 years. Specifically, mass accumulation rates, laminated sediment fabric, extent of bioturbation and % Corg have not changed. The only parameter that appeared to have changed in the last 450 years was the MAR, with an apparent > 50 % increase occurring between ∼1850 CE and the early 1900s. The post-1900 CE constancy of sedimentation through a period of massive urbanization in Los Angeles is surprising.

Mixing depths and sediment accumulation rates on an arid tropical shelf based on fine-fraction 210Pb analysis

Continental shelves in arid tropical settings present particular challenges to 210Pb-based analysis of sedimentation rates and surface mixing owing to the combination of coarse sediment, deep and year-round bioturbation, and lower atmospheric flux of 210Pb. The modern continental shelf at the northern terminus of the hyper-arid Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba (GOE) receives flood-runoff of siliciclastics, producing a mixed seabed with ~20% carbonate that is dominated by larger benthic foraminifera and mollusks. Focusing analysis on only the fine-fraction of deep-penetrating cores (≥70 cm) from 15 to 40 m water depths yields reliable 210Pb profiles, in contrast to analysis of bulk sediment (graphical abstract). Sedimentation rates increase offshore five-fold, from 0.01–0.04 cm/y in 15 m water depth to 0.21–0.27 cm/y in 30–40 m depths, reflecting offshore redistribution of flood-delivered siliciclastic sediments away from the wadi mouth, a result also supported by an offshore increase in the inventory of excess 210Pb. In contrast, the thickness of the surface mixed layer (SML) decreases from >30 cm to ~20 cm with proximity to anthropogenic stressors (channelized flood runoff, historic release of sewage and operation of fish cages), which we attribute to the suppression of macrobenthic burrowers. The rate of sedimentation on the Gulf shelf –away from dynamic bypassing in the 15 m shoreface – is comparable to other tropical carbonate shelves rich in large benthic foraminifera, and is higher than rates documented on the adjacent slope, increasing confidence in this approach to 210Pb analysis using only the fine fraction. Analysis of the fine fraction rather than bulk sediment would be a useful adjustment to 210Pb methodology in any area with scarce fine-grained sediment.

Environmental radioactivity and trace metals in surficial sediments from estuarine systems in Ghana (Equatorial Africa), impacted by artisanal gold-mining

This paper reports concentrations of γ-emitter radionuclides (40K, 137Cs, 210Pb, 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th and 234Th) and some metals (Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Cd, Sb, Cs, Pb, Th and U) in surficial sediments from the Ankobra, Pra and Volta estuaries, in Ghana. Artisanal gold-mining in the Ankobra and Pra basins promoted moderate enrichments of As, Sb, Cu, Cs and Cr in their estuarine sediments, with respect to the reference background of the Volta Estuary. Radionuclide concentrations were in the range found in the Earth's crust. Present data do not support any conclusion on their potential enrichments due to gold-mining activities. Radionuclide isotopic ratios revealed a transfer of 228Ra from sediments to the water column. Pearson correlation coefficient matrices showed different patterns, which were reasonably understood after novel approaches: i) inter-estuaries comparison of slopes in the linear regressions of element-concentrations vs Al, Fe and Cs; ii) study of Al-normalized concentrations of elements; iii) excess 210Pb informing on local sedimentary conditions. The metal enrichments observed in the Ankobra and Pra estuaries are associated with the Fe-rich compounds in sulphide ores (such as FeAsS) transported along the river course and deposited in the estuary.

Controls on Sediment Accretion and Blue Carbon Burial in Tidal Saline Wetlands: Insights From the Oregon Coast, USA

AbstractOregon estuaries provide important opportunities to assess controls on tidal saline wetland carbon burial and sediment accretion as both rates of relative sea level rise (RSLR; −1.4 ± 0.9 to 2.8 ± 0.8 mm yr−1) and fluvial suspended sediment load relative to estuary area (0.23 to 17 × 103 t km−2 yr−1) vary along the coast. We hypothesized that vertical accretion, measured using excess 210Pb in least‐disturbed wetlands within seven Oregon estuaries, would vary with either RSLR or sediment load relative to estuary area, and carbon burial would correlate strongly to sediment accretion. Mean rates of high marsh accretion (0.8 ± 0.2 to 4.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1) indicate that Oregon tidal wetlands have mainly kept pace with twentieth‐century RSLR with the exception that the accretionary balance in the central coast is negative, suggesting drowning. Experiencing the fastest rates of RSLR, central‐coast estuaries may foreshadow the fates of other Oregon estuaries under future accelerated sea level rise. Comparison of mass accumulation rates with sediment loads, however, indicates low trapping efficiency and therefore no fluvial sediment limitation. Thus, nonlinear feedback between RSLR and sediment accretion may enhance wetland resistance to drowning. Among wetlands keeping pace with or exceeding RSLR, sediment accretion displays no significant relationship with elevation but rather appears controlled by both the rate of RSLR and relative sediment load, highlighting the importance of incorporating both factors into future studies of tidal saline wetlands. Carbon burial rates, controlled by sediment accretion, will likely increase with future accelerated sea level rise.