Excellent Battery Research Articles

Visualizing Reaction Distributions for Materials Validation and Failure Analysis in Li-Ion Batteries

The market for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is projected to grow from 36.7 billion to 128.3 billion in less than a decade 1. Large-scale demands for more robust LIBs are limited by battery cycle life and cost. In order to expedite the development of battery technology, current analytical techniques used to validate electrode morphology must be improved. Even excellent battery materials may result in poor electrode performance due to poor processing, such as suboptimal mixing, coating, or drying. Flawed processing leads to heterogeneities at either the particle or electrode length scale, resulting in inhomogeneous transport of lithium ions and eventually degradation and failure in LIBs 2. Limited techniques can deconvolute materials from processing effects through visualization. Methods visualizing reaction distribution in LIBs include thermal imaging, which is suitable technique for macroscale pack-level analysis, and state-of-charge electronic structure maps, which are suited for molecular analysis. These techniques are unable to characterize electrode performance at the mesoscale level and thus are inappropriate for characterizing local reactivity of electrode. Optical microscopy provides a compromise between spatial resolution and experimental accessibility. However, it is constrained to graphite and a few other battery materials that change color. In this work, we explore fluorescent microscopy as a technique to visualize battery reaction distributions. A redox-active fluorescent probe molecule illuminates electrode heterogeneities, such as hot-spots or dead-zones 3. Developing facile techniques by which researchers can evaluate electrode materials beyond cell cycling will be critical for meeting future battery technology demands. Choudhary, A. & Prasad, E. Lithium-ion Battery Market Size and Share | Industry Analysis by 2027. Allied Market Research https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/lithium-ion-battery-market. Chung, D.-W., Shearing, P. R., Brandon, N. P., Harris, S. J. & García, R. E. Particle Size Polydispersity in Li-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 161, A422–A430 (2014). Harris, S. J. & Lu, P. Effects of Inhomogeneities—Nanoscale to Mesoscale—on the Durability of Li-Ion Batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 6481–6492 (2013).

Revelation of the transition‐metal doping mechanism in lithium manganese phosphate for high performance of lithium‐ion batteries

AbstractLithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) has been widely used due to its high theoretical capacity and good cycle stability, but lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO4) with a higher operating voltage (4.1 V) has not been used, so it is necessary to conduct theoretical research on its inherent performance improvement strategy. The large‐scale application of LiMnPO4 is limited by its relatively low electronic and ionic conductivity. Improving the electronic and ionic conductivity of electrode materials by selective doping is an effective strategy. To determine the effect of doping of transition metals on the electrochemical properties of LiMnPO4 and to screen out doping models of cathode materials with excellent battery performance, we established all 3d, 4d, and 5d transition‐metal doping models of LiMnPO4. Through screening by first principles, the structural properties, band gap, doping formation energy, elastic properties, isotropy, and lithium/delithium voltage of the above models were compared and analyzed. According to the screening results, LiMnPO4 doped with Sc, Ti, V, Fe, Co, Mo, Rh, Re, and Ir has excellent electrochemical properties and can be used as a good cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries; the inherent mechanism of the above materials is revealed.

MOF-derived nanoporous carbon with embedded cobalt nanoparticles as interlayer for high-performance Li–S batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is one of the promising energy storage systems due to its high theoretical energy density with low cost. The main challenge at present for its commercialization is the polysulfides shuttling, leading to poor cycling performance. Here, we report a facilely prepared metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived nanoporous carbon with embedded cobalt nanoparticles (NPCo/C) for alleviating the polysulfides shuttling. The NPCo/C with large surface area and abundant Co nanoparticles is simply prepared by direct carbonization of a Co-based MOF material, which is combined with graphene to construct a robust membrane as the interlayer (NPCo/C@G) to modify the pristine separator. The NPCo/C@G-modified separator gives the battery good cycling stability (707 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 C) and rate performance (capacity decay rate of 0.18% in 300 cycles at 2 C). Excellent battery performance (620 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 C) is exhibited even under ultra-low loading of NPCo/C@G (0.08 mg cm−2). The superior electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to abundant exposed Co active sites in NPCo/C to immobilize polysulfides and accelerate sulfur redox kinetics as well as excellent electrical conductivity of NPCo/C@G for improved sulfur utilization. This study provides a guidance for designing functional separators for Li–S battery application in the near future.

Structural Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance of N,P-Codoped Porous Carbon as a Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Electrode.

Biomass-derived heteroatom-doped carbons have been considered to be excellent lithium ion battery (LIB) anode materials. Herein, ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets anchored on N,P-codoped biomass-derived carbon (N,P@C) were successfully fabricated by carbonization in an argon atmosphere. The structural characteristics of the resultant N,P@C were elucidated by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, Raman, and BET surface area measurements. The results show that N,P@C has a high specific surface area (SBET = 675.4 cm3/g), a mesoporous-dominant pore (average pore size of 6.898 nm), and a high level of defects (ID/IG = 1.02). The hierarchical porous structural properties are responsible for the efficient electrochemical performance of N,P@C as an anode material, which exhibits an outstanding reversible specific capacity of 1264.3 mAh/g at 100 mA/g, an elegant rate capability of 261 mAh/g at 10 A, and a satisfactory cycling stability of 1463.8 mAh/g at 1 A after 500 cycles. Because of the special structure and synergistic contributions from N and P heteroatoms, the resultant N,P@C endows LIBs with electrochemical performance superior to those of most of carbon-based anode materials derived from biomass in the literature. The findings in this present work pave a novel avenue toward lignin volarization to produce anode material for use in high-performance LIBs.

Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Battery Separator Membranes Based on Carrageenan Biopolymer

Aiming to improve the sustainability of materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), this work reports on the development of novel membranes based on iota‐carrageenan biopolymer and their suitability as separator in LIBs applications. The membranes are prepared by freeze‐drying and its morphology, thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical properties are evaluated as a function of polymer concentration in the solution. Porous membranes with a degree of porosity above 90% and different interconnected pore sizes between 50 and 70 µm for both polymer concentrations are obtained. The electrochemical parameters of the membranes are influenced by the carrageenan polymer concentration, being 1.34 mS cm‐1, 3, 7, and 0.48 for ionic conductivity, tortuosity, MacMullin number, and lithium transference number, respectively, for the membrane prepared from the 4 wt% carrageenan content solution. The half‐cells cathodic prepared with the developed membranes show good cyclability and rate capability. The discharge capacity values obtained with the membrane prepared from 4 wt% carrageenan content are 145 and 25 mAh g‐1 at C/10‐ and 1C‐rates, respectively, demonstrating excellent battery cycling performance and long‐term stability. Thus, this work demonstrates that iota‐carrageenan biopolymer membranes developed by freeze‐drying can be used as separators for a next generation of more sustainable batteries.

Hard Carbon Derived from Avocado Peels as a High-Capacity, Fast Na+ Diffusion Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Deriving battery grade materials from natural sources is a key element to establishing sustainable energy storage technologies. In this work, we present the use of avocado peels as a sustainable source for conversion into hard carbon-based anodes for sodium ion batteries. The avocado peels are simply washed and dried then proceeded to a high temperature conversion step. Materials characterization reveals conversion of the avocado peels in high purity, highly porous hard carbon powders. When prepared as anode materials they show to the capability to reversibly store and release sodium ions. The hard carbon-based electrodes exhibit excellent cycling performance, namely, a reversible capacity of 352.55 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1, rate capability up to 86 mAh g−1 at 3500 mA g−1, capacity retention of >90%, and 99.9% coulombic efficiencies after 500 cycles. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that the storage process was diffusion-limited, with diffusion coefficient of 8.62 × 10−8 cm2 s−1. This study demonstrates avocado derived hard carbon as a sustainable source that can provide excellent electrochemical and battery performance as anodes in sodium ion batteries.

Bimetallic oxide nanoparticles contained hollow spheres with sodium as a core: a promising energy storage advanced structure

The bimetallic oxide nanoparticles as outer shell with sodium entrapped as a core part of a hollow porous core–shell (HoPoCs) can be a promising battery electrode composition. Till now, scientists are struggling to synthesize ternary metal oxide hollow spheres due to the reactions between diverse cations and anions of different metal precursors. Also, the extremely reactive character of sodium prevents it from remaining alone without compound formation is unveiled. Here for the first time, we entrapped sodium and synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles contained outer shell hollowsphere (Na@ZnO@MoO2) successfully by sorption (absorption + adsorption) of two metal precursors (sodium molybdate dihydrate and zinc chloride) in two steps without adding any reaction inhibiting agent. As a result, significantly Na is entrapped as a core and ZnO and MoO2 nanoparticles forming the outer shell of the sphere. ‘Na’ entrapment is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy elemental mapping. We employed our sodium entrapped HoPoCs bimetallic oxide nanoparticles sphere (Na@ZnO@MoO2) as a battery anode getting advantages from their structural specialty shows excellent battery properties promising for application in energy storage technologies. The initial specific capacity of these HoPoCs-Na@ZnO@MoO2 sphere is 940 mAh/g (1C), with exceptional stability (790 mAh/g) after 1000 cycles at a current density of 2C) and excellent rate capability. This approach will motivate the synthesis of other superior reactive element entrapped core–shell metal oxides for next-generation rechargeable batteries and other advanced suitable applications like microreactor, protector of explosive materials, and so on.

Accelerating the discovery of battery electrode materials through data mining and deep learning models

The availability of crystalline materials databases allows for building accurate machine learning (ML) models that can accelerate the exploration of materials chemical space for energy storage applications. In this work, we screen all inorganic materials included in the Materials Project and AFLOW databases as potential metal-ion battery electrodes. We develop an efficient protocol to mine and screen raw data in current databases and provide a new database of electrode materials by considering pairs of charged and discharged electrodes. This effort leads to a new database with over 190,000 instances, in contrast to the original battery database which contains about 5000. The expanded battery data set is then used to build regression-based deep neural network models for predicting average voltages and percentage volume changes upon charging and discharging, which present improvements of at least 28% for target properties with respect to previous models, and are now able to predict anode electrodes (low voltage region) as well as electrodes that will not work in electrochemical cells (negative voltages), overcoming the challenges identified in previous ML models for battery electrodes. Additionally, a further screening of the expanded database itself allowed us to identify 35 novel electrode candidates with excellent battery performance metrics.

High-performance pyridine-containing fluorinated poly(aryl ether) membranes for vanadium flow batteries

Vanadium flow battery (VFB) is increasingly attractive for large-scale energy storage. However, developing high-power-density VFB remains challenging due to the lack of high-performance membranes. Here, we report a novel pyridine-containing fluorinated poly(aryl ether)(PyPEF) membrane for VFB. PyPEF membranes are pre-swelled with H3PO4 (85 wt%) and then exchanged with H2SO4 (3 mol L−1) to obtain the resulting H2SO4-doped PyPEF membranes. The basic pyridine groups are protonated to form positively charged groups and pre-swelled by H3PO4 to build highly connected ionic transport channels, which provide high selectivity and enhanced conductivity for the membrane. Moreover, the rigid, strongly hydrophobic perfluorophenyl-containing PyPEF backbone has high swelling resistance. As a result, the H2SO4-doped PyPEF membranes exhibit low swelling, high selectivity, high conductivity, and robust mechanical strength. The VFB with PyPEF-90 membrane delivered excellent battery performance, 91.7% energy efficiency at 80 mA cm−2, and 80.3% energy efficiency at 260 mA cm−2. In addition, the VFB with PyPEF-90 membrane maintained stable performance after continuously running for 1200 cycles at a much high current density of 220 and 200 mA cm−2, showing excellent stability.

Thermostable and nonflammable polyimide/zirconia compound separator for lithium-ion batteries with superior electrochemical and safe properties

Separators are applied to segregate cathode and anode, and provide ion transport channels in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Nevertheless, present commercial polyolefin separators represent high thermal shrinkage and inferior electrolyte wettability, seriously limiting wider development of LIBs. In this work, we prepared zirconia (ZrO2) nanolayer encapsulated polyimide (PI) nanofiber compound separator through in-situ polar adsorption and hydrolysis strategy. The obtained PI/ZrO2 compound separator has superior thermal stability, electrolyte wettability and flame retardance in comparison with polypropylene (PP) separator. The shrinkage ratio of prepared PI/ZrO2 compound separator is 0 even at 300 °C, while the PP separator significantly shrank at 160 °C. Furthermore, the ionic conductivity of PI/ZrO2 separator reaches up to 1.32 mS cm−1, far higher than 0.34 mS cm−1 of PP separator. Besides, the coin batteries of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/electrolyte-separator/lithium (Li) assembled with PI/ZrO2 compound separator exhibit enhanced rate performance, high discharge capacity retention rate of 88.3% after 100 cycles at 1C and excellent battery safety performance even at 140 °C. Thus, combined with its advantages, such as preparation, thermostability, electrolyte wettability, electrochemical property and safety, the PI/ZrO2 compound separator exhibits promising prospect in the application of commercial LIBs.

Simultaneous Incorporation of V and Mn Element into Polyanionic NASICON for High Energy‐Density and Long‐Lifespan Zn‐Ion Storage (Adv. Energy Mater. 23/2022)

Aqueous Zinc-ion Batteries In article number 2200654, Linfeng Hu and co-workers develop NASICON-typed V-Mn transition metal phosphate, Na4VMn(PO4)3, as a cathode material for robust aqueous Zn-ion storage. Taking advantage of its high-voltage properties that originate from the inductive effect and two-step electron transfer mechanism between V4+/V3+ and Mn3+/Mn2+ redox couple, the Na4VMn(PO4)3 cathode exhibits excellent overall battery performance with an energy density of 309.7 Wh kg−1, and good rate capacity and cycling stability (89.1% capacity retention after 3000 cycles).

Single atomic cobalt electrocatalyst for efficient oxygen reduction reaction

Robust oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts are essential for energy storage and conversion devices, but their development remains challenging. Herein, we design a single-atom catalyst featuring isolated Co anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon (Co-SAC/NC) via a highly efficient “plasma-bombing” strategy. With a high loading (up to 2.5 ​wt%), the well-dispersed single Co atoms in Co-SAC/NC give it robust ORR performance in an alkaline medium. It also demonstrates excellent battery performance when implemented as the air-cathode catalyst in a zinc-air battery (ZAB). Theoretical calculations reveal that the Co–N4 moiety experiences an “extraction/recovery” structural evolution during the ORR process, and the reaction's rate-determining step is the formation of OOH∗ (reaction intermediate). This work provides a new strategy for designing robust ORR catalysts for high-performance ZABs and other energy-conversion devices.

Engineering iron-group bimetallic nanotubes as efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for flexible Zn–air batteries

Air cathode performance is essential for rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs). In this study, we develop a self-templated synthesis technique for fabricating bimetallic alloys (FeNi3), bimetallic nitrides (FeNi3N) and heterostructured FeNi3/FeNi3N hollow nanotubes. Owing to its structural and compositional advantages, FeNi3/FeNi3N exhibits remarkable bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic performance with an extremely small potential gap of 0.68 ​V between the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Theoretical calculations reveal reduced Gibbs free energy for the rate-limiting O–O bond formation during OER due to the self-adaptive surface reconfiguration, which induces a synergistic effect between Fe(Ni)OOH developed in situ on the surface and the inner FeNi3/FeNi3N. ZAB fabricated using the FeNi3/FeNi3N catalyst shows high power density, small charge/discharge voltage gap and excellent cycling stability. In addition to its excellent battery performance, the corresponding quasi-solid-state ZAB shows robust flexibility and integrability. The synthesis method is extended to prepare a CoFe/CoFeN oxygen electrocatalyst, demonstrating its applicability to other iron-group elements.

Conductive polypyrrole-promoted Li3V2(PO4)3 nanocomposite for rechargeable lithium energy storage

Herein, we propose a facile method to fabricate conductive polypyrrole-enhanced Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVPO@PPy) composite via a sol-gel way assisted with a self-assembly procedure. The morphology, microstructure, phase structure and battery property for the resulted LVPO@PPy nanocomposite have been systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the monoclinic structured Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVPO) particles are coated by a thin conductive polypyrrole. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the fabricated LVPO@PPy cathode possesses superior lithium storage performance than the pure LVPO. It can display the high capacities of 129.2 and 108.9 mAh/g at 0.2 and 10 C accordingly and exhibit a 97.5% capacity retention over 800 cycles at 20 C. Such an excellent batteries properties are ascribed to the synergistic effects of nanosized LVPO particles and conductive polypyrrole film, which can decrease the diffusion path for Li+ and promote the conductivity.

Metal organic framework modified poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) separator membranes to improve lithium-ion battery capacity fading

The use of metal–organic frameworks in the separator membrane of lithium-ion batteries is an interesting subject of study for the next generation of energy storage devices. In this work, different poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) / metal–organic framework (MOF) based separators were prepared using three distinct MOFs, and the properties of these membranes were studied. The selected MOFs MOF-808, UiO-66-NH2 and MIL-125 are characterized by sharing a common building block (cluster or linker) and possessing relatively similar surface areas and topologies. It is observed that there are significant variations in the porous structure of the separator membrane upon the introduction of the different MOFs. The use of MOFs reduces the resistivity of the assembled battery half-cells, leading to excellent battery performance, with high discharge capacity (145 mAh.g−1 at C/8) and prolonged lifecycle, outperforming e conventional neat polymer separators due to the structure’s stabilization effect of the MOF. Among the selected MOFs, the best results are achieved with UiO-66-NH2 based on its improved charge/discharge values due to the low resistivity value of the half-cell. The post-morten analysis shows that the MOF structure collapses during battery cycling, but that this fact does not significantly affect battery performance, as the produced nanofillers keep their role of minimizing battery capacity fading. Thus, it is demonstrated that adding MOFs to a polymeric separator structure is beneficial and suitable for high-performance battery applications.

Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries

Abstract Rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted much interest as next-generation power sources due to their economical, safe, and capacity superiorities. However, the cathodes used in AZIBs always suffer from sluggish kinetics, inducing inadequate rate performance and poor cycle ability. Pre-intercalating transition metal element in the cathode materials offers an effective strategy for improving diffusion kinetics of Zn2+ and thus the electrochemical activity. In this work, different proportions of Cu pre-intercalated V2O5 were synthesized to form a composite phase of Cu0.4V2O5 and VO2·nH2O nanosheets through the hydrothermal method. The reversible redox reaction of Cu2+ and Cu0, accompanied by the phase changes of copper vanadate and zinc vanadate, contributes to an excellent battery performance. When the molar ratio between Cu precursor and commercial V2O5 in the reaction solution is 1:2, the obtained material presents an outstanding electrochemical performance with the initial discharge capacity of 332 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1. The enlarged lattice distance together with the high conductivity leads to a high Zn ions diffusion rate of 10−5 cm2 s−1. Even after 1,000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1, the capacity attenuation is only 0.035% per cycle, exhibiting distinctive activities toward AZIBs.

Precise identification of active sites of a high bifunctional performance 3D Co/N-C catalyst in Zinc-air batteries

Developing highly active and robust non-noble metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of dominant significance for global applications in rechargeable Metal-air Batteries. Fine-tuning the exposed active sites is a competent way to improve their performance. Herein, the NaCl template-assisted strategy for rationally designing a three-dimensional cellular structured nitrogen-doped carbon matrix integrated with nano-scaled Co species has been developed. The resulting electrocatalyst (3D Co/N-C) exhibits a positive half-wave potential of 0.84 V (vs RHE) in ORR, and a low potential of 1.56 V (vs RHE) at 10 mA cm−2 during OER process. Moreover, 3D Co/N-C based Zn-air Batteries (ZABs) exhibit excellent battery performance, especially remarkable power density. The poisoning experiments and DFT calculations identify active sites as pyridinic N and Co during ORR and OER processes, respectively. This work provides a general and easy-to-perform tactic to design bifunctional catalysts, thus helps precisely modulate effective components for ZABs.

Conjugated Tetrathiafulvalene Carboxylates for Stable Organic Lithium Batteries

AbstractOrganic electrode materials are potential energy storage materials for the next generation lithium batteries. Herein, carboxylate groups are installed to a conjugated tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) platform to yield two compounds, namely lithium tetrathiafulvalene‐dicarboxylate (TTF‐Li2) and lithium tetrathiafulvalene‐tetracarboxylate (TTF‐Li4), as stable anode materials for lithium batteries. The low solubility in the electrolyte, brought about by the carboxylate groups, and high rechargeability ensured by the conjugated TTF platform lead to excellent battery performance. After cycling at a current density of 0.5 C for 120 cycles, a net specific capacity of 108.19 mAh g−1 and 217.55 mAh g−1 is obtained for the TTF‐Li2 and TTF‐Li4 anodes containing 70 wt.% of active materials, corresponding to 61.4 % and 82.0 % of their theoretical capacities, respectively. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation confirms the well‐delocalized charge for both TTF‐Li2 and TTF‐Li4. Therefore, the TTF‐Li2 and TTF‐Li4 are promising anode materials for lithium batteries.

Potassium Ammonium Vanadate with Rich Oxygen Vacancies for Fast and Highly Stable Zn-Ion Storage.

Vanadium-based materials have been extensively studied as promising cathode materials for zinc-ion batteries because of their multiple valences and adjustable ion-diffusion channels. However, the sluggish kinetics of Zn-ion intercalation and less stable layered structure remain bottlenecks that limit their further development. The present work introduces potassium ions to partially substitute ammonium ions in ammonium vanadate, leading to a subtle shrinkage of lattice distance and the increased oxygen vacancies. The resulting potassium ammonium vanadate exhibits a high discharge capacity (464 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1) and excellent cycling stability (90% retention over 3000 cycles at 5 A g-1). The excellent electrochemical properties and battery performances are attributed to the rich oxygen vacancies. The introduction of K+ to partially replace NH4+ appears to alleviate the irreversible deammoniation to prevent structural collapse during ion insertion/extraction. Density functional theory calculations show that potassium ammonium vanadate has a modulated electron structure and a better zinc-ion diffusion path with a lower migration barrier.

Phase-Reconfiguration-Induced NiS/NiFe2 O4 Composite for Performance-Enhanced Zinc-Air Batteries.

Constructing composite structures is an essential approach for obtaining multiple functionalities in a single entity. Available synthesis methods of the composites need to be urgently exploited; especially in situ construction. Here, a NiS/NiFe2 O4 composite through a local metal-S coordination at the interface is reported, which is derived from phase reconstruction in the highly defective matrix. X-ray absorption fine structure confirms that long-range order is broken via the local metal-S coordination and, by using electron energy loss spectroscopy, the introduction of NiS/NiFe2 O4 interfaces during the irradiation of plasma energy is identified. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that in situ phase reconfiguration is crucial for synergistically reducing energetic barriers and accelerating reaction kinetics toward catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). As a result; it leads to an overpotential of 230mV @10 mA cm-2 for the OER and a half-wave potential of 0.81 Vfor the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); as well as an excellent zinc-air battery (ZAB) performance with a power density of 148.5 mW cm-2 . This work provides a new compositing strategy in terms of fast phase reconstruction of bifunctional catalysts.