Excellent Surface Area Research Articles

Synthesis of self-grown nanostructured NiO via pulse ionization for binderless psuedocapacitor electrode

In air laser irradiation was carried out onto Ni sheet with ultra-short, pulsed laser for direct synthesis of NiO thin layer. The layer consisted of 3D nanostructures with excellent porosity and enhanced surface area for the fabrication of pseudo capacitive electrodes. Mainly laser parameters such as scan speed and frequency were analyzed. It was observed that at lower scan speed, excellent surface area was achievable which during microscopy, the morphology of the structure depicted a “broccoli” like structure. The oxidized layer forms because of series of events at ultra-short duration associated with laser-material interaction in ambient conditions such as energy transfer, heating, melting, evaporation, ionization, plasma formation, rapid quenching, and oxide layer formation. The obtained oxide layer consists of 3D self-standing nanostructure with the active material directly growing on the substrate without the requirement of binder. A combined contribution of pseudo capacitance due to surface rapid, redox reactions along with ion adsorption-desorption because of EDL's presence provided remarkable performance. With this fabrication approach, NiO, a battery active material demonstrated fast charge-discharge capabilities evident from galvanostatic charge-discharge test. Owing to the idea of one step direct synthesis and green fabrication process, the performance of the electrode was remarkable. An areal capacitance of 98.682 mF cm−2 and specific capacity of 59.209 mC cm−2 was achievable at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. This work promotes the idea of green synthesis of nano morphology and one step fabrication method.

Surveying the elimination of hazardous heavy metal from the multi-component systems using various sorbents: a review.

In this review, several adsorbents were studied for the elimination of heavy metal ions from multi-component wastewaters. These utilized sorbents are mineral materials, microbes, waste materials, and polymers. It was attempted to probe the structure and chemistry characteristics such as surface morphology, main functional groups, participated elements, surface area, and the adsorbent charges by SEM, FTIR, EDX, and BET tests. The uptake efficiency for metal ions, reusability studies, isotherm models, and kinetic relations for recognizing the adsorbent potentials. Besides, the influential factors such as acidity, initial concentration, time, and heat degree were investigated for selecting the optimum operating conditions in each of the adsorbents. According to the results, polymers especially chitosan, have displayed a higher adsorption capacity relative to the other common adsorbents owing to the excellent surface area and more functional groups such as amine, hydroxyl, and carboxyl species. The high surface area generates the possible active sites for trapping the particles, and the more effective functional groups can complex more metal ions from the polluted water. Also, it was observed that the uptake capacity of each metal ion in the multi-component solutions was different because the ionic radii of each metal ion were different, which influence the competition of metal ions for filling the active sites. Finally, the reusability of the polymers was suitable, because they can use several cycles which proves the economic aspect of the polymers as the adsorbent.

Nickel metal-organic framework microspheres loaded with nickel-cobalt sulfides for supercapacitor electrode materials

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are commonly used for template and precursor for supercapacitor electrodes. MOFs are interesting due to excellent specific surface areas and pore structures. Two-dimensional nanosheets suffer from the disadvantages of random growth and easy agglomeration, which significantly limit their applications. In this study, NiCo sulfides with unique morphology were designed using a simple in situ sulfidation method, with Ni-MOF used as the substrate material. The unique three-dimensional structures can offer many reaction sites to guarantee electron transfer. The samples obtained (Ni7S6@NiCo2S4) exhibited good electrochemical performance. The composite electrode material had a capacity value of 1636 F g−1 in a 3 M KOH. In addition, devices comprising with activated carbon had a specific energy of 53 Wh kg−1 and a specific power of 810 W kg−1. The asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) exhibited outstanding cycling of 87 % after 5000 cycles. This study demonstrates a flexible method for activating MOFs to enhance the capabilities of supercapacitor materials. Thus, this method maintains a well-defined stacking structure of nanosheets while enriching the active sites, it is promising for the applications of MOF derivatives.

Tuning electron delocalization and surface area in COFs derived N, B co-doped carbon materials for efficient selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Metal-free carbon catalysts with excellent conduction performance have drawn much research attention in reduction reactions. Herein, a N, B co-doped carbon catalyst with high pyrrolic N proportion (35.75%) and excellent surface area (1409 m2/g) was successfully prepared via carbonizing covalent organic framework materials (COFs) containing N and B atoms assisted by ZnCl2 molten salt. The presence of ZnCl2 maintains the micropore structure of COFs to provide high specific surface areas and abundant lattice defects for carbon materials. In addition, electron-withdrawing B heteroatom further facilitates the formation of pyrrolic N at defect sites by modifying the electronic structure of carbon network. The tuning of surface areas and active N species in carbon catalysts successfully improve the selective hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline. The optimized carbon material exhibits excellent nitrobenzene conversion (99.9%) and aniline selectivity (>99%) within 15 min, as well as excellent substrate suitability. This work provides a certain guiding for the design and application of metal-free catalysis.

Role of deposition temperature on physical and electrochemical performance of manganese oxide electrode material for supercapacitor application

In the present work, Manganese dioxide (MnO2) with a nanothorn surface architecture was synthesized with a simple, industry scalable, and chemical approach, namely a one-step hydrothermal method. The structural, morphological, and surface area properties of the as-synthesized MnO2 nanostructures electrodes deposited at different deposition temperatures have been systematically characterized by using different characterization The supercapacitive properties of MnO2 electrodes were studied by using cyclic voltammetry, galvonastic charge-discharge, long-term cyclic stability, and electrochemical impedance techniques in 1 M Na2SO4 as electrolyte. The SEM micrographs show different morphologies like nanoflakes, nanoflowers, and nanothorn at concerning deposition temperature. Among all the electrodes of MnO2 nanostructures prepared, nanothorn-like MnO2 nanostructures deposited at 160 °C for 6 h delivered the highest specific capacitance value of 432.52 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s and good cycling stability after 2000 cycles. The excellent large surface area and optimized charge transfer pathway mark the MnO2 and make it potential electrode material for energy storage applications.

CaO/CeO2 nanocomposite dispersed macro-/meso-porous polymer monoliths as new generation visible light heterogeneous photocatalysts

This work highlights the synthesis of CaO doped CeO2 nanocomposites (NCs) prepared by a sonochemical-assisted temperature-controlled hydrothermal method. Considering the toxicology and recovery issues with nano-particles/composites, we have attempted a novel approach by homogeneously dispersing CaO/CeO2 NCs onto a 3D network of macro-/meso-porous monolithic polymer templates. The structural and morphological properties of the synthesized photocatalyst materials have been characterized by p-XRD, FE-SEM-EDAX, HR-TEM-SAED, XPS, FT-IR, UV–Vis-DRS, PLS, and BET analysis. The visible-light photocatalytic performance has been observed using varying stoichiometric ratios of CaO/CeO2 NCs. The CaO/CeO2 NCs dispersed porous polymer monolith reveals superior photocatalytic activity than bare CaO/CeO2 NCs that tend to agglomerate in aqueous solutions, reducing their efficiency. The CaO/CeO2 NCs dispersed polymer monolith exhibits excellent porosity and surface area for the ultra-fast dissipation of organic pollutants. A fluoroquinolone-based antimicrobial drug, namely moxifloxacin, has been chosen as the target pollutant, considering the growing bacterial resistance due to the uncontrolled discharge/discarding of pharmaceutical medications. The best results were achieved using the monolithic photocatalyst dispersed with 20:80 CaO/CeO2 NC, for the complete dissipation of moxifloxacin drug molecules (≥99% degradation), at a pH of 6.0, using 100 mg of photocatalyst to dissipate 15 ppm of moxifloxacin drug, within 2 h of visible-light irradiation. The proposed photocatalyst is cost-effective, durable, reusable, and efficient for the real-time dissipation of environmental pollutants.

Static adsorption of MOFs nanosheets on 3D nanocubes for supercapacitor electrode materials

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are of interest because of their excellent specific surface areas and pore structures. Two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets suffer from the disadvantages of random growth and easy agglomeration, which greatly limit their applications. This study combines nanosheets with structurally unique materials to improve their performance. Iron cobalt Prussian blue (FeCo-PBA) nanocubes of uniform size are synthesized at room temperature (25 ℃). Subsequently, the Prussian blue (PBA) surface is modified using sodium dodecyl sulfate to load Co-Ni-MOF nanosheets. This method enhances the adhesion of the nanosheets on the FeCo-PBA surface and improves the stability of the material. The PBA@Co-Ni-MOF is then vulcanized to fully activate the MOF metal species and obtain more active sites, and the sample PBA@CoS2/NiS2 is obtained. The obtained samples (PBA@CoS2/NiS2) are found to have good electrochemical performance. They exhibit an excellent specific capacitance of 1261 F g−1 (694 C g−1) at 1 A g−1. A hybrid supercapacitor consisting of activated carbon (AC) and PBA@CoS2/NiS2 composites as the cathode and anode, provide an energy density of 63 W h kg−1 at a power density of 837 W kg−1. The device exhibits outstanding cycle stability of 87% after 5000 cycles. The study demonstrates a flexible way to activate MOF to boost the performance of supercapacitor electrode materials. The static adsorption method maintains the stacking structure of clearly defined nanosheets while also enriching the active sites, which has potential for designing of MOF derivatives for energy storage devices.

Insights into MXenes-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction

Due to the urgent need for a sustainable energy economy, fuel cells, which use clean and renewable fuels (hydrogen and methanol) for efficient power generation, have attracted more and more attention in recent years. The oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) on the cell's cathode is the core of its electrochemical conversion process, and the performance of the ORR electrocatalyst determines the overall performance and efficiency of related devices. Developing efficient, durable, and low-cost electrocatalysts for ORR has always been the goal of people's exploration. In recent years, MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional (2D) metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged and attracted great interest due to their excellent electrical conductivity and high surface area. The MXene-based materials inspire the design and preparation of electrocatalysts with increased ORR activity, high selectivity, and long load life. This review has provided an overview of MXenes, then described their synthesis methods, and finally explained the progress of MXene (mainly Ti3C2Tx) in the field of oxygen reduction.

Recent Synergy of Nanodiamonds: Role in Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery for the Management of Neurological Disorders.

The aim of the present review article is to summarize the role of nanodiamonds in various neurological diseases. We have taken related literature of making this review article from ScienceDirect, springer, Research gate, PubMed, Sci-finder, etc. The current approaches for treating neurological conditions such as glioblastoma includes chemotherapy or combination anti-retro viral therapy for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or use of anti-Alzheimer drugs during cognitive impairment. These approaches can provide only symptomatic relief as they do not target the cause of the disease due to their inability to penetrate the blood brain barrier. On long-term use, they may cause CNS toxicity due to accumulation in the brain. So nanodiamonds could prove as a promising approach in the brain targeting of the bioactive and to treat many neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain tumor (glioblastoma), HIV, amyotrophic multiple sclerosis, Huntington disease, stroke (cerebrovascular attack), batten disease, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and bacterial infections (encephalitis, sepsis, and meningitis) due to their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and owing to their excellent surface properties, i.e., nano size and high surface area, ease of functionalization, multiple drug binding, and biocompatibility; they can be useful for brain targeted drug delivery with minimal side effects.

Mesoporous Ti4 O7 Nanosheets with High Polar Surface Area for Catalyzing Separator to Reduce the Shuttle Effect of Soluble Polysulfides in Lithium-sulfur Batteries.

In the effort to accelerate adsorption and catalytic conversion of lithium polysulfides (Li-PSs) and suppress the shuttle effect of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), the Ti4 O7 nanosheets/carbon material-modified separator is successfully fabricated to reducing soluble Li-PSs' crossover from cathode to anode. The catalyst of mesoporous Ti4 O7 nanosheets with O-Ti-O units synthesized at low temperature shows both excellent conductivity and high surface area. The modified separator can serve as a diffusion barrier of Li-PSs and catalyst for converting soluble low-chain sulfides into insoluble ones and then remarkably enhance the sulfur utilization and electrochemical performance of the LSB. This work provides a feasible avenue in both design and synthesis of mesoporous catalyst materials for suppressing the shuttle effect of lithium-sulfur batteries.

CoSe2@N-Doped Graphene Nanocomposite High-Efficiency Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

In present study, CoSe2, and CoSe2@N-doped graphene nanocomposite has been prepared in an inert atmosphere and used as a DSSC counter electrode. The fabricated nanocomposite was characterized using analytical techniques including FTIR, TGA, XRD, Raman, XPS, and BET. The assembled DSSC obtains a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.65%, which is higher than the PCE (7.19%) of the Pt electrode assembly cell under the same conditions. The promising performance of the fabricated counter electrodes may be due to the excellent surface area of the nanocomposites, the doping of heteroatoms which provide the active sites to boost the catalytic activities towards I3− reduction. These results illustrate the rational design of CoSe2@N-doped graphene nanocomposite and has great potential for replacing noble Pt for the reduction of I3– in DSSCs.

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67-modified open-tubular column with cyclodextrin for enantioseparation in capillary electrochromatography.

The histidine-modified zeolitic imidazolate framework [His-ZIF-67] was prepared with the histidine, 2-methylimidazole, and Co2+ under ambient temperature. His-ZIF-67 was bonded via a glycidyl methacrylate copolymer to the internal surface of capillary and then functionalized with the NH2 -β-cyclodextrin (NH2 -β-CD). The materials were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In comparison with the NH2 -β-CD@capillary, the NH2 -β-CD@His-ZIF-67@capillary-coated column shows significantly enhanced resolution for chiral molecules. The NH2 -β-CD@His-ZIF-67@capillary column achieved the baseline separation of amlodipine and metoprolol (the resolution of amlodipine: 1.70; metoprolol: 1.50) and the partial separation of atenolol and propranolol (the resolution of atenolol: 1.03; propranolol: 0.60). These were attributed to the histidine modification and the features of ZIF-67, including an excellent surface area and the abundant porosity. The pH and proportion of organic modifier in the buffer were crucial for enantioseparation performance and were evaluated in detail. The fabricated NH2 -β-CD@His-ZIF-67@capillary-coated column showed good stability and repeatability (relative standard deviation <6.3%). The molecular modeling with AutoDock and grand canonical ensemble was carried out to evaluate the interactions between chiral stationary phase and racemic drugs.

Ta2O5-Rgo Nanocomposite As Emerging Anode Material for Sodium Ion Storage Via Extrinsic Pseudo-Capacitive Red-Ox Process

Ta2O5 nanoparticles (NPs) are an emerging conversion type anode material which store sodium ion via extrinsic pseudo-capacitance behaviour. Ionic liquid supported hydrothermal synthesis method was adopted to synthesise pure Ta2O5 NPs followed by hydrothermal route to prepare Ta2O5–reduced graphene oxide (Ta2O5-rGO) nanocomposite. Ta2O5–rGO composite possesses specific discharge capacity of 19 mAhg-1 after 500 cycles at a current rate of 0.1 C compared to bare Ta2O5 NPs where it shows 18 mAhg-1 @ 150 cycles. The stable electro-chemical performance of Ta2O5–rGO composite could be accessible by 2-D net work structure of graphene with excellent surface area and very low electrical resistivity enhances the electron and ion migration rate. Finally, the present study urges electrochemist to design and fabricate advance Ta2O5-rGO composites for sodium- ion battery applications.

Combination of MoS2 nanopetals with Ag nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide for boosting photocatalytic abatement of recalcitrant pollutants under visible light irradiation

Herein, various weight ratios (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1) of MoS2/GO composites decorated with Ag nanoparticles (named as MAG) have been prepared by microwave-assisted route. XRD and XPS investigations indicated the catalyst crystallinity and elemental oxidation states. Morphological analysis revealed presence of small MoS2 nanopetals scattered on GO sheets with Ag NPs dispersed on surface whereas BET-analysis disclosed its excellent surface area (∼88 m2/g). Optical properties of MAG catalysts revealed that they were highly visible-light active, with a bandgap of 2.15 eV and a lower charge recombination rate. Excellent efficiency was observed for TC (90.7%; 0.0186 min−1) and FIP-degradation (85.2%; 0.0177 min−1) with 4 mg MAG (3:1) catalyst at neutral pH under visible-light irradiation owing to high synergistic interaction (∼2.21) in the composite. Effects of catalyst amount, pH, and effective area of illumination on degradation were investigated. High reusable nature of the catalyst (65% (TC) and 58% (FIP) efficiency after 5 cycles) was supported by post-photocatalytic characterization studies. Photodegradation products of TC were determined via LC-MS studies. Holes and hydroxyl radicals were majorly involved in degradation process revealed by trapping studies. High COD (70.4%) and TOC (55.1%) removal rates confirm high photo-mineralization of real-wastewater without any pre-treatment. The current investigation, combined with comparative literature, illustrates real-world potential of MAG catalysts for eradication of resistant pollutants.

Synthesis of potassium hydroxide-treated activated carbon via one-step activation method

Abstract Physicochemical activation has been popular currently due to the incredible surface area of activated carbon produced. In the process, the step of activation has a significant role in influencing the characteristics of activated carbon. Previously, several studies conducted one-step activation in which potassium hydroxide (KOH) was impregnated with the precursors derived from agricultural biomass and wastes. Currently, the materials have been interesting due to their renewable and low-cost properties. This paper reviews the recent studies regarding the variables and the effect of one-step activation towards properties of KOH-impregnated adsorbents which were synthesized from agricultural biomass and wastes. The variables of one-step activation and pore development are compared in this paper. It was found that the increase of pore characteristics follows the increased amount of KOH concentration, ratio, carbonizing temperature and time until reaching the optimum level of variables. One-step activation has been proved by the studies to the successful activation of activated carbon with different excellent surface area, even up to approximately 2800 m2/g. In the future, it will be a great challenge to develop the efficient processes of synthesizing activated carbon with improved optimization to achieve incredible and maximum results of the surface area.

High conversion of xylose to furfural over corncob residue-based solid acid catalyst in water-methyl isobutyl ketone

In order to improve the high-value utilization of raw materials in furfural production, a solid acid catalyst based on corncob residue (S-IRCC) was synthesized using the method of impregnation–carbonization–sulfonation. The impregnation of FeCl3 makes S-IRCC exhibit excellent surface area and catalytic activity, and S-IRCC possessing -COOH, phenolic -OH, and -SO3H groups. The effects of reaction conditions on furfural yield, xylose concentration, and furfural selectivity were investigated. It was found that the addition of NaCl would improve furfural yield in water- methyl isobutyl ketone system. Optimal furfural yield (73.64%) and selectivity (74.2%) were obtained for 1:1 xylose/catalyst ratio (w/w) at 190 °C for 60 min in 1:2 water–methyl isobutyl ketone (v/v) with 60 g/L NaCl. In addition, with the regeneration, the catalyst activity is easily restored to its original level. Hence, bio-carbon-based catalyst shows potential application value in furfural production and biomass utilization.

Production of activated carbon with tunable porosity and surface chemistry via chemical activation of hydrochar with phosphoric acid under oxidizing atmosphere

This work highlights the chemical activation of hydrothermally carbonized biomass with phosphoric acid under static air as activating atmosphere. Argan nut shells were hydrothermally carbonized, and then chemically activated with phosphoric acid under oxidizing atmosphere. The activated carbons displayed excellent specific surface areas (from 1200 m2g−1 to 1880 m2g−1) and the material yield were in acceptable level (between 27 and 50%). The varied activation conditions provided a distinctive possibility for creating and controlling the mesoporosity of the activated carbons. At 500 °C, a mesoporosity around of 93% could be reached by an H3PO4 impregnation ratio of 4. The activating temperature 500 °C and the impregnation ratio of 3 were observed as optimum for achieving the best textural properties. The optimized material HC-500-3 exhibited a specific area of 1880 m2g−1, pore volume and average pore diameter of 1.36 cm3g−1 and 2.9 nm, as well as good amount of oxygen functional groups (2.25 mmolg−1) including carboxyl, phenol, and lactone groups. The adsorption performance of optimized material was evaluated using Bisphenol A as a target molecule. The adsorption process could be described by Weber Morris and Langmuir isotherm models. At a temperature of 25 °C, Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity was observed to be 420 mgg−1 which is comparable or higher than those reported previously. The estimated thermodynamic parameters indicate spontaneous and exothermic adsorption process (∆H° = −19.39 kJmol−1; −5.58 kJmol−1 ≤ ∆G° ≤ −4.65 kJmol−1). The mesoporous activated carbon prepared by chemical activation of biomass-derived hydrochar under atmospheric air proved to be very potential adsorbent for Bisphenol A removal.

Sodium lignosulfonate derived hierarchical porous carbon spheres for VOC removal and supercapacitors

Porous carbon spheres have drawn extensive attention owing to their excellent chemical stability and high surface area. However, the lack of mesopores and the high cost and complex preparation process limit their application. Herein, the interconnected hierarchical porous carbon spheres (HPCS-X-Y) from sodium lignosulfonate are synthesized by simple spray drying and carbonization-activation without template agents and crosslinking agents. The as-prepared HPCS-X-Y exhibits ultrahigh specific surface area (3402 m2·g−1), large pore volume (2.46 cm3·g−1), and well-developed macro-meso-microporous structure. When used as adsorbent for VOC removal and electrode material for supercapacitors, HPCS-X-Y shows excellent dichloromethane adsorption capacity (181 mg·g−1) and satisfactory specific capacitance (236.2 F·g−1 at 0.2 A·g−1), respectively. Furthermore, it has been found that adsorption and electrochemistry performance of HPCS-X-Y are closely related to porous structure. Namely, micropores provide abundant adsorption sites for adsorbate molecule/electrolyte ion, resulting in high adsorption capacity/specific capacitance, while the mesopores together with the macropores offer fast transport channels for adsorbate molecule/electrolyte ion, which plays an important role in high adsorption efficiency, outstanding capacitance retention and low internal resistance. The outcomes of this work supply foundational references for the design of hierarchical porous carbon spheres and the high-value utilization of industrial lignin.

Reduced-graphene-oxide-modified self-supported NiSe2 nanospheres on nickel foam as a battery-type electrode material for high-efficiency supercapacitors

Self-supported NiSe2 nanospheres have been successfully synthesized by a one-step microwave method, and then coated with a layer of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by a simple dip-coating method. Due to the excellent conductivity and high surface area of rGO, as a battery-type electrode material, the as-prepared NiSe2@rGO composite exhibited an excellent specific capacity of 224.75 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, far exceeding that of the NiSe2 nanospheres (72.5 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1). NiSe2@rGO showed good cycling performance, with 78.13% retention of its initial capacity after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, an NiSe2@rGO//activated carbon (AC) asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) showed a high energy density (E) of 25.85 Wh kg−1 at a power density (P) of 730 W kg−1. The NiSe2@rGO//AC showed good capacity retention, maintaining 85.45% of the original value after 10000 cycles.

Graphene as a Surface Enhancement Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrate

The discovery of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) presents an opportunity for the development of ultrasensitive biosensors. SERS allows for fingerprint detection of biomolecules at low concentrations and can perform single-molecule detection. The most used SERS substrates are Plasmonic metal nanostructures such as Au and Ag mainly because of their superior electrical conductivity. The Plasmonic metal nanoparticles enhance the Raman signal of the target biomolecules through the electromagnetic field mechanism. Despite the successful use of metal nanostructures, alternative materials have been sought which can exhibit similar or better properties than their metal counterparts. Materials such as graphene which has excellent electrical properties and high surface area are good candidates for SERS applications. Graphene is a 2D nanomaterial consisting of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. The use of graphene in SERS is termed graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS) and is reported to use a charge transfer mechanism. Both graphene and metal nanostructures can be used together as SERS substrate and the synergistic effect of their mechanism can improve the enhancement factor and the sensitivity of the biosensor, however, the use of graphene as a SERS substrate is still at an early stage. GERS can be applied in disease diagnosis, detection of food additives, and biological species biosensors. The use of GERS in biosensors such as glucose biosensors presents an opportunity for ultrasensitive biosensors which can greatly improve the lives of individuals living with diabetes. In this review insights will be given on how to successfully circumvent the challenges associated with small Raman cross-section of glucose detection for use in medical application.