Evolution Of Political System Research Articles

Od prezydencjalizmu do demokracji wodzowskiej. Ewolucja ustroju i wzorców przywództwa politycznego w II Rzeczypospolitej

FROM PRESIDENTIALISM TO COMMAND DEMOCRACY: THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL SYSTEM AND LEADERSHIP MODELS IN THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC The text presents the main directions of the evolution of political leadership patterns in Poland in the interwar period. The point of departure for discussion is the model of exercising power introduced by Józef Piłsudski when he was exercising his duties as the Head of State and Commander-in-Chief. After the May coup, the marshal’s political leadership was based on his personal authority, giving a specific form to the state system, which Joseph Barthélemy called “Pilsudskism”. The next part of the text is devoted to the shaping of the political system after 1935 towards a command democracy, i.e. a system in which the most important functions are performed by the military, who control the institutions of state administration both at the central and local level. In this model, the dominant role was to be played by ‘the Chief of Nation.’ This title, according to the unwritten testament of Józef Piłsudski, was given to Edward Śmigły-Rydz. The analysis indicates that the system formed after the death of Józef Piłsudski was in conflict with the political principles on which the April Constitution adopted in 1935 was based, creating de facto duumvirate between the President and the Commander-in-Chief

Prawa człowieka. Pomiędzy ideologią a polityką

Human rights were only recognized as a worldwide value after World War II. From then on, they began to set the direction for the further evolution of political systems and international law. They are a discipline somewhere between philosophy, in particular ethics, various branches of law and political sciences. Human rights, as one of the relatively young terms appearing in the dictionary of politics and societies, are a unique social and political value, as well as a criterion for assessing the activity of authorities, the constitution and other legal provisions. Recently, they have also become an important element of international politics and a program objective for governments. The aim of this study is to analyze human rights issues in the context of their deep and multidimensional crisis, their violations, politicization and ideologization, because despite the collected, written and accepted by almost all countries human rights, gross violations of them still take place, which in this century is a contradiction of this. what was supposed to be a guarantee of peace in the world, and above all, which becomes a negation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights itself.

Democracy or what? Political system on the planet Mars after its colonization

The study of political system in future Mars colony belongs to the futures studies, space policy and political sciences. While this is a long-term scenario, there are good reasons to foresight possible evolution of political systems in space. In this paper, some selected historical examples of the establishing of political systems in colonies are used as a starting point for modelling possible development of political system in Mars colony. This paper presents also possible scenarios of mass Mars colonization. The paper states that while there are possible a couple of options strongly affected by not-predictable environmental and social constraints, the most optimal scenario would be direct democracy or technocracy.

The Media System in the Russian Federal Republic. Selected issues

<p>W artykule dokonano analizy systemu medialnego Rosji przez pryzmat kilku istotnych zagadnień. Przede wszystkim przedstawiono podstawową kategoryzację systemów medialnych w perspektywie ewolucji systemowej, umieszczając Rosję w kategorii modeli autorytarnych. Nakreślono główne uwarunkowania rozwoju oraz specyfikę przestrzeni medialnej w Rosji w kontekście historycznym. Opisano główne kierunki w porządkowaniu mediów masowych w czasach W. Putina. Analizowany w trakcie przygotowania artykułu materiał faktologiczny dał podstawy do wniosku, że po okresie wahania w latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku co do wyboru systemu politycznego pomiędzy demokracją liberalną a systemem autorytarnym od początku XXI wieku w Rosji mamy do czynienia z postępującym kształtowaniem się autokracji, a co za tym idzie system medialny zmierza ku modelowi autorytarnemu. Najważniejsze przejawy tego procesu to: ograniczenie wolności słowa, nadzór rynku medialnego, coraz bardziej obecna propaganda.</p>

Біополітичні школи в контексті розвитку сучасної політичної науки.

The main goal is to study leading biopolitical schools, their contribution to modern political science. It has been found that there are several powerful centers of biopolitical research, in particular in the USA and Germany. The American biopolitical school is represented by scientists from the University of Nebraska and the University of California. The Nebraska group focused on discovered and investigated genetic foundations of political ideologies. They believe that differences in political ideologies include a genetic component. Scientists from the University of California focused on creating a holistic set of scientific knowledge devoted to the genetic component of political behavior. They state that protossocial behavior is associated with specific genes. In 1903, the American Political Science Association was founded, which brings together over 13,000 scientists from 80 countries around the world. The main directions of their research are the nature of «political man», biological determinants of social and political behavior, the evolution of political systems, etc. The goal is to create a biologically oriented political science. A powerful biopolitical center was initiated in Germany by H. Flor and P. Mayer, who believed biopolitics to use the approaches, theories and methods of biological sciences in political science. It is stated that biopolitics is an innovative discipline of modern political discourse, and therefore the scientific community still does not produce a clear idea of the origins of biopolitics, its subject area and vocation. Accordingly, there is no clear idea of its significance for contemporary political science. A comprehensive approach is proposed that will cover most of the existing biopolitical schools and research areas and will highlight those aspects of biopolitical issues that are relevant to contemporary political theory and practice.

Towards Scalable Governance: Sensemaking and Cooperation in the Age of Social Media

Cybernetics, or self-governance of animal and machine, requires the ability to sense the world and to act on it in an appropriate manner. Likewise, self-governance of a human society requires groups of people to collectively sense and act on their environment. I argue that the evolution of political systems is characterized by a series of innovations that attempt to solve (among others) two ‘scalability’ problems: scaling up a group’s ability to make sense of an increasingly complex world, and to cooperate in increasingly larger groups. I then explore some recent efforts toward using the Internet and social media to provide alternative means for addressing these scalability challenges, under the banners of crowdsourcing and computer-supported argumentation. I present some lessons from those efforts about the limits of technology, and the research directions more likely to bear fruit.

Political teaching and socialization of youths in globalization age

Mainly, every governments and political systems for survivorship and self-preservation need political teaching and socialization of their people and specially youth. Indeed, transferring political thoughts, values and cultures from generation to generation retrenchments legitimacy of political system. Political socialization process is enormously depended to political culture of society and it is also under strongly influence of globalization phenomenon. In this research I will try, by theory and systematic attitude, to answer the question that; “phenomenon of globalization how can changed the process of political teaching and socialization of people and specially youth”. The results are that, globalization, in fact, by removing limitation of time and place, connecting subjective and objective world society with together, and creation new political actors, identity and culture in internal and external scopes has more role and influence on facilitate and change and reform of process and factors of political socialization and fixation or evolution of political system.

The evolution of the Italian opposition in the last twenty years: has anything changed?

In order to understand the evolution of the Italian political system over the past two decades, we have to consider the changes undergone by one fundamental institutional actor, that is, the parliamentary opposition. Its transformation can in fact be used as a valid indicator of change in the whole political system and it will also help us to reflect on the possible transformation of the Italian model of democracy. The 20-year path that has brought Italy to the current political situation, with the emergence of three different poles of approximately equal strength; the rise of the Five Star Movement; and the creation of a grand coalition consisting of traditional political opponents will be reconstructed by re-examining the evolution of the political system from the perspective of the changing role and functions of the parliamentary opposition, thus contributing to a better understanding of the (new) political phase initiated by the outcome of the 2013 election.

Проблема старения населения в России

The author scrupulously considers the problem of population ageing in Russia and, highlights the global and individual features of the process. A special attention is paid to the analysis of the dynamics of the governmental expenditures on health care and pensions. Also, the author makes conclusions on the impact on the population ageing on the evolution of political system in Russia.

Power Laws in Elections - A Survey

Empirical power laws in general elections are surveyed in Brazil, Mexico, India, and with focal analysis in Indonesia. The diversity of preference dynamics in voter’s social network and the way multi-party systems to be in its critical conditions are responsible for this pushing around the evolution of political system at general. For the special case of Indonesia, we report the existing robustness for levels of legislative elections throughout 1999 to 2009. We show that the scale free phenomena in different scales of aggregation and outline some analytical outlines and consequences that could be drawn referring to this.

The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing

In his classic novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), George Orwell warns us about the terrible implications of a totalitarian society, wherein the proles (85% of this society) are kept from political decision-making.1 We can now breathe a sigh of relief. 1984 has long passed, and at no time since this literary masterpiece did Orwell’s doomsday prophecy become a reality. Instead, most of the world now basks in the glory of democracy. By many, democracy is considered as the final stage in the evolution of political systems. To question its absolute superiority over all other political systems is blasphemous.

Economic rupture as political Rorschach: Paradigmatic aspects of the East Asian crisis

Summary The paradigmatic significance of the East Asian crisis can be examined on the two major models used to analyse post‐Cold War politics: Fukuyama's ‘End of History’ paradigm and Huntington's ‘Clash of Civilizations’ theory. Comparable to a Rorschach test in which a splotch of ink can be interpreted in many different ways, the crisis’ overall effect in auguring the evolution of political systems has been anything but clear. While the recent events in the region seem to lend more support to Fukuyama's thesis that the twin forces of democracy and capitalism, acting in conjunction to promote growth, will triumph across the region, it would appear that good governance as opposed simply to multiparty politics is the real key to resolving East Asia's crisis. Ultimately, the increasing interconnection of global economies resists any simple diagnosis of the origins or remedies of such crises.

The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small‐Scale Sedentary Societies. STEADMAN UPHAM

<i>The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small‐Scale Sedentary Societies</i>. STEADMAN UPHAM

The Evolution of Political Systems. Steadman Upham, editor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. xxi + 310 pp., figures, tables, references, index. $49.50 (cloth).

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The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies

The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies

The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies

List of tables List of figures Foreword by JONATHAN HAAS Preface 1. Decoupling the processes of political evolution STEADMAN UPHAM SECTION I- EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES AND EXPLANATORY EVOLUTION 2. Population, permanent agriculture, and polities: unpacking the evolutionary portmaneau ROBERT McC. NETTING 3. Selection and evolution in non-hierarchical organisation DAVID P. BRAUN 4. Analog or digital?: toward a generic framework for explaining the development of emergent political systems STEADMAN UPHAM SECTION II - THE ROLE OF DECISION-MAKING, PRODUCTIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES IN POLITICAL CHANGE 5. Maintaining economic equality in opposition to complexity: an Iroquoian case study BRUCE G. TRIGGER 6. One path to the heights: negotiating political inequality in the Sausa of Peru CHRISTINE A. HASTORF 7. Agriculture, sedentism, and environment in the evolution of political systems STEPHEN PLOG SECTION III - MARXIST VIEWS OF POLITICAL CHANGE 8. Politics and surplus flow in prehistoric communal societies DEAN J. SAITTA and ARTHUR S. KEENE 9. Primitive communism and the origin of social inequality RICHARD B. LEE 10. The dynamics of nonhierarchival societies BARBARA BENDER

The Evolution of political systems: sociopolitics in small-scale sedentary societies

The Evolution of political systems: sociopolitics in small-scale sedentary societies

The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies. Steadman Upham

<i>The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies</i>. Steadman Upham