Evergreen Rainforest Research Articles

A new species of Paraphytoseius Swirski & Schechter (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) with redescription of Phytoscutus salebrosus (Chant) and Typhlodromips syzygii (Gupta) from Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India

ABSTRACT A new species of the genus Paraphytoseius Swirski & Schechter, 1961 (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) is described, Paraphytoseius andamani Karmakar & Biswas sp. nov. and two known species are redescribed, Phytoscutus salebrosus (Chant, 1960) and Typhlodromips syzygii (Gupta, 1975). All specimens were collected from flora in the tropical evergreen rainforest regions of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D80BF6B6-AE48-46D2-BF52-B7F7CED2BC54

Biomass Allocation of China’s Forests as Indicated by a Literature-Based Allometry Database

Allometry reflects the quantitative relationship between the allocation of resources among different organs. Understanding patterns of forest biomass allocation is critical to comprehending global climate change and the response of terrestrial vegetation to climate change. By collecting and reorganizing the existing allometric models of tree species in China, we established a database containing over 3000 empirical allometric models. Based on this database, we analyzed the model parameters and the effect of climate on forest biomass allocation under the context of ‘optimal allocation theory’. We showed that (1) the average and median exponent of power functions for above-ground biomass were 2.344 and 2.385, respectively, which significantly deviated from the theoretical prediction of 2.667 by metabolic theory (p < 0.01). (2) The parameters of the allometric model were not constant, and not significantly correlated with temperature, precipitation, latitude, and elevation (p > 0.05), but were more closely related to individual size (p < 0.01). (3) Among different types of forests, the proportion of above-ground biomass in tropical rainforests and subtropical evergreen rainforests was significantly higher than that in temperate forests and boreal forests (p < 0.05). The proportion of trunk and branch biomass allocated to tropical rainforest was significantly higher than that of boreal forest (p < 0.05), while the proportion of root and leaf biomass allocated to tropical rainforest was significantly lower than that of boreal forest (p < 0.05). (4) The abiotic environment plays a crucial role in determining the allocation of plant biomass. The ratio of below-ground/above-ground biomass is significantly and negatively correlated with both temperature and rainfall (p < 0.01), and significantly and positively correlated with altitude and latitude (p < 0.01). This means that as temperature and rainfall increase, there is a decrease in the amount of biomass allocated to below-ground structures such as roots. On the other hand, as altitude and latitude increase, there is an increase in below-ground biomass allocation. These findings highlight the importance of considering the influence of abiotic factors on plant growth and development.

Analyses of Climate Variability and Trends in the Oil Palm Belt of Ghana

The current production of oil palm in Africa has been severely limited by long periods of drought and perennial floods due to the increased rates of climate change. The study was aimed at assessing the climatic variability trends in 7 major Oil Palm growing areas (Benso, Mpohor, Bogoso, Twifo Praso, Kade, Juabeng and Brewaniese) located in the oil palm belt in Ghana spanning the semideciduous and the wet evergreen rainforest zones of Ghana using 30 years of historical weather data (1993-2022). The data was analysed to evaluate the extent of seasonal changes in weather over the 30-year period using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0 version), using descriptive statistics and time series analysis. Trend analysis was conducted using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) and Sen’s slope estimator tests. A seasonal trend in rainfall was observed at all sites with maximum levels observed between May and July as well as a minor rainy season in September to Mid-November. The Mann-Kendall trend analysis showed a generally increasing trend at most stations in rainfall, temperature and solar radiation. A generally increasing trend in annual rainfall was observed from 1993-2022 with significant trends at Mpohor and Juabeng. The trend was higher in the moist evergreen rainforest zone than in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone. An average increase of 6.7 mm/yr in rainfall trend was observed for the period. An increasing trend in monthly maximum, minimum and mean temperatures were also observed. Significant increases in mean temperatures were observed at Bogoso (0.022°C/yr), Benso (0.018°C/yr), Juabeng (0.011°C/yr) and Mpohor (0.017°C/yr). The trend in mean annual solar radiation was generally not significant except in Benso where the mean solar radiation increased at the rate of 0.044 MJ/day. Higher drought levels in the first half year combined with very heavy rains later in the year are features of the ongoing climate change menace.

Species Diversity and Tree Seedling Dynamics in Moist Evergreen Rain Forest at Khlong Naka Wildlife Sanctuary, Ranong Province

Species Diversity and Tree Seedling Dynamics in Moist Evergreen Rain Forest at Khlong Naka Wildlife Sanctuary, Ranong Province

Fire-human-climate interactions in the Bolivian Amazon rainforest ecotone from the Last Glacial Maximum to late Holocene

The Amazon Rainforest Ecotone (the ARF-Ecotone) of the southwestern Amazon Basin is a transitional landscape from tropical evergreen rainforests and seasonally flooded savannahs to savannah woodlands and semi-deciduous dry forests. While fire activity plays an integral role in ARF-Ecotones, recent interactions between human activity and increased temperatures and prolonged droughts driven by anthropogenic climate change threaten to accelerate habitat transformation through positive feedbacks, increasing future fire susceptibility, fuel loads, and fire intensity. The long-term factors driving fire in the ARF-Ecotone remain poorly understood because of the challenge of disentangling the effects of prolonged climatic variability since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~24,000 to 11,000 cal BP) and over 10,500 years of human occupation in the region. To investigate this issue, we implement an interdisciplinary framework incorporating multiple lake sediment cores, with varying basin characteristics with existing regional palaeoclimatological and archaeological data. These data indicate expansive C4 grasslands coupled with low fire activity during the LGM, higher sensitivity of small basins to detecting local-scale fire activity, and increased spatial diversity of fire during the Holocene (~10,500 cal year BP to the limit of our records ~4,000 cal year BP), despite a similar regional climate. This may be attributed to increased human-driven fire. These data raise the intriguing possibility that the composition of modern flora at NKMNP developed as part of a co-evolutionary process between people and plants that started at the beginning of the ARE occupation.

Global patterns and drivers of spatial autocorrelation in plant communities in protected areas

AbstractAimStochastic and deterministic (biotic factors such as intraspecies competition or abiotic factors) processes affect the spatial patterns of ecological communities. These processes can be quantitatively assessed based on spatial autocorrelation (SAC) parameters. However, the global patterns of SAC and their differences across vegetation types remain unknown. We aimed to (1) quantitatively assess the SAC global pattern in plant communities and their variation from 1990 to 2020 and (2) identify the key drivers of SAC in plant communities in protected areas (PAs).LocationGlobal.Time Period1990–2020.Major Taxa StudiedTerrestrial plants.MethodsUsing normalized difference vegetation index data extracted from remote sensing datasets, we calculated the SAC parameters, including the Nugget, Partial Sill (PSill), and Sill, in 147 samples from 49 PAs in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. The random forest model was employed to identify the drivers among 10 annual and 120 monthly climatic variables.ResultsThe SAC patterns of plant communities in global PAs differed across vegetation types. It reached the highest in grasslands and evergreen needleleaved forests, mainly explained by annual energy metrics, and the lowest in tropical evergreen rain forests around equator and boreal coniferous forests near the Arctic Circle. From 1990 to 2020, the Nugget, PSill, and Sill decreased by 92.36%, 58.36%, and 60.61%, respectively, indicating biological homogeneity. Monthly climatic variables explain SAC variations better than annual ones.Main ConclusionsFrom 1990 to 2020, the SAC parameters decreased sharply across vegetation types, indicating an obvious biologically homogenous trend that was mainly driven by monthly climatic variation, vary across sites and vegetation types. Our results highlight the need to assess the SAC in different vegetation types separately to understand the shifts of global plant communities under climate change.

Showcasing Incredible India Through Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Swachh Smarak, Swachh Pakwan And Swachh Paryatan

India is a nation renowned for its rich and storied history, boasting one of the world's oldest and most advanced civilizations. Its diverse landscape features perennial rivers, undulating terrain, verdant mountains, evergreen rainforests, and stunning beaches in Goa, as well as the breathtaking backwaters of Kerala and the snow-capped paradise of North India. Cleanliness is crucial for travellers when selecting a destination as it greatly affects their experience and perception of the place. In order to enhance the reputation of popular tourist destinations in India as clean and secure places, a range of measures have been implemented. One of the key initiatives taken by the Indian government to enhance cleanliness in the country is the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is really a magical tool if used efficiently; it will change the image of India on the world map and will positively increase the number of tourists visiting the country. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan also helps in achieving the motto of ‘Incredible India’ and ‘Atithi Devo Bhava’ programmes. Thus in this present paper, the researchers focus on the importance of Clean India Campaign for promoting Indian Tourism and also explore the various initiatives under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Swachh Bharat – Swachh Smarak, Swachh Bharat – Swachh Pakwan and Swachh Bharat – Swachh Paryatan as the backdrop of Incredible India.

A new species of spider of the genus Sadala Simon, 1880 (Araneae, Sparassidae) from the Yasuni Biosphere Reserve, Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador

AbstractWe describe a new species of giant crab spider of the genus Sadala Simon, 1880 collected in Lowland Evergreen rainforests at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Yasuni Biosphere Reserve, Amazonian Ecuador. This new species corresponds to the first record of the genus from Ecuador. Females of the new species of Sadala are similar to S. punicea and S. nanay, by having the epigyne with a median septum diamond‐shaped posteriorly. The new species is easily distinguished from S. punicea and S. nanay by having relatively straight anterior lateral margins of the median septum. This study increases to 10 the number of described species of Sadala.

Duabanga (Lythraceae) from the Oligocene of India and its climatic and phytogeographic significance

Understanding the evolutionary history of biodiversity hotspots has important implications for their future survival. India hosts four biodiversity hotspots: the Western Ghats of South India, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Eastern Himalaya, and the Indo-Myanmar region. Northeast India (NEI) is an important region that hosts 43% of the total plant species occurring in India, of which ∼39% are endemic. This region also acts as a gateway for biotic exchange between India and southeast Asia. The area also receives exceptional rainfall during the pre-monsoon (March to May), in addition to the summer monsoon (June to September) season. In rainforests of NEI, forest-forming plant species make up a large proportion of the biodiversity. Understanding the evolutionary history of rainforests of NEI has implications for the conservation of biodiversity hotspots. Here we report the evergreen rainforest genus Duabanga Buch.-Ham. of the family Lythraceae from the late Oligocene sediments of Assam, NEI. Fossil records of this genus (from south and southeast Asia) suggest its Gondwanan origin, while its modern distribution is dominantly controlled by moisture availability.

Corybas hamiguitanensis (Orchidaceae), a new species from a UNESCO world heritage site in the Philippines

A new species of helmet orchid, Corybas hamiguitanensis, is herein described and illustrated. It is the first species of the genus recorded in Mindanao Island, Philippines. This novel species occupies varied climatic zones along different altitudinal gradients ranging from lowland evergreen rainforest up to the mossy forest of Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary.

Solving the taxonomic identity of Hipposideros cineraceus sensu lato (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, with the description of a new species.

A new species of small Hipposideros in the bicolor group is described based on specimens from Thailand and Malaysia. It can be distinguished from other small Hipposideros in Southeast Asia by a combination of external, craniodental, and bacular morphology, as well as echolocation call frequency. The new species has a distinct rounded swelling on the internarial septum of the noseleaf, with a forearm length of 35.3-42.6 mm, greatest skull length of 15.94-17.90 mm, and a call frequency of maximum energy of 132.3-144.0 kHz. Although clearly different in morphology, the new species forms a sister clade with H. kunzi and H. bicolor in the phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial DNA. In addition, this study reports echolocation and genetic data, with a confirmed record of H. einnaythu from Thailand for the first time. The new species most closely resembles H. einnaythu. However, it differs in the details of the noseleaf and craniodental morphology, and it has a genetic distance of 9.6% and 10.4% based on mitochondrial COI and ND2, respectively. It is currently documented from five localities: two in peninsular Thailand, at Hala Forest in Yala Province, and Phru To Daeng Swamp Forest in Narathiwat Province, one from peninsular Malaysia at Krau Wildlife Reserve in Pahang, and another two in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo at Gunung Kinabalu, and near Madai Caves. However, it is likely that many previous records of "H. cineraceus" from Borneo refer to this species. Most records of the species are from lowland evergreen rainforest, though one record from Sabah was at 1800m. The roosting sites for this new species are currently unknown. Future research with a combination of data such as genetics, echolocation and morphology would be necessary to further determine the species geographic distribution in Southeast Asia.

Warming and drought weaken the carbon sink capacity of an endangered paleoendemic temperate rainforest in South America.

Measurements of ecosystem carbon (C) fluxes in temperate forests are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, leaving the functionally diverse temperate forests in the Southern Hemisphere underrepresented. Here, we report three years (February 2018-January 2021) of C fluxes, studied with eddy-covariance and closed chamber techniques, in an endangered temperate evergreen rainforest of the long-lived paleoendemic South American conifer Fitzroya cupressoides. Using classification and regression trees we analyzed the most relevant drivers and thresholds of daily net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and soil respiration. The annual NEE showed that the forest was a moderate C sink during the period analyzed (-287±38 g C m-2 year -1). We found that the capacity to capture C of the Fitzroya rainforests in the Coastal Range of southern Chile is optimal under cool and rainy conditions in the early austral spring (October-November) and decreases rapidly towards the summer dry season (January-February) and autumn. Although the studied forest type has a narrow geographical coverage, the gross primary productivity measured at the tower was highly representative of Fitzroya and other rainforests in the region. Our results suggest that C fluxes in paleoendemic cool F. cupressoides forests may be negatively affected by the warming and drying predicted by climate change models, reinforcing the importance of maintaining this and other long-term ecological research sites in the Southern Hemisphere.

Dry season plant water sourcing in contrasting tropical ecosystems of Costa Rica

AbstractTracer‐aided studies to understand plant water uptake sources and dynamics in tropical ecosystems are limited. Here, we report the analysis of dry season source water uptake patterns of five unique ecosystems of Costa Rica across altitudinal (<150–3,400 m asl) and latitudinal (Caribbean and Pacific slopes) gradients: evergreen and seasonal rainforests, cloud forest, Páramo and dry forest. Soil and plant samples were collected during the dry season in 2021. Plant and soil water extractions were conducted using centrifugation. Stem water extracted volume and stem total water content were calculated via gravimetric analysis. Water source contributions were estimated using a Bayesian mixing model. Isotope ratios in soil and stems exhibited a strong meteoric origin. Enrichment trends were only detected in stems and cactus samples within the dry forest ecosystem. Soil profiles revealed nearly uniform isotopic profiles; however, a depletion trend was observed in the Páramo ecosystem below 25 cm. More enriched compositions were reported in cactus samples for extracted water volumes above ~20% (adj. r2 = 0.34, p < 0.01). The most prominent dry season water source in the evergreen rainforest (74.0%), seasonal rainforest (86.4%) and cloud forest (66.0%) corresponded to well‐mixed soil water. In the Páramo ecosystem, recent rainfall produced by trade wind incursions resulted in the most significant water source (61.9%), whereas in the dry forest, mean annual precipitation (38.6%) and baseflow (33.1%) were the dominant sources. The latter highlights the prevalence of distinct water uptake sources between recent cold front rainfall (near‐surface soil storage) to more well‐mixed soil moisture during the dry season, revealing ecohydrological processing previously unknown in this tropical region.

Transformation of Agricultural Landscapes and Its Consequences for Natural Forests in Southern Myanmar within the Last 40 Years

Kyunsu township comprises coastal regions and a multitude of small islands covered by vast tropical evergreen and mangrove forests, and a large water body in the Adman Sea of Myanmar. Due to population growth, residents have increasingly expanded their agricultural land areas into natural tropical evergreen and mangrove forests, leading to deforestation. Understanding the processes and consequences of landscape transformation for surrounding ecosystems is crucial for local policy making and for fostering sustainable crop production in this area. Landsat datasets from 1978, 1989, 2000, 2011, and 2020 were used in a time-series post-classification approach to investigate land use land cover (LULC) changes in the Kyunsu township of Southern Myanmar across the last 40 years. Our study also attempted to assess the effects of the transformation of LULC on carbon stocks. Between 1978 and 2020, major LULC changes occurred with the expansion of Paddy Fields (+90%), Plantations (+11%), Open Forests (+81%), Settlement Areas (+115%), Aquaculture Areas (+1594%), and Others (+188%) while the area covered with Closed Forests shrunk by 44% and with Mangrove Forests by 9%. Water Bodies expanded by 0.13%. Our analyses show that between 1978 and 2020 2453 ha of Paddy Fields expanded into Plantations, 1857 ha to Open Forests, and 1146 ha to Mangrove Forests. Additionally, 12,135 ha of Open Forests, 8474 ha of Closed Forests, and 2317 ha of Mangrove Forests became Plantations. Across the 40 year study period, a total of 40,523 ha of Closed Forests were transformed to Open Forests. Our findings show that transformation of agricultural landscapes in the study area significantly affected deforestation and forest degradation of tropical evergreen rain forests and mangrove forests which are vital sources of ecosystem services. These transformations led to estimated losses of carbon stocks between 1978 and 2020 ranged from 89,260–5,106,820 Mg (average of 1,723,250 Mg) in our study area. Our findings call for sustainable resource intensification to increase production efficiency in existing cultivated areas rather than crop land expansion into natural forests. In addition, our data highlight the need for rigorous policies to conserve and protect tropical natural evergreen and mangrove forest, as key local resources providing multiple ecosystem services.

Managing Halal Recreation Services for Quality of Life and Ecosystem in Brunei Darussalam

Brunei Darussalam has a diverse ecosystem and is considered among the countries with high forest cover. The country’s natural vegetation is tropical evergreen rainforests estimated to be around 75 per cent of the country’s total land area and composed primarily of old-growth forests. However, solid policies and systems in the Brunei ecosystem need to speed up the transition to a resilient economy that promotes forest, sustainable land use, biodiversity, and climate goals. The management of halal recreation services for quality of life and ecosystem was the subject of this study. This study will look into the governments and private sector’s actions in managing halal recreation to improve the environment’s quality of life, assess individual initiatives and observe the ecosystem’s primary causes

Descriptions of five new species of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands

ABSTRACT Five mite species belonging to the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata), namely, Amblyseius andamanicus Karmakar and Biswas sp. nov., Amblyseius reticulatus Karmakar and Biswas sp. nov., Euseius jhinukae Karmakar and Biswas sp. nov., Euseius madhubanensis Karmakar and Biswas sp. nov., and Ueckermannseius samudricus Karmakar and Biswas sp. nov., are discovered as new to science and are described based on specimens collected from plants amidst the lush green and dense tropical evergreen rainforest areas of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A new species group samudricus under the genus Ueckermannseius is proposed. Zoobank registration numberhttp://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D365B615-0D5F-4FC9-A688-C5B4BBD7E15F

Aeration Quality of Root Trainer and Rooting Media in the Artificial Regeneration Studies of Myristica malabarica Lam.

Tropics are known for the species richness and the evergreen rain forests are blessed with many tree species, which are of economic importance. Myristica malabarica is an important evergreen tree species, which urgently require artificial regeneration technology for plantation trials. Hence this work has great importance. The present study was carried out using seeds from two forest localities (L1 and L2) and sown in four sowing media (SM1-SM4) and control (SM5) in root trainers and reusable poly-pots. Germination trials using fresh and stored seeds with and without seed treatments were also performed. Higher germination percentage of 44% was exhibited by seeds collected from L1 and sown in perlite and soil in root trainer (SM3). Least germination percentage of 12.75 % was found in seeds collected from L2 and sown in garden soil in nursery bed (SM5). Higher germination value (GV) of 0.515 was recorded in seeds collected from L1 and sown in perlite and soil (SM3) and least value of 0.024 in seeds collected from L2 and sown in garden soil (SM3). Seeds soaked in water (T3) and sown in perlite and soil (SM3) and nutmeg pericarp and soil (SM4) showed higher germination percentage of 84.5 % and 83.5 % respectively while seeds without pretreatment (T1) and sown in vermiculite and soil (SM2) exhibited 21.75 % of germination in root trainer. Germination percentage was higher in seeds sown in perlite and soil in root trainer. Seeds sown in vermiculite and soil in pots recorded greater MGT of 40.57 days and least in seeds sown in perlite and soil in root trainer. Germination rate and CVt was higher in all sowing medium in root trainer compared to that in pots. Greater germination value of 3.085 were recorded in seeds sown in perlite and soil in root trainer and least values in seeds sown in vermiculite and soil in pots. Thus the results directly proves the ability of root trainers in environmentally safe artificial generation of seedlings for plantation purpose.

Interception and surface runoff in different regeneration stages of Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil

In natural regeneration, vegetation goes through different stages over time, each of them with different conditions to drain the precipitated water to the soil surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate interception loss, throughfall, stemflow and surface runoff in early and advanced stages regeneration at evergreen rainforest subtype sites within the Atlantic Forest, located in the Serra do Itajaí National Park, in southern Brazil. Rainfall was sampled by three rain gauges and throughfall was measured using "U" type gutters. The stemflow was measured in 24 trees per stage (i.e., 48 trees in total). The interception loss was calculated as the difference between rainfall and the sum of the throughfall plus stemflow. The surface runoff was evaluated using metal rails. Vegetation in the initial stage is a composition of 7 species with a basal area of 5.01 m².ha-1 and advanced stage site consists of 28 species with a basal area of 34.7 m².ha-1. Throughfall records were 81.7% in the initial and 74.1% in the advanced regeneration stages. The stemflows registered were 5.93% in the initial stage and 0.54% in the advanced stage while the interception losses were respectively 13.2% and 25.8%. Surface runoffs observations were 11.1% in the initial stage and 10.7% in the advanced stage. Statistically significant differences were found between the regeneration stages for the stemflow and for the interception loss parameters. The study showed that, for some hydrological processes, the behavior of the precipitated water differs for the stage of vegetation regeneration. The regeneration stage does not influence the surface runoff, demonstrating that after a few years of vegetation regeneration, this hydrological process is equivalent to vegetation in an advanced stage.

Molecular and morphological species delimitation suggest a single species of the beetle-spider genus Ballus in Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae)

Ballus Koch, 1850 is a beetle-like jumping spider genus encountered in montane evergreen rainforests of the Central and Uva Provinces of Sri Lanka. The taxonomic literature documents three species of the genus for the island. However, neither the taxonomic validity nor the systematics of any of the three species have been previously examined. We used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (28S rRNA, H3, COI) as well as morphological characters to investigate the genetic and taxonomic diversity of Ballus populations in Sri Lanka, including specimens from type localities. No Ballus specimens were found outside of the central highlands. Results of molecular species delimitation and morphological analysis suggest the presence of only a single species of Ballus in Sri Lanka. We therefore propose B. sellatus Simon, 1900 to be a junior synonym of B. segmentatus Simon, 1900, while B. clathratus Simon, 1901 remains a nomen nudum. Further, we discuss the implications of our results for conservation planning.

Modeling Mosquitoes and their Potential Odonate Predators Under Different Land Uses.

To efficiently face the accelerated landscape transformation and its consequences in restructuring biotic communities and ecosystem services, one first question is which regional systems deserve prioritization for empirical assessments and interventive strategies. For the particular case of vector-borne disease control, we should consider generalist predators exhibiting differential responses to land-use change, as is the case of odonate insects. Thus, our aim was to infer land uses in Mexico where odonates (i.e., damselflies and dragonflies) might have some potential to predate mosquitoes of medical relevance. The study area included the hydrological basins of central Mexico. We modelled 167 species of odonates, four species of mosquitoes, and 51 land-use categories. Inferring spatial co-occurrence patterns from data mining and complex networks, we identified: (1) the ecological network of odonates and mosquitoes and (2) the land uses shared by these two groups. We inferred that 34% of odonate species co-occur with mosquitoes of medical relevance mainly in some preserved-mountain mesophyll cloud forest, high evergreen rainforest, and low tropical dry forest-but also in highly modified-human settlements, irrigation-based and pastures crop fields-land uses with strong human presence. Our findings highlight the relevance of community-regional studies for understanding the public health consequences of landscape change.