Evolution Of Different Forms Research Articles

Capitalist, Evolution, Financial Innovations and Financial Literacy: A Study of their Dynamics in Shaping Modern Capitalism

Finance has had its root in human history since human being started a settled civilized life. As production for trade took a shape, various means of transactions and storage of value kept on evolving. Gradually, finance took the center stage with the evolution of modern capitalism. In early stages the financial instruments remained a scattered individual means of financial practice, no central regulation existed in the early era. Hence the acquaintance with these instruments was also confined to individual users, the traders, particularly. Since economic productivity was quite low, ordinary individuals had little surplus to save, not many had much to do with financial literacy. The modern capitalism required industrial workers, surplus of agricultural products, more consumers for market, more means of production to produce trade surplus and more financial savings and instruments to channelize investments. Also the producers were required to be alienated from the product of labour so that the trade of commodities could be taken in control by the trading class. Also the means of production, which was otherwise the ownership of the households, was to be turned marketable to facilitate the transfer the ownership from ordinary owners to the trading class. The trinity of commodity production, wage labour and market system altogether had to evolve for capitalism to come into existence. Accordingly, various financial instruments took shape, the traditional ones became more formalized and many new ones were invented. The evolution of different forms of business, the 'company' form particularly, helped this process in a big way. Simultaneously, the financial anarchy put the systems in turmoil and hence regulatory bodies became a compulsion. These regulatory bodies assumed the twin role of regulation of financial markets, financial facilitation, as well as creating financial literacy among ordinary people to link their savings to the mainstream trade and commerce lines. The paper attempts to portray the evolution of modern financial system and find out how this evolution has been linked to the financial literacy of the common masses. Also the paper would throw lights on imminent market and systemic hazards caused by excess leliance on financialisation of economic system.

On the De Novo Emergence of Ecological Interactions during Evolutionary Diversification: A Conceptual Framework and Experimental Test.

AbstractEcological interactions are crucial to the structure and function of biological communities, but we lack a causal understanding of the forces shaping their emergence during evolutionary diversification. Here we provide a conceptual framework linking different modes of diversification (e.g., ecological diversification), which depend on environmental characteristics, to the evolution of different forms of ecological interactions (e.g., resource partitioning) in asexual lineages. We tested the framework by examining the net interactions in communities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced via experimental evolution in nutritionally simple (SIM) or complex (COM) environments by contrasting the productivity and competitive fitness of whole evolved communities relative to their component isolates. As expected, we found that nutritional complexity drove the evolution of communities with net positive interactions whereas SIM communities had similar performance as their component isolates. A follow-up experiment revealed that high fitness in two COM communities was driven by rare variants (frequency <0.1%) that antagonized PA14, the ancestral strain and common competitor used in fitness assays. Our study suggests that the evolution of de novo ecological interactions in asexual lineages is predictable at a broad scale from environmental conditions. Further, our work demonstrates that rare variants can disproportionately impact the function of relatively simple microbial communities.

What Amphibians Can Teach Us About the Evolution of Parental Care.

Parenting is considered a key evolutionary innovation that contributed to the diversification and expansion of vertebrates. However, we know little about how such diversity evolved. Amphibians are an ideal group in which to identify the ecological factors that have facilitated or constrained the evolution of different forms of parental care. Among, but also within, the three amphibian orders-Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona-there is a high level of variation in habitat use, fertilization mode, mating systems, and parental sex roles. Recent work using broad phylogenetic, experimental, and physiological approaches has helped to uncover the factors that have selected for the evolution of care and transitions between different forms of parenting. Here, we highlight the exceptional diversity of amphibian parental care, emphasize the unique opportunities this group offers for addressing key questions about the evolution of parenting, and give insights into promising novel directions of research.

Поэтика образа «русской цивилизации» в романе Ф.М. Достоевского «Подросток» (к вопросу об источниках)

The article analyses some works by Nikolay Strakhov that served as a source of poetics for Dostoevsky’s novel The Adolescent. It explores how historical-literary and historical-philosophical facts became material for the writer’s poetic laboratory. Namely, the paper describes Strakhov’s articles from the magazines “Vremya,” “Zarya,” and “Grazhdanin,” together with letters to Dostoevsky that are important for the poetics of The Adolescent. Particular attention is paid to the article “A Fatal Question” (1863), in which Strakhov formulated his understanding of “the foundation of Russian civilization” and tried to answer the question “What are we, Russians?”. This question was extremely important for Dostoevsky, who in The Adolescent answered it in an artistic form. The study analyzes the artistic means of embodying the theme of the Russian world in the poetics of the work. In particular, the use of epithet “Russian” and toponym “Russia” is investigated. Dostoevsky’s artistic innovation in the use of allegory in the poetics of the novel is discussed separately. The methodology for studying the evolution of different forms of art is based on the approach developed by Dmitry Chyzhevsky. In his “History of the spirit” Chyzhevsky considered artistic techniques and means as the embodiment of the spiritual life of a people in a certain historical era.

Computed tomography findings of pulmonary interstitial emphysema in COVID-19: Looking through the lens.

Sir, We read Scialpi et al.’s[1] study evaluating the incidence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) and other complications detected using computed tomography (CT) in COVID-19 patients. Although the findings are clinically relevant, some key aspects need to be clarified to define a specific impact and better understand. The authors emphasise early detection of the complications using CT that might help us optimise the ventilation option (noninvasive/invasive ventilation) to reduce the severity of complications. Although the basis is essential, there is controversy about the role of applied ventilation options, especially noninvasive ventilation (NIV) as an inducing factor of PIE or as a promoting factor.[2] In this sense, we also do not know how they can be identified and how to establish a better prevention strategy? The authors have summarised the number of PIE patients who received NIV and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The relationship between PIE and NIV will be interesting. We could not establish an adequate interpretation and relationship of NIV with the PIE or other complications as comparative data required are lacking in the authors’ presented data. COVID-19 patients tend to have a higher incidence of barotrauma with IMV.[23] In this context, a comparison of PIE incidence in patients treated with NIV and IMV will help decide the mode of ventilation. Further, the airway pressures and ventilatory pressure setup in PIE and non-PIE patients receiving NIV will also help us optimise settings.[4] Further, we could not find precise mechanisms and possibilities that determine the evolution of different forms of PIE. In the authors’ cohort, variations in PIE were revealed in 25 patients and associated with pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and pneumothorax in 25 (100%), 16 (64%), and 7 (28%), respectively.[1] However, the determining factors that explain this variation allowing the framework of lung-protective strategies, prevention, and early diagnosis in high-risk patients are missing. It will be helpful for the readers if the authors present any such data from the cohort. It will help us plan future studies to evaluate the best tool for prevention and treatment. Author contribution HMRK, AME–observation, literature search, manuscript preparation, and editing. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

Mixed Harvest: Stories from the Human Past

Mixed Harvest: Stories from the Human Past

Cell membrane mechanics and mechanosensory transduction.

The rapid progress in mechanobiology has brought together many scientific and engineering disciplines to work hand in hand toward better understanding of the role that mechanical force plays in functioning and evolution of different forms of life. New tools designed by engineers helped to develop new methods and techniques for investigation of mechanical properties of biological cells and tissues. This multidisciplinary approach made it clear that cell mechanics is tightly linked to intracellular signaling pathways, which directly regulate gene expression in response to mechanical stimuli originating outside or inside the cells. Mechanical stimuli act on mechanoreceptors which convert these stimuli into intracellular signals. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge about cell mechanics and the role cell mechanics plays for the function of mechanosensitive ion channels as a special class of mechanoreceptors functioning as molecular transducers of mechanical stimuli on a millisecond timescale.

Effects of primitive photosynthesis on Earth’s early climate system

The evolution of different forms of photosynthetic life has profoundly altered the activity level of the biosphere, radically reshaping the composition of Earth's oceans and atmosphere over time. However, the mechanistic impacts of a primitive photosynthetic biosphere on Earth's early atmospheric chemistry and climate are poorly understood. Here, we use a global redox balance model to explore the biogeochemical and climatological effects of different forms of primitive photosynthesis. We find that a hybrid ecosystem of H2-based and Fe-based anoxygenic photoautotrophs - organisms that perform photosynthesis without producing oxygen - gives rise to a strong nonlinear amplification of Earth's methane (CH4) cycle, and would thus have represented a critical component of Earth's early climate system before the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis. Using a Monte Carlo approach, we find that a hybrid photosynthetic biosphere widens the range of geochemical conditions that allow for warm climate states well beyond either of these metabolic processes acting in isolation. Our results imply that Earth's early climate was governed by a novel and poorly explored set of regulatory feedbacks linking the anoxic biosphere and the coupled H, C and Fe cycles. We suggest that similar processes should be considered when assessing the potential for sustained habitability on Earth-like planets with reducing atmospheres.

From the design of green buildings to resilience management of building stocks

ABSTRACTThe green and the subsequent sustainable building movements have been framed by changing societal contexts. Their main focus has been on the design of new buildings. However, these movements have neglected the life span of existing buildings and the long-term management of building stocks. The reasons why are considered: the changing interpretations of sustainability, the evolution of different forms of tacit knowledge, lack of a metabolic framework covering the built environment and lack of a consistent multi-scale building information modelling (BIM). The transition toward a ‘risk society’, with an increasing diversity and frequency of threats, challenges the current optimistic definition of sustainability. Resilience addresses fast- and slow-moving threats that can lead to unknown consequences and new risks. Alternative planning approaches (e.g. scenario planning, adaptive change and resilience heuristics) are discussed. The differences between anticipation- and resilience-based strategies are considered. Possible heuristics can be found in social–ecological systems, in resilience engineering and in the historic evolution of the built environment. Resilient solutions generally lead to a higher level of complexity and carry additional environmental costs. In the creation of resilience capacity, new knowledge will be co-produced through transdisciplinary research, scenario planning and design experiments under conditions of uncertainty.

Philosophizing in Russia: Dynamics in the Socio-Cultural Context

This paper analyzes the main stages and vicissitudes of the evolution of different forms of Russian philosophizing throughout last two centuries in the changing socio-cultural context. The author enlists characteristics of the environment and factors forming community of intellectuals, the first philosophical “crystallized” circles in the early 19th century. Specificity of philosophizing is considered in terms of three different intellectual niches in Russian society of that time, namely university, spiritual and academic and so-called free (journalistic-publishing community). The main attention is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of the latter: formation of major dispositions in the field of intellectual focus – Slavophiles and Westernizers, radicalism of 1850-60s; the years of Foundation – writings by Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Solovyov; clashes of the early 20th century; origin Soviet philosophy and its emasculation and the revival of philosophical tradition in 1950-70s; the collapse of ideology and reception in the end of the 20th century.

Dwarf giants, giant dwarfs. Reflections about the Italian ‘industrial demography’ at the beginning of the new millennium

This article deals with the evolution of different forms of business enterprise in the economic history of Italy. In the 150 years since its unification, Italy has experienced a successful mix of business typologies with different contribution to the economic development of the country. In this article, the contribution of big business – privately, foreign owned and State controlled – is reviewed, as well as the long-standing presence of small firms and industrial districts. The most recent evolution in this framework, which has been a distinctive feature of Italian capitalism for over a century, has been the emergence of aggressive, medium-size, internationally oriented specialized firms. Strengths and weaknesses of this varied industrial demography are discussed in the light of the different technological waves that have been characteristic Italy's presence among the most advanced economies in the World.

Using high sampling-rate ADCP for observing vigorous processes above sloping [deep] ocean bottoms

Above sloping bottoms in the ocean mixing processes are not predominantly generated by shear-induced turbulence via bottom friction. Instead, the restratifying buoyancy forces and internal waves create a highly non-linearly varying environment including ‘stratified turbulence’. Most of the resulting vigorous mixing processes that dominate sediment resuspension occur during the passage of frontal bores or solitary boluses, ‘solibores’. Here, the observed evolution of different forms of highly non-linear strictly upslope moving ‘waves’, bores or boluses are reviewed from various NIOZ projects at deep sloping bottom sites ranging from 500 to 3000 m. Such fronts pass a fixed site within a few minutes, extending some 60 ± 30 m above the bottom and occurring over much larger periods at once per subinertial or meso-scale period or approximately, but not exactly, once per tidal harmonic period. In order to observe the details of such solibore one needs specific, high-sampling rate equipment. A suitable piece of equipment is a bottom-mounted 4-beam 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), provided it samples at a rate of about once per second over a period of at least several weeks. Not just the three components of current velocity [ u, v, w] are monitored over a range of some 80 m at 1 m intervals, but also the relative ‘echo intensity’ dI, which is a measure for suspended matter and stratified turbulence. Such ADCP-observations are combined and compared with high-resolution temperature measurements. Fine details show a turbulent inner core with more or less laminar streamlines outside it. Whether a front or a bolus, the bore is never observed as a completely closed contour, as swept up turbulent material is sucked into the core at the rear end.

Function and Evolution of Aggregated Pollen in Angiosperms

The evolution of different forms of pollen aggregation (tetrads, polyads, pollen threads, pollinia) from individual monads is a recurring transition in angiosperm history, having occurred independently at least 39 times. Aggregation should evolve only under special circumstances, because diminishing returns associated with pollen removal and receipt instead favor monads that act largely independently. All forms of aggregation result in sibling pollen grains acting together, but they seem to evolve to ease different limitations on siring success: tetrads may evolve most commonly when pollinators visit infrequently, pollen threads may be most beneficial when ovules become available synchronously, and pollinia greatly increase the probability that a pollen grain removed by a pollinator reaches a conspecific stigma. Once pollen aggregation evolves, its implications for gametophytic competition and the relatedness of seeds within fruits probably influence further reproductive evolution, especially the frequency with which pollen from a single donor sires all seeds in a fruit. This latter effect, rather than improvements in pollination efficiency, probably accounts for the common association of pollen aggregation with low pollen:ovule ratios. The ability of orchid pollinia to reduce diminishing returns during pollination may explain both the floral diversity and the widespread occurrence of deceit pollination in this clade.

Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of nonsulfide Zn–Pb mineralization at Silvermines and Galmoy (Irish Midlands)

The nonsulfide zinc–lead mineralization in the Irish Midlands represents an example of surface oxidation of primary sulfide mineralization, redeposition and preservation under glacial till. In this preliminary study, we report on the mineralogy and chemical composition of the nonsulfide zinc mineralization at Silvermines and Galmoy deposits. At Silvermines, the analyses were carried out on samples from two drill cores (drillholes 302/3 and 303/3) located in Knockanroe Townland, at the periphery of the main orebody. At Galmoy, the nonsulfides were sampled from the G-orebody between 77 and 93 m below the surface, in an area where oxidation is very strong. At both sites, the dominant mineral composition of oxidized ores is relatively simple with smithsonite–hemimorphite at Silvermines and smithsonite at Galmoy. Primary sulfides and secondary carbonates/silicates are generally associated at both localities. Whole rock chemical analysis, SEM and optical studies have revealed evidence for open space filling and replacement of both primary sulfides and Carboniferous dolomite host rock by nonsulfide minerals. Smithsonite at Silvermines shows an evolution of different forms from early encrustations and botryoidal aggregates to late “rice grain” shaped crystals and a systematic decrease of Fe content with time in the paragenetic sequence. Early smithsonite replacing dolomite host rocks can be Fe- and Mn-rich. This evolution points to slightly more reducing conditions during deposition of the early Zn carbonates, compared to late smithsonites, which coexist with Mn and Fe (oxy)hydroxides. A complex association of at least three different, often intergrown types of smithsonite aggregates were observed at Galmoy, where replacement of sulfides and vug-infilling are predominant. Early globular or crustiform Pb- and Ca-rich smithsonite is followed by tiny rounded (Fe-poor) to one-dimensional (Fe-rich) clusters of smithsonite and again by late “rice grain” shaped smithsonite. Hemimorphite is virtually absent. Thin encrustations of sulfates, such as gypsum, boyleite, rozenite, copiapite and jarosite, often coat both sulfide and nonsulfide minerals and testify to recent and/or ongoing alteration. The lack of rhombohedral smithsonite, which characterizes the upper phreatic zone in Sardinia and in Belgium, indicates the relative immaturity of the weathering profiles in Ireland, the absence of a well-developed karstic network and, in consequence, the uneconomic character of nonsulfide concentrations.

The Acquired Immune System: A Vantage from Beneath

The Acquired Immune System: A Vantage from Beneath

Caprine tuberculosis eradication program: an immunohistochemical study

We studied the evolution of different forms of tuberculosis in herds which are periodically submitted to the comparative tuberculin intradermal reaction (CTID) test within the Caprine Tuberculosis Eradication Program in the Region of Murcia (Spain). In the study, 135 goats with tuberculosis from different herds were diagnosed by histopathological and immunocytochemical techniques. Most animals (58 of the 135) were in the primary complex of tuberculosis, with few or no acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and mycobacterial antigens. Generalized tuberculosis was present in 31 of the 135 animals, and the numbers of bacilli and positive immunocytochemical particles were higher than in animals with the primary complex. Postprimary phase was observed in 44 of the 135 animals, and the number of bacilli and positive immunocytochemical particles increased in proportion to the extent and gravity of the necrotic foci. Tuberculous pneumonia with a high number of bacilli was only observed in two goats. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was present with lesions in the intestines (60/135), liver (80/135) and spleen (77/135). This study confirmed that the Caprine Tuberculosis Eradication Program is resulting in fewer animals with postprimary tuberculous processes, and a corresponding increase in the number of primary complex and generalized tuberculosis.

Bulgarian Housing Reform and Forms of Housing Provision

The objective of this paper is to explore the extent to which state intervention and market forces affect the housing provision system. Existing Bulgarian housing policy reform will be analysed with particular emphasis on the dynamics of change, the formation of a new market-oriented system and its considerable impact on innovation in the structures of housing provision. Relevant issues will be brought together to present the wide range of factors which contribute to the formation of nationally specific private and public forms of housing provision. Relevant issues will be brought together to present the wide range of factors which contribute to the formation of nationally specific private and public forms of housing provision, identifying their potential and constraints, and outlining major characteristics. Of primary concern is the extent to which a radical change of relationship between the state and the market, as occurred in Bulgaria, can modify the evolution of different forms of housing provision and the performance of key actors.