Exceptional Tolerance Research Articles

A Recombinant Thermophilic and Glucose-Tolerant GH1 β-Glucosidase Derived from Hehua Hot Spring.

As a crucial enzyme for cellulose degradation, β-glucosidase finds extensive applications in food, feed, and bioethanol production; however, its potential is often limited by inadequate thermal stability and glucose tolerance. In this study, a functional gene (lq-bg5) for a GH1 family β-glucosidase was obtained from the metagenomic DNA of a hot spring sediment sample and heterologously expressed in E. coli and the recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized. The optimal temperature and pH of LQ-BG5 were 55 °C and 4.6, respectively. The relative residual activity of LQ-BG5 exceeded 90% at 55 °C for 9 h and 60 °C for 6 h and remained above 100% after incubation at pH 5.0-10.0 for 12 h. More importantly, LQ-BG5 demonstrated exceptional glucose tolerance with more than 40% activity remaining even at high glucose concentrations of 3000 mM. Thus, LQ-BG5 represents a thermophilic β-glucosidase exhibiting excellent thermal stability and remarkable glucose tolerance, making it highly promising for lignocellulose development and utilization.

One-year clinical outcomes of MR-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy with rectal spacer for patients with localized prostate cancer

Background and purposeThis prospective study aimed to investigate adaptive magnetic resonance (MR)-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (MRgSBRT) with rectal spacer for localized prostate cancer (PC) and report 1-year clinical outcomes.Materials and methodsThirty-four consecutive patients with low- to high-risk localized PC that underwent 5-fraction adaptive MRgSBRT with rectal spacer were enrolled. The dosimetric comparison was performed on a risk- and age-matched cohort treated with MRgSBRT but without a spacer at a similar timepoint. Clinician-reported outcomes were based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Patient-reported outcomes were based on the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) questionnaire at baseline, acute (1–3 months), subacute (4–12 months), and late (> 12 months) phases.ResultsThe median follow-up was 390 days (range 28–823) and the median age was 70 years (range 58–82). One patient experienced rectal bleeding soon after spacer insertion that subsided before MRgSBRT. The median distance between the midline of the prostate midgland and the rectum after spacer insertion measured 7.8 mm (range 2.6–15.3), and the median length of the spacer was 45.9 mm (range 16.8–62.9) based on T2-weighted MR imaging. The use of spacer resulted in significant improvements in target coverage (V100% > 95% = 98.6% [range 93.4–99.8] for spacer vs. 97.8% [range 69.6–99.7] for non-spacer) and rectal sparing (V95% < 3 cc = 0.7 cc [range 0–4.6] for spacer vs. 4.9 cc [range 0–12.5] for non-spacer). Nine patients (26.5%) experienced grade 1 gastrointestinal toxicities, and no grade ≥ 2 toxicities were observed. During the 1-year follow-up period, EPIC scores for the bowel domain remained stable and were the highest among all other domains.ConclusionsMRgSBRT with rectal spacer for localized PC showed exceptional tolerability with minimal gastrointestinal toxicities and satisfactory patient-reported outcomes. Improvements in dosimetry, rectal sparing, and target coverage were achieved with a rectal spacer. Randomized trials are warranted for further validation.

2D/2D heterojunctions for rapid and self-cleaning removal of antibiotics via visible light-assisted peroxymonosulfate activation: Efficiency, synergistic effects, and applications

Developing eco-friendly and efficient technologies for treating antibiotic wastewater is crucial. Traditional methods face challenges in incomplete removal, high costs, and secondary pollution. Heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation assisted by visible light shows promise, but suitable activators remain a huge challenge. Here, we synthesized cost-effective carbon nitride/bismuth bromide oxide (CN/BiOBr) heterojunctions. Such a heterojunction achieved rapid PMS activation, achieving over 90.00% tetracycline (TC) removal only within 1 min (kobs of 2.23 min−1), surpassing previous systems by nearly 1–2 orders of magnitude and even remarkably superior to the popular single-atom catalysts. The system exhibited self-cleaning properties, maintaining activity after 8 cycles and stability across a wide pH range (3.01 to 9.03). Quenching experiments and theoretical calculations elucidated the exclusive •O2- species involvement and removal pathways. Eco-toxicity assessment and total organic carbon results confirmed simultaneous degradation, detoxification, and mineralization. This system also showed excellent resistance to environmental factors, e.g., coexisting anions, varying pH, and water sources, and demonstrated potential in coking and medical wastewater purification. This study presents a novel technique for rapidly decontaminating antibiotic wastewater through visible light-assisted PMS activation and introduces innovative bionic catalytic oxidation combining light and darkness for practical applications.

Enhanced damage tolerance and fracture toughness of lightweight carbon-Kevlar fiber hybrid laminate

Low damage tolerance and residual strength are the main drawbacks of carbon fiber composite laminates that limit their application in many lightweight structures. This study demonstrates the exceptional damage tolerance and high fracture toughness of carbon-Kevlar hybrid laminate, where Kevlar plies are placed between two carbon fiber face sheets. Flexural strength after damage and mode I translaminar fracture toughness of carbon and Kevlar and the hybrid laminates were evaluated using three-point bending and single-edge notched bending tests, respectively. The damage mechanisms in the three configurations were investigated using micro-computed tomography and correlated with their mechanical responses. The results showed that the hybrid laminate could sustain 70% of the laminate strength after fiber damage occurs and can sustain the same strength for large strains, unlike carbon and Kevlar fiber laminates, where they both lose their mechanical integrity after fiber breakage. Moreover, this laminate showed 200% and 170% larger specific absorbed energy than carbon and Kevlar laminates, respectively. The improvement can be justified by the propagation of fiber breakage at three different positions in the Kevlar core and the delamination at the carbon-Kevlar interface that allowed larger energy dissipation during fracture. Additionally, it showed 21% and 42.7% larger absolute and specific fracture toughness, respectively, than the carbon fiber laminate.

Multi-omics reveals phenol-based coordinated defense of Sparganium stoloniferum rhizoma

Sparganium stoloniferum is a widely distributed aquatic medicinal plant that exhibits exceptional tolerance to environmental stress. Interestingly, the phenols in S. stoloniferum which have medicinal properties, are defensive compounds. Studies integrating transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome analyses have highlighted the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, which are related to the defense mechanisms of S. stoloniferum. During the growth process, S. stoloniferum rhizoma (SL) accumulates lignin, forming a physical defense, and phenylpropanoids and flavonoids derived during the lignin biosynthesis process provide chemical defense. In this study, a map of the molecular processes involved in the coordinated defense of S. stoloniferum was generated. The expression patterns of genes involved in the coordinated defense of SL were consistent with the omics results. The cDNA of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene from S. stoloniferum (SsPAL) was cloned. The recombinant protein SsPAL showed good affinity and catalytic activity for L-phenylalanine. Heat stress experiments indicated that genes related to phenol biosynthesis were upregulated when S. stoloniferum responded to stress. Therefore, phenols played a crucial defense role when S. stoloniferum was at an early developmental stage or responded to stress in a short time. In contrast, the physical defense mainly relied on lignin formation, which was the main defense mechanism of SL in the late growth stage. Based on these results, we discuss the causes of phenolic pharmacological substance formation in medicinal aquatic plants. These results provide new insights into the defense strategies of aquatic plants.

Impacts of Harvest Date and Concurrent Alkali Pretreatment and Ensiling on Anaerobic Digestion of Pennycress Biomass

Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is an annual cover crop known for its exceptional cold tolerance and high oil and protein yields. Pennycress can be integrated into a corn–soybean rotation in the U.S. However, the utilization of pennycress biomass remains largely unexplored, including assessing compositional changes through its growth and organic matter digestibility. This study harvested pennycress at three growth stages, characterized the biomass for anaerobic digestion (AD), and tested the effects of concurrent alkali pretreatment and ensiling on the biomass methane yield. Results showed that the biomass harvested when the plants were undergoing senescence (“third-harvest”) had higher contents of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and lignin, while the biomass harvested when 80–90% of the pods were fully-sized (“second-harvest”) had the highest protein content. The AD experiments showed that the first-harvest biomass (90% of flowers opened) failed to produce biogas due to a drop in the pH and alkalinity, the second-harvest biomass was inhibited for methane production (45.74 ± 0.20 L/kg-VS), and the third-harvest biomass had a methane yield of 171.80 ± 4.82 L/kg-VS. After the alkali pretreatment and ensiling, a methane yield of 270.4 ± 3.10 L/kg-VS was obtained from the second-harvest biomass, representing a significant 4.5-fold increase (adjusted for the organic matter loss) relative to the untreated second-harvest biomass.

Healable and Recyclable Polyurea‐Urethane Elastomer with High Mechanical Robustness, Superhigh Elastic Restorability, and Exceptional Crack Tolerance

AbstractDeveloping the elastomer materials with high mechanical robustness through simple and environmentally friendly methods poses significant challenges. In this research, a simple solvent‐free polymerization method is reported to synthesize a transparent polyurea‐urethane elastomer using polycaprolactone (PCL) as soft segment and adjusting various hard segments. The target elastomer successfully combine acceptable mechanical performance and exceptional crack tolerance, whereby the notched samples can readily lift 25000 times (a rarely reported value) its weight. Moreover, the superhigh elastic restorability allow target elastomer recover to its original dimension from elongation over 5 times or to fracture. These results are attained due to the presence of densely and uniformly distributed hard microdomains within the elastomer, leading to effective energy dissipation. Furthermore, owing to the linear structure of the molecular chains and the reversible hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the chains, target elastomer can be conveniently healed and recycled under heating conditions. This research can provide a general and feasible strategy for the construction of elastomer materials with exceptional comprehensive properties, and the elastomers are expected to be applied in emerging fields such as protective elements and flexible electronics.

Palladium-catalyzed halosulfonylation of alkynes with ionic liquid as the green solvent and halide sources

The first palladium-catalyzed halosulfonylation of alkynes with arylsulfonic acid under aerobic conditions was accomplished. This catalytic protocol provides a straightforward and effective synthetic strategy for the assembly of structurally diverse β-halovinyl sulfones architectures with high atom- and step-economy and exceptional functional group tolerance. Notably, ionic liquid plays a crucial role in this catalytic system, which not only acts as an environmentally friendly solvent, but also provides the halide source. In the presence of 1 ​mol % of IPr-Pd-Cin-Cl as the catalyst, a wide range of terminal alkynes and internal alkynes could be excellently tolerated. Particularly, the developed catalytic system could be recycled up to five times and reused without significant loss of catalytic activity.

Two-Dimensional CuMn-Layered Double Hydroxides: A Study of Interlayer Anion Variants on the Electrochemical Sensing of Trichlorophenol.

Despite their diverse application profile, aromatic organochlorides such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TP) are widely renowned for creating a negative toll on the balance of the ecosystem. Strict regulatory regimes are required to limit exposure to such organic pollutants. By deployment of a straightforward detection scheme, electrochemical sensing technology offers a competitive edge over the other techniques and practices available for pollutant monitoring. Here, we present a streamlined hydrothermal approach for synthesizing copper-manganese layered double hydroxide (CuMn-LDH) rods to be employed as electrocatalysts for detecting TP in various media. With a focused intention to leverage the full potential of the prepared CuMn-LDHs, the interlamellar region is configured using a series of intercalants. Further, a thorough comparative analysis of their structures, morphologies, and electrochemical performance is accomplished using various analytical techniques. The electrocatalytic oxidation ability of the CuMn-LDH toward TP molecules is markedly altered by incorporating various anions into the gallery region. The dynamic attributes of the developed sensor, such as a wide linear response (0.02-289.2 μM), a low detection limit (0.0026 μM), and good anti-interfering ability, acclaim its superior viability for real-time detection of TP with exceptional tolerance to the presence of foreign moieties. Hence, this work manifests that the nature of intercalants is a vital aspect to consider while designing LDH-based electrochemical probes to detect priority pollutants.

Ultrasonic phase shift migration imaging of wrinkled defects in composite materials fused with circular statistical vectors

Ultrasonic phase changes carry critical information about tissue structures, and phase weighting can enhance the sharpness of ultrasonic images. Addressed here are challenges, such as the faint scattering echoes from folds, substantial noise interference, and the lengthy processing time involved in time-domain corrected imaging. Processed in this work is a frequency-domain coherent imaging method based on the coherence factor of the phase imaginary part. Firstly, the phase information in the wavefield signal is extracted, and then the phase imaginary part matrix is extracted by using circular statistics. Subsequent construction of the phase imaginary coherence factor (PICF) involves multiplying this matrix with the original frequency-domain matrix used in phase shift migration (PSM) imaging. By incorporating the PICF into phase migration imaging and adjusting the PICF of the migrating wavefield at each layer, fibre texture information can be efficiently recovered by frequency domain signal multiplication. In this paper, this technique is applied to the 18-mm-thick carbon-glass fiber composite boards. The experimental outcomes indicate that without PICF weighting, phase shift imaging loses the fiber layout information at depths exceeding 10 mm and cannot detect defects in deeper areas. The PICF-weighted PSM imaging identifies three fibre folds with depths of 11 mm, 15 mm and 16 mm, respectively. This method improves the imaging clarity and textural detail of folding defects, while maintaining a detection error of about 10% for folding angles. The imaging time is only 1.5 s, and its computational efficiency is at least 8.67 times that of time-domain TFM imaging.

Photocatalytic selective synthesis of (E)-β-aminovinyl sulfones and (E)-β-amidovinyl sulfones using Ru(bpy)3Cl2 as the catalyst.

Selectively producing a variety of valuable compounds using controlled chemical reactions starting from a common material is an appealing yet complex concept. Herein, a photocatalytic approach for the selective synthesis of (E)-β-aminovinyl sulfones and (E)-β-amidovinyl sulfones from allenamides and sodium sulfinates was established. This reaction exhibits the traits of an eco-friendly solvent and adjustable amide cleavage, and can accommodate a diverse range of substrates with exceptional functional group tolerance. Based on control experiments and deuterium labeling experiments, a plausible radical reaction pathway is proposed.

An alternating copolymer of phenothiazine and ethylenedioxythiophene for perovskite solar cells: effects of flexible and rigid substituent alternation.

Developing p-type polymeric semiconductors with exceptional electrical performance, heat tolerance, and cost-effectiveness is pivotal for advancing the practical application of n-i-p perovskite solar cells. Here, we employed direct arylation polycondensation to synthesize an alternating copolymer of phenothiazine and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, featuring a high glass transition temperature (175 °C). In addition to the alternation of conjugated units within the main chain, the copolymer features alternating flexible (2-octyldodecyl) and rigid (trimethylphenyl) substituents at the nitrogen positions of the phenothiazine moiety. Compared to reference polymers with solely flexible or rigid substituents, the alternating use of these moieties resulted in the polymeric semiconductor composite film with smoother morphology and enhanced hole mobility. By employing this polymer with a distinct distribution of substituents and an innovative main chain structure as a hole transport material, we fabricated perovskite solar cells achieving an average efficiency of 25.1%. These cells also exhibited excellent stabilities under conditions of 85 °C thermal storage and 45 °C operation.

Transcriptome analysis reveals diverse Curvularia tsudae strategies in response to cadmium stress

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses significant threats to living organisms. Curvularia tsudae has demonstrated remarkable survival capabilities in the presence of high Cd concentrations, exhibiting its exceptional Cd tolerance. Although some physiological studies have been conducted, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd tolerance in C. tsudae is largely unknown. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to explore the molecular mechanisms of C. tsudae under Cd stress. Among the 10,498 identified unigenes, 2526 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the Cd-free and Cd-treated samples. Functional annotation and enrichment analysis of these DEGs identified several key biological processes involved in coping with Cd stress. Genes related to cell wall modification and organic acid metabolism contributes to Cd binding or chelation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis further highlighted the modifications in functional groups with the cell wall under Cd stress. Furthermore, the transporters tended to be modulated in response to Cd stress, and up-regulated genes involved in antioxidants likely contributes to high Cd tolerance. The processes from DNA to protein metabolism appeared to responsive to the presence of Cd stress as well. These results contribute to the advance of the current knowledge about the response of C. tsudae to Cd stress and lay the foundation for further advancements in using fungi for the remediation of Cd-polluted environments.

Salicornia as a salt-tolerant crop: potential for addressing climate change challenges and sustainable agriculture development

Halophyte plant Salicornia has potential uses in farming and environmental management. Salicornia is one of the most important families of halophytes and known for its exceptional salt tolerance. It thrives well in saline habitats near coastal areas. A comprehensive review paper provides an overview of Salicornia, including details on the impact of temperature and salinity on the germination of different ecotypes, as well as the influence of day length and salinity on seedling establishment. Salicornia L. presents a promising opportunity for sustainable agriculture and economic development as it may improve the lives and livelihoods of underprivileged groups while also benefiting the environment through carbon sequestration, soil preservation, and biodiversity preservation.

An excellent bismuth-doped perovskite cathode with high activity and CO2 resistance for solid-oxide fuel cells operating below 700 °C

Lowering the operating temperatures of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is critical, although achieving success in this endeavor has proven challenging. Herein, Bi0.15Sr0.85Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BiSCF) is systematically evaluated as a carbon dioxide (CO2)-tolerant and highly active cathode for SOFCs. BiSCF, which features Bi3+ with an ionic radius similar to Ba2+, exhibits activity (e.g., 0.062 Ω cm2 at 700 °C) comparable to that of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ and PrBaCo2O5+δ, while demonstrating a considerable advantage over Bi-doped cathodes. Moreover, BiSCF exhibits long-term stability over a period of 500 h, and an anode-supported cell with BiSCF achieves a power density of 912 mW cm−2 at 650 °C. The CO2-poisoned BiSCF exhibits quick reversibility or slight activation after returning to normal conditions. The exceptional CO2 tolerance of BiSCF can be attributed to its reduced basicity and high electronegativity, which effectively restrict surface Sr diffusion and hinder subsequent carbonate formation. These findings highlight the substantial potential of BiSCF for SOFCs operating below 700 °C.

Electrochemical Azidocyanation of Alkenes

AbstractThe difunctionalization of alkenes—a process that installs two functional groups in a single operation and transforms chemical feedstocks into value‐added products—is one of the most appealing synthetic methods in contemporary chemistry. However, the introduction of two distinct functional groups via two readily accessible nucleophiles remains a formidable challenge. Existing intermolecular alkene azidocyanation methods, which primarily focus on aryl alkenes and rely on stoichiometric chemical oxidants. We report herein an unprecedented electrochemical strategy for alkene azidocyanation that is compatible with both alkyl and aryl alkenes. This is achieved by harnessing the finely‐tuned anodic electron transfer and the strategic selection of copper/ligand complexes. The reactions of aryl alkenes were rendered enantioselective by employing a chiral ligand. Crucially, the mild conditions and well‐regulated electrochemical process assure exceptional tolerance for various functional groups and substrate compatibility with both terminal and internal alkyl alkenes.

Heterostructural nanolamellar oxide-dispersion-strengthened ferritic alloy with exceptional strength and ductility

Nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs) have demonstrated exceptional mechanical properties (strength and creep resistance) and radiation tolerance. However, the high strength (typically above 1.5 GPa) always comes with a significantly limited ductility. Here, we report a novel heterostructural nanolamellar ferritic alloy (NLFA) with microcrystalline (MC) domains (∼ 35 % of volume fraction) dispersed in an ultrafine-grained (UFG) matrix (∼ 500 nm grain size), enabling the alloy to achieve ultrahigh yield strength of 2 GPa and an excellent tensile elongation of ∼ 13 %. The nanolamellar-shaped grains remarkably strengthen the alloy via grain-boundary strengthening. The soft MC domains can effectively suppress the microcrack initiation and propagation along the oxide-rich preliminary powder boundaries (PPBs) via local plastic deformation. Moreover, linear oxide bands can induce numerous interlayer cracking and trigger delamination toughening, collaboratively ensuring the alloy a large ductility. The present study opens a new frontier toward high tensile ductility for the most cutting-edge ultra-strong NFAs.

Differentially expressed genes in Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) when subjected to water-stress

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a desert shrub with an ability to survive in extremely arid environments. The exceptional drought tolerance of jojoba includes traits that could be useful in developing drought tolerant crop plants. This study characterized changes in gene expression in jojoba under water-stress during a controlled-environment experiment. A large number of transcripts (10,936) were identified as differentially expressed under contrasting water stress conditions. These included transcripts corresponding to antioxidant activity-related genes such as superoxide dismutase, defense response genes such as Pathogenesis-Related 4 (PR4), water molecule bio-channels such as aquaporins, cell membrane protectants such as Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA), and growth regulators such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). A total of 880 novel transcripts were identified as representing possible novel genes associated with jojoba subjected to water stress. There were also many transcripts linked to transcriptional regulation that were expressed in response to water-stress in jojoba. Many male-specific transcripts corresponding to stress-related genes and transcription regulators were differentially expressed under water-stress with 1928 differentially expressed transcripts that aligned to the two Y chromosome-specific regions Y1 and Y2. The water-stress related genes detected may help explain the drought tolerance of jojoba and provide a valuable source of genes for exploitation in providing tolerance to water stress in other species.

Maltodextrin-binding protein as a key factor in Cronobacter sakazakii survival under desiccation stress

Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a notorious pathogen responsible for infections in infants and newborns, often transmitted through contaminated infant formula. Despite the use of traditional pasteurization methods, which can reduce microbial contamination, there remains a significant risk of pathogenic C. sakazakii surviving due to its exceptional stress tolerance. In our study, we employed a comparative proteomic approach by comparing wild-type strains with gene knockout strains to identify the essential genes crucial for the successful survival of C. sakazakii during desiccation. Our investigation revealed the significance of envZ-ompR, recA, and flhD gene cassettes in contributing to desiccation tolerance in C. sakazakii. Furthermore, through our comparative proteomic profiling, we identified the maltodextrin-binding protein encoded by ESA_03421 as a potential factor influencing dry tolerance. This protein is regulated by EnvZ-OmpR, RecA, and FlhD. Notably, the knockout of ESA_03421 resulted in a 150% greater reduction in Log CFU compared to the wild-type C. sakazakii. Overall, our findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying C. sakazakii desiccation tolerance and provide potential targets for the development of new antimicrobial strategies aimed at reducing the risk of infections in infants and newborns.

Stimulatory effect of ZnO nanoparticles as a nanofertilizer in seed priming of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and their bioactivity studies

The nutrient-dense cereal crop pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is well known for its exceptional tolerance to extreme heat and water deprivation. Proposing to designate 2023 the International Year of Millets (IYM), the Indian government has received approval from the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). Nano-fertilizers have emerged as a very promising approach to increase productivity and address the escalating problems in agriculture. Zinc nitrate and Calotropis procera dry leaf extract were utilized in the current experiment to create ZnO NPs. The produced nanoparticles were examined using UV-visible spectroscopy, EDX, SEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques. Using ZnSO4, ZnO NPs, and hydro priming, hybrid pearl millet "HHB 67 improved" was seed primed during the current study. The effects of ZnO NPs were compared with both ZnSO4 and hydro primed seeds. 150 ppm ZnO NPs improved 20 % seed germination and 51 % vigour index in pearl millet under laboratory conditions. Further, the experiment was set in green house, and the agronomic traits of pearl millet like fresh weight, chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, and dry weight contents (DWCs) etc. were evaluated. Besides, leaves from the treated plant were also tested for DPPH radical scavenging activity and reveled 78.11 % inhibition, which is higher than from ZnSO4 and control treatment. Owing to their significant surface reactivity, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were found to be highly effective antibacterial agents, with a MIC of 15 µg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus. This research project's main goal was to evaluate ZnO NPs' enhanced agronomic traits, inhibitory potential, and antioxidative qualities. The aim of this extensive study was to clarify their diverse functions, which include improved agricultural characteristics, suppression of microbial growth, and antioxidant properties. This will facilitate a deeper comprehension of their uses in different fields.