Everyday Perception Research Articles

Driving under the influence of psychoactive substances.„Influence” an issue in judicial practice?

"At the end of the 19th century, the punitive celebration disappears, punishment becomes the most hidden part of the criminal process, leaving the domain of everyday perception to enter in abstract consciousness," recorded Michel Foucault in his famous work "Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison" (Foucault, 1997). Therefore, it tends to a change of paradigm, it is desired that the effectiveness of the punishment is not the product of its visible intensity, but of the high degree of certainty. Metamorphosed from a theatrical act (often violent and public) into an administrative act, hidden from the eyes of citizens, criminal policy had to be adapted to encompass the new valence of the act of justice. One of the main means of punitive efficiency by referring to the abstract consciousness is that of the punishment limits that the legislator adjusts according to the criminal phenomenon, aiming both at an inhibitory, repressive and educational effect. It has often been assumed that the criminal recrudescence is due to low sentencing limits, and thus increasing the sentencing limits has been considered to fight all crime, omitting the adaptation of the entire legal norm to contemporary realities. Even the judicial act was not spared from this approach, although the scientific processes evolved and the probation together with them, in the face of a rigid legal norm, the judicial practice refuses to adapt to the new reality. Against the background of a national hysteria due to the scourge of drugs, legal arguments take precedence over scientific arguments.

The pupil dilation response as an indicator of visual cue uncertainty and auditory outcome surprise.

In everyday perception, we combine incoming sensory information with prior expectations. Expectations can be induced by cues that indicate the probability of following sensory events. The information provided by cues may differ and hence lead to different levels of uncertainty about which event will follow. In this experiment, we employed pupillometry to investigate whether the pupil dilation response to visual cues varies depending on the level of cue-associated uncertainty about a following auditory outcome. Also, we tested whether the pupil dilation response reflects the amount of surprise about the subsequently presented auditory stimulus. In each trial, participants were presented with a visual cue (face image) which was followed by an auditory outcome (spoken vowel). After the face cue, participants had to indicate by keypress which of three auditory vowels they expected to hear next. We manipulated the cue-associated uncertainty by varying the probabilistic cue-outcome contingencies: One face was most likely followed by one specific vowel (low cue uncertainty), another face was equally likely followed by either of two vowels (intermediate cue uncertainty) and the third face was followed by all three vowels (high cue uncertainty). Our results suggest that pupil dilation in response to task-relevant cues depends on the associated uncertainty, but only for large differences in the cue-associated uncertainty. Additionally, in response to the auditory outcomes, the pupil dilation scaled negatively with the cue-dependent probabilities, likely signalling the amount of surprise.

Prosthetic species: Security dogs and the more‐than‐human sensing of urban danger

AbstractFocusing on human–dog relations, this article develops a more‐than‐human approach to the sensing of urban insecurity. Extending work on the embodied, sensory dimension of fear and other security affects, it centers the role of non‐human, canine bodies in processes of risk assessment. Drawing on research in Kingston, Jamaica, I explore how a range of city dwellers learn to sense danger with and through security dogs. How do those who live and work in the city construct and experience its threats through attunement to their dogs' olfactory, auditory, and visual acuity? And how does this interspecies sensing of urban danger co‐produce distributions of urban safety and precarity? In this context, I suggest, dogs are not only a companion species but also a “prosthetic species,” animals that enhance and extend the limits of the human senses, enabling a more‐than‐human knowledge of what threats look, sound, and smell like. I discuss such practices of interspecies sensing and their effects, concentrating on the identification of criminal, political, and spiritual forms of danger. Together, such instances of interspecies sensing can provide new insights into the everyday perception, construction, and negotiation of fearful cityscapes.

К вопросу о пространственной композиции пейзажа эпохи символизма и модерна (на примере работ 1890‑х гг. М.В. Якунчиковой-Вебер, К.А. Сомова, А.Н. Бенуа)

The paper presents an attempt to analyse and classify the spatial composition of landscape paintings created in the 1890s by painters who actively collaborated with the World of Art (Mir iskusstva) association and were close to Art Nouveau and Symbolism. Their novelty partially results from impressionist innovations, with the latter revised in terms of both plastic effect and meaning. One of such revised formulae is vividly embodied in the works by М.V. Yakunchikova-Weber, as well as Е.D. Polenov and V.D. Polenov: fragment of a landscape depicting (almost) no ground or sky, tending towards a carpet-like surface and filled with vegetation forms of varying degrees of conventionality. Landscapes focusing on the lower layer of vegetation, flowers, and grass growing from the ground, or in combination with a smooth lake surface motif (the sky as if overturned into water) become a special variant of composition. This comes in tune with the Art Nouveau’s interest in vegetation and water, and Symbolism’s fascination with the motif of reflections. The latter may also be implemented in landscape in a window compositions: combination of reflection (microcosm of the painter’s inner world) and landscape (nature’s macrocosm) on the illusively two-layer surface. М.V. Yakunchikova-Weber and К.А. Somov transform the Landscape without sky, view from a balcony perspectives anticipated by C. Monet’s experiments into a special type of chamber park landscape: a beautiful shelter isolated from the world and the sky endlessness disturbing the soul. At the same time, panoramic landscapes (by K.А. Somov and А.N. Benois) tend towards an extremely high or low horizon line that is far from the everyday perception, oftentimes being presented from behind the back of a park statue and as if seen by its eyes.

Preservation of ethnocultural diversity and fairness in interethnic relations in the estimations of the population of the south of Russia

The article examines views on the issue of preserving and reproducing ethnocultural diversity in the context of multicultural regions in Southern Russia, within the framework of the perception of the implementation of the state's national policy in the categories of social justice in interethnic relations. The authors consider this issue within the discourse of public policy and the everyday perception of ethnic groups residing in Southern Russia. The article is based on materials from exploratory sociological research conducted through questionnaire surveys of the population in the regions of Southern Russia, focus groups, and in-depth interviews with experts in the field of implementing the state's national policy (government officials, scholars, researchers, diaspora representatives). The research covered five regions of Southern Russia (Rostov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, Republic of Kalmykia, Republic of Crimea, Karachay-Cherkess Republic).
 The article analyses perceptions of ethnocultural diversity in the context of justice in interethnic relations at the regional level. It also explores the connection between identification and socio-psychological characteristics (subjective assessments of violations of rights based on nationality) and the conviction of ethnic groups regarding the observance of justice while preserving the cultural diversity of their people in the region of residence (culture, language, and the development of ethnocultural infrastructure).
 The conducted analysis reveals that issues related to the preservation and development of ethnocultural diversity hold a prominent position in the population's views in the Southern Russian regions regarding the fair regulation of interethnic relations. Points of contention that translate social tension into interethnic tension often revolve around questions of historical memory linked to various forms of ethnic-based deprivation. It is established that the demand for the reproduction of ethnocultural diversity in the regions of Southern Russia is determined by the subjective experience of perceiving violations of rights based on nationality, assessments of justice in managing interethnic relations by the state, and the respondent's type of identity. The core understanding of justice for ethnic groups is linked to sociocultural aspects, and their demand for preserving culture, language, and traditions, regardless of their region of residence, is associated with concerns about their potential loss.

Neo-Kantian conceptualism: between scientific experience and everyday perception

ABSTRACT This paper reconstructs the major transformations in the Marburg neo-Kantian account of experience. By focusing on the problem of ‘conceptualism’, it traces connections between four issues that are central to the transcendental projects of the Marburg philosophers: the interpretation of Kant, the critique of experiential givenness, the account of objective cognition in science, and the relation between scientific and pre-scientific experience. My historical narrative identifies two shifts. The first is from Cohen's conceptualist answer to the threat of subjectivism to Cassirer's functionalist answer to empiricism. The second is from Cassirer's conceptualism about scientific experience to his symbolic non-conceptualism about everyday perception. My reconstruction reveals the fate of neo-Kantian conceptualism to be linked to the fate of pre-scientific perception and suggests that the continuing significance of the Marburg philosophers lies in their responses to the coming apart of the manifest and the scientific image.

Contribution of Affect and Cognition in Shaping Aesthetic Responses

The human experience of art is unique, being associated with exceptional and transcendent states of consciousness. These experiences are formed based on the interaction between the work of art itself, the observer, and the context. Using the multilevel modelling with crossed random effects analysis, we explored the connection between the affective and cognitive appraisals of a visual work of art and the aesthetic judgment. Two experiments were performed. In the first, lay persons appraised figural paintings with pleasant and unpleasant content. In the second experiment, abstract and realistic paintings were appraised. The results indicate a strong connection between affective appraisal and the aesthetic judgment, especially with the assessment of beauty. Cognitive appraisals are less closely connected to aesthetic appraisals. These results suggest that naive observers use everyday, practical perception when evaluating works of art, and that paintings which evoke "sweet", pleasant, hedonic emotions will be assessed as more aesthetically pleasing. The deviation of a painting from traditional art canons further strengthens the reliance on everyday perception in lay persons. The implications of these results are discussed.

Metamorphosis

Approaching the numinous is something that has forged a deep bond between art and religion in European cultural history. In the wake of Kant and Schleiermacher, the German theologian Ulrich Barth elaborates four constitutive elements that distinguish both aesthetic and religious experience: Fullfillment of meaning, interruption, passivity, and transcendence. From Raphael to Caspar David Friedrich to Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne, impressive examples can be found of how these dimensions oscillate between religion and art. Nevertheless, there is a limit: art can, but does not have to, approach the numinous. Art can act as an eye-opener, as a school of perception, as an initiation into what Robert Bellah calls "beyonding"; art can lift the veil that lies over our everyday perception. Religion lives from the numinous. The task of religion is to use symbolic, ritual, and conceptual means to present the mystery of the world and the prospect of salvation in a way that is so tangible and concrete that people can receive support and comfort for their lives from it.

Night city landscapes in the works of Russian artists of the late 19th – early 20th century. Iconographic notes

The article examines understudied aspects of the work of Russian artists of the modern era related to the depiction of urban landscapes with nighttime lighting. The image of the nocturnal city attracted many masters at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, who celebrated the lights of Paris (Konstantin Korovin, Nicolas Tarkhoff), the white nights, fireworks, as well as the non-parade aspects of life in St Petersburg (artists of the “World of Art” association), the illumination of the Moscow Kremlin during the coronation of Alexander III and Nicholas II (Vasily Surikov, Isaak Levitan). Both in the literature of that time and in the visual arts, the appeal to the motif of the night was associated with a shift in emphasis in the habitual, everyday perception of the city. Thanks to the contrast between natural moonlight and artificial electric lighting, the theme of the relationship between the natural and the human elements inherent in urban landscapes as a whole began to resonate more sharply in painting. In many works with nighttime lighting, the architectural and landscape features of a specific place are emphasized, while in others, the created image is generalized, and the obscuring form and color of the nocturnal darkness blur the distinctions between cities.

МОТИВИ ТІЛЕСНОСТІ У ПОЕТИЧНОМУ ДОРОБКУ МІЛАНА ДЄЖІНСЬКОГО

a number of literary prizes, Milan Děžinsky. By corporeality in the article, we understand everything that is connected with the image of the biological body, organism in one or another manifestation. The motif of corporality traditionally occupied a prominent place in Czech poetry. One way or another, this topic was touched upon by the majority of Czech poets of our time. Some interweave it with the image of the divine principle, in some we see parallels with the image of nature, the inner world of man, sometimes motifs related to the multiplicity of worlds are added. In Děžinsky's poetic world, the image of corporeality acquires new categories that are not inherent to it in everyday perception. It can be concrete, when the lyrical hero interacts with it in some way, or abstract, when its characteristics are mentioned only as a hint of it. It means that corporality in poetry is a multifaceted, ambiguous phenomenon. It can manifest itself both in concrete images, such as the human body, the body of an animal, a living or dead body, parts of the body with their manifestations, but also in a more abstract version, when we single out corporality as the law of the existence of the poetic world and its essence. The lyrical hero in this case learns this inner law, being himself a part of it.

Three Tools for Sonic Rupture: Translating Ambiance, Biophilic Sound Design and More-Than-Human Listening

Sounds of the city shape everyday perception; thus, as sounds change, so do our moods and responses to the environments in which we live. This article is part of a discourse trying to recognise the essential role that soundscape design should play in urban planning to improve quality of life experiences. It aims to discuss three tools for creating sonic ruptures in urban environments: translating ambiance, biophilic sound design, and more-than-human listening. The three tools are related to the sonic rupture concept, introduced as a form of soundscape design focused on improving the quality of life for urban dwellers and creating new possible approaches for urban design. Translating ambiance leverages ambiance theory to explore the prospects of translating the affective qualities of the natural world into cities. The biophilic sound design tool combines biophilic design and field recording practices to discover innovative ways to bring the sounds of nature into the city. The more-than-human listening tool explores the possible recordings that multi-microphone arrays can make in natural environments that, while impossible to hear with the human ear, can be integrated into urban installations. In combination, this suite of tools presents new ways of thinking about the roles artistic research can play in urban soundscape design as a means to expand the range of human experience – and thus the quality of life – in urban environments. The nature term, as used here, refers to those expanses of land free of urban development that present unique sonic experiences and expressions to the artistic researcher, which can be applied to urban design. The described approach has been tested in the creation of the Sonic Gathering Place, an installation that integrates the three post-sonic rupture tools, which will be touched on briefly in this paper.

Possible Event-Related Potential Correlates of Voluntary Attention and Reflexive Attention in the Emei Music Frog.

Simple SummaryWe investigated auditory event-related potentials (ERP) related to auditory attention in music frogs. Our objective was to explore whether ERP components related to voluntary attention and reflexive attention exist in frogs. We found that the amplitudes of stimulus preceding negativity (SPN, related to voluntary attention and under up-down control) evoked by silence replacement in the telencephalon were the largest when the sequence of acoustic stimuli could be predicted, while the N1 amplitudes (related to reflexive attention and under bottom-up control) evoked in the mesencephalon were the largest when the sequence of acoustic stimuli could not be predicted. This suggests that human-like ERP components related to voluntary attention and reflexive attention exist in the lower vertebrates also.Attention, referring to selective processing of task-related information, is central to cognition. It has been proposed that voluntary attention (driven by current goals or tasks and under top-down control) and reflexive attention (driven by stimulus salience and under bottom-up control) struggle to control the focus of attention with interaction in a push–pull fashion for everyday perception in higher vertebrates. However, how auditory attention engages in auditory perception in lower vertebrates remains unclear. In this study, each component of auditory event-related potentials (ERP) related to attention was measured for the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon in the Emei music frog (Nidirana daunchina), during the broadcasting of acoustic stimuli invoking voluntary attention (using binary playback paradigm with silence replacement) and reflexive attention (using equiprobably random playback paradigm), respectively. Results showed that (1) when the sequence of acoustic stimuli could be predicted, the amplitudes of stimulus preceding negativity (SPN) evoked by silence replacement in the forebrain were significantly greater than that in the mesencephalon, suggesting voluntary attention may engage in auditory perception in this species because of the correlation between the SPN component and top-down control such as expectation and/or prediction; (2) alternately, when the sequence of acoustic stimuli could not be predicted, the N1 amplitudes evoked in the mesencephalon were significantly greater than those in other brain areas, implying that reflexive attention may be involved in auditory signal processing because the N1 components relate to selective attention; and (3) both SPN and N1 components could be evoked by the predicted stimuli, suggesting auditory perception of the music frogs might invoke the two kind of attention resources simultaneously. The present results show that human-like ERP components related to voluntary attention and reflexive attention exist in the lower vertebrates also.

Семантика мифа о лекарственных средствах в научно-популярном медицинском дискурсе

The article is devoted to the study of the semantics of the myth about medicine as a way of raising the mythological consciousness of the recipient in the popular science medical discourse. The methodological basis of the research, which creates the preconditions for the myth analysis as a semiological system, is described. It is established that the everyday perception of medicine can be interpreted as a myth. The source of everyday knowledge, which determines the semantics of the given myth, is analyzed. The model of the treating process of the disease with the help of medicine is presented from the point of view of semiotics. The study shows that the semantics of the myth about medicine is defined as the representation of the mechanism and action of medicine and includes ideological guidelines (legal and ethical standards for conducting a clinical trial of a drug). On the basis of the popular science work “Superbugs: The Race to Stop an Epidemic” by Matt McCarthy, metaphorical models that describe the symbolic and pragmatic aspects of the myth about medicine as a linguocultural phenomenon are described. The relationship between a metaphor and a myth in the popular science medical text is analyzed. It is concluded that most often the semantics of the myth about medicine is represented by such a metaphorical model as the mechanism of action of medicine (antibiotic). It is due to the fact that the specifics of the use and the spectrum of activity of medicine (antibiotic) are important for the doctor and the patient.

New life of the Old Believers of Transbaikalia: towards the “Soviet person” (late 1920s)

In the 1920s, throughout the USSR, there were well-known processes of unification of a heterogeneous social structure, ultimately designed to create a unified Soviet society. The attitude of the Old Believers of Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Chita District of the Far Eastern Territory to what was happening during this period became one of the most problematic in terms of the introduction of Communist principles. This was recognised by almost all local Party officials and cultural workers. Formally reproducing the structures of Soviet political and economic institutions, adopting technical innovations and the specifics of the "cultural revolution" in their lives – in reality, the Semeiskie Old Believers often did not seek to change their views on the world, religious identity for the sake of forming the Soviet type of personality. The purpose of the work is to analyse the relationship between the authorities and the Old Believers, as well as the everyday perception of the Communist ideology by the latter. Hence, the main problem can be considered the identification of the reaction of the Semeiskie (including the Communists) to the intensified in their community anti-religious propaganda by the late 1920s – the main condition for changing the paradigm of the worldview. Another problem is to research the ideological (educational) aspect of the new way of life and people's attitudes towards it. As a brief conclusion it should be noted that the process of the formation of the Soviet type of personality in the Old Believers’ environment of Transbaikalia by the early 1930s had a formal character of development: the ideologisation of the population with atheistic propaganda were not tied in the minds of people as an indispensable prerequisite for their new cultural life.

Enacting a Jazz Beat: Temporality in Sonic Environment and Symbolic Communication

Abstract What does it mean to enact a jazz beat as a creative performer? This article offers a critical reading of Iyer’s much-cited theory on rhythmic enaction. We locate the sonic environment approach in Iyer’s theory, and criticize him for advancing a one-to-one relationship between everyday perception and full-fledged aural competence of jazz musicians, and for comparing the latter with non-symbolic behaviour of non-human organisms. As an alternative, we suggest a Merleau-Ponty-inspired concept of rhythmic enaction, which we call the enactive communicative approach. Key to this approach is the fact that jazz musicians play by ear, and that the beat emerges because of reciprocal, real-time aural communication. From this perspective, we outline the temporality of a jazz beat as a holistic and dialectical temporal structure. Throughout the discussions, we use John Coltrane’s ‘Trane’s Slo Blues’ as a point of reference.

Rapid visual adaptation persists across saccades

SummaryNeurons in the visual cortex quickly adapt to constant input, which should lead to perceptual fading within few tens of milliseconds. However, perceptual fading is rarely observed in everyday perception, possibly because eye movements refresh retinal input. Recently, it has been suggested that amplitudes of large saccadic eye movements are scaled to maximally decorrelate presaccadic and postsaccadic inputs and thus to annul perceptual fading. However, this argument builds on the assumption that adaptation within naturally brief fixation durations is strong enough to survive any visually disruptive saccade and affect perception. We tested this assumption by measuring the effect of luminance adaptation on postsaccadic contrast perception. We found that postsaccadic contrast perception was affected by presaccadic luminance adaptation during brief periods of fixation. This adaptation effect emerges within 100 milliseconds and persists over seconds. These results indicate that adaptation during natural fixation periods can affect perception even after visually disruptive saccades.

(RE)FRAMING SPATIALITY AS A SOCIO-CULTURAL PARADIGM: EXAMINING THE IRANIAN HOUSING CULTURE AND PROCESSES

With rapid changes in urban living today, peoples’ behavioural patterns and spatial practices undergo a constant process of adaptation and negotiation. Using “house” as a laboratory and everyday life and spatial relations of residents as a framework of analysis, the paper examines the spatial planning concepts in traditional and contemporary Iranian architecture and the associated socio-cultural practices. Discussions are drawn upon from a pilot study conducted in the city of Kerman, to investigate ways in which contemporary housing solutions can better cater to the continually changing socio-cultural lifestyles of residents. Data collection for the study involved a series of participatory workshops and employed creative visual research methods, participant observation and semi structured interviews to examine the interlacing of everyday socio-spatial relations and changing perception of identity, belonging, socio-cultural and religious values and conflict. The inferences from the study showcases the emerging social and cultural needs and practices of people manifested through the complex relationship between residents, the places in which they live, and its spatial planning and organisation. For a better understanding of this complex relationship, the paper argues the need for resituating spatiality as a socio-cultural paradigm.

On the use of dictionary materials when studying concepts at Russian language lessons

The purpose of this study is to show how using dictionary materials helps in creating the conceptual model, which separates the basic concept elements and shows stable communications between them. This article describes the training experiment and characterizes students’ studies of concepts, including how they employ different dictionary materials (linguistic, mythological, and concept dictionaries). The author pays special attention to how students work with didactic materials created by their teacher depending on the dictionaries’ content. The conceptual model, constructed as a result of the multifaceted activity, consists of two main components: 1) the poetic perception of home; 2) the everyday perception of home. Each of these components is further defined by a whole group of meanings.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТАТЕВОГО ПОВСЯКДЕННОГО СТРЕСОСПРИЙНЯТТЯ В СТУДЕНТСЬКОМУ ВІЦІ

The article is devoted to studying the psychological features of everyday sexual stress in student’s age. Theoretical study of this mental phenomenon has made it possible to divide stress perception into 3 main parts: as a feeling caused by a person’s experience of their attitude to stressors, phenomena and life events, as a state that determines a person’s conscious attitude to stressful situations and as a process seen as acute stress factors with short duration. The negative and positive aspects of stress perception phenomenon have also been analyzed. The main reasons determining stress perception depending on sex have been identified. Gender differences in the process of stress perception in students’ age have been empirically studied and identified. In particular, statistically proved differences on individual indicators, such as “perceived stress,” “overstrain,” “stress management,” “self-esteem,” “distancing,” “self-control,” “search for social support,” “escape-avoidance,” “extraversion-introversion,” “attachment –separation,” “general internality,” “internality in the field of achievements,” “internality in the field of failures,” “internality in family relationships,” “internality in the field of professional relationships,” “internality in the field of production,” “interpersonal relationships,” “internality in relation to health and disease” have been identified and analyzed. Two-factor models of personal characteristics influence on the level of experience of daily stress perception have been constructed and analyzed. The mentioned models allow determining sexual features of everyday stress perception and general predictors that identify the specifics of stress perception depending on sex. For the sample of girls, the feedback with such factors as self-control-impulsivity and extraversion has been established, and for the boys, the feedback with the level of self-esteem and direct connection with self-control-impulsivity has been found. This result obtained is correlating with the scientific research proving that the subjective definition as a person who has or does not have everyday stress is associated with the expression of such personal characteristics as extraversion-introversion and neuroticism.

ИМПЛИЦИТНЫЕ ПРЕДСКАЗАНИЯ УДОВЛЕТВОРЕННОСТИ БРАКОМ ПО ВОСПРИЯТИЮ ЭКСПРЕССИВНЫХ ЧЕРТ

The paper deals with the problem of determining the zones of predictive accuracy of everyday perception. We studied implicit representations of women about the satisfaction with marriage among males with contrasting personality traits. The research involved 100 females aged from 17 to 48 (M = 22.11, SD = 4.23). At the first stage, the respondents filled out the Big Five-2 questionnaire. After that, they studied the responses to the same questionnaire supposedly given by a man with one of the four traits viv-idly expressed: extraversion, introversion, benevolence, or hostility. The participants were then asked to fill out the Marriage Satisfaction Questionnaire in the way they thought this man would do it. The data were analyzed using ANOVA. It was found that women attribute the same level of satisfaction with mar-riage to extroverted and introverted men. These judgments appear to be based on a projection mechanism, which is manifested in the fact that subjects with high extraversion predict a more successful marriage for an extrovert, and introverted subjects attribute an equally successful marriage to both an introvert and an extrovert. Thus, taking the projective intervention into account, it can be concluded that the implicit theo-ry of the extraverted personality is consistent with research data on links between extraversion and sub-jective well-being. Women also ascribed significantly higher marital satisfaction to the benevolent men than to the hostile ones. This indicates that the implicit theory of benevolent personality does not repro-duce the objective variability of interpersonal interaction scenarios of such a personality. The results ob-tained expand the understanding of the implicit theories limitations and can be helpful in preventing cog-nitive distortions in the field of social perception.