Perception Of Events Research Articles

Certified Nursing Assistants' Perceptions of a Traumatic Event in Long-Term Care: A Qualitative Pilot Study.

Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) provide indispensable, direct care to residents in long-term care (LTC). When a traumatic event occurs, CNAs may be negatively affected. The purpose of the current qualitative pilot study was to explore the experiences of LTC CNAs who have experienced a traumatic event at work. Two CNAs participated in semi-structured interviews via Zoom. An exemplar case was developed to describe one participant's story. The exemplar case demonstrated the CNA's genuine concern for LTC residents, lack of support from management, and traumatic events' effects on the CNA. This study adds to the body of literature regarding LTC CNAs and provides a foundation for additional research of this population. It is essential that further research be conducted to better understand CNAs' experiences with traumatic events. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, xx(xx), xx-xx.].

More than simple associations: Event files store abstract relationships that last long enough to influence hierarchical event perception and action control.

Identifying a stimulus feature (e.g., a musical note) via a response (e.g., pressing a piano key) leads to an event file that stores the feature-response association (often called a "binding"). Interestingly, identifying two stimulus features in rapid succession integrates the corresponding event files, thereby enabling the storage of abstract relationships between stimuli or responses in those files (e.g., the interval between two musical notes). The nature, generality, and duration of such abstract relationships, however, remain unclear. To fill these gaps, I employed prime-probe tasks wherein only retrieving one or more relationships between two stimuli or two responses from a prime trial can produce a relational sequence effect in a subsequent probe trial. Simultaneously varying perceptual and categorical relationships between two stimuli and spatial relationships between two nonhomologous finger responses on different hands (Experiment 1), only the second and third types of relationships (Experiment 2), or only the third type (Experiment 3), produced progressively smaller relational sequence effects, some of which lasted 5 s (Experiment 4). I conclude that bindings store multiple relationships, that retrieving such relationships can influence actions involving different effectors, and that such relationships are stored long enough to influence hierarchical representations of event and action sequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Exploring the emergence of language-unique event perception and description in children

Abstract When describing an event in which one participant acts on the other, English native speakers tend to perceive the participant at the beginning of the action chain as the most salient and describe it as the subject. In contrast, native Japanese speakers tend to perceive the participant with the highest degree of empathy as the most salient and describe it as the subject. In order to examine when children acquire this language-unique pattern of perceiving and describing, this study conducted a picture description experiment on English/Japanese native children aged 3–5 years old. The results showed that already at the age of 3, there was a clear difference between Japanese and English native children in terms of which participant in the event they focus on. This study also found that this difference contributes to the fact that native Japanese children can use passive voice, despite cognitive and morphological complexity, from the age of 3 years old.

Fishermen’s perceptions of negative events affecting fishing activities. A case study of a Vietnamese purse seine fishery

Fishermen’s perceptions of negative events affecting fishing activities. A case study of a Vietnamese purse seine fishery

Knowledge and Perception of Vaccine Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Events Following Immunization Reporting Among Pharmacy Students in India: An Online-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

In India, the knowledge and perception of vaccine pharmacovigilance and adverse events following immunization (AEFI) reporting among pharmacy students are not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the current knowledge and perceptions of vaccine pharmacovigilance and AEFI reporting among pharmacy students. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted for three months. Validated structured questionnaires were circulated through emails and social media (Facebook and WhatsApp) to pharmacy students in India. A total of 205 responses (response rate = 53.5%) were received, out of which 196 consented to participate, and the remaining nine refused to participate in the study. The average knowledge score was found to be 7.54±1.78. In our survey, 82.7% of participants did not report AEFI. Moreover, 50% of participants reported that vaccine pharmacovigilance is not yet covered in the syllabus, and 66.3% said they were not trained during their studies for AEFI reporting. Timely reporting of AEFI can help to identify safety issues with vaccines, which can lead to improvements in vaccine safety. It was found that 96.9% of participants had a perception that pharmacists should be involved in reporting AEFI, and 95.4% of participants were willing to undergo training on vaccine pharmacovigilance. The AEFI reporting system, pri marily managed by pharmacists in India, highlights the need to include vaccine pharmacovigilance and AEFI reporting in the pharmacy curriculum. Continuous training programs are also essential to enhance knowledge and improve AEFI reporting practices.

MHBench: Demystifying Motion Hallucination in VideoLLMs

Similar to Language or Image LLMs, VideoLLMs are also plagued by hallucination issues. Hallucinations in videos not only manifest in the spatial dimension regarding the perception of the existence of visual objects (static) but also the temporal dimension influencing the perception of actions and events (dynamic). This paper introduces the concept of Motion Hallucination for the first time, exploring the hallucination phenomena caused by insufficient motion perception capabilities in VideoLMMs, as well as how to detect, evaluate, and mitigate the hallucination. To this end, we propose the first benchmark for assessing motion hallucination MHBench, which consists of 1,200 videos of 20 different action categories. By constructing a collection of adversarial triplet types of videos (original/antonym/incomplete), we achieve a comprehensive evaluation of motion hallucination. Furthermore, we present a Motion Contrastive Decoding (MotionCD) method, which employs bidirectional motion elimination between the original video and its reverse playback to construct an amateur model that removes the influence of motion while preserving visual information, thereby effectively suppressing motion hallucination. Extensive experiments on MHBench reveal that current state-of-the-art VideoLLMs significantly suffer from motion hallucination, while the introduction of MotionCD can effectively mitigate this issue, achieving up to a 15.1% performance improvement. We hope this work will guide future efforts in avoiding and mitigating hallucinations in VideoLLMs.

Residents’ perceptions of impacts and support for sports events: A meta-analysis based on social exchange theory and triple bottom line

The relationship between residents’ perceptions of sports events and their supportive attitudes is a pivotal topic in academia, yet existing studies report inconsistent findings. This meta-analysis examines how residents’ perceptions of sports events’ impacts influence their supportive attitudes, integrating Social Exchange Theory (SET) and the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). The moderating effect of event type (mega vs. small-medium events), hosting region (developed vs. developing countries), and event stage (pre- vs. during- and post-event stages) were examined. The results show that: (1) perceived overall benefits, rather than costs, significantly and positively influence supportive attitude; (2) among the various dimensions, perceived economic, environmental, and social benefits, along with perceived environmental costs, are identified as critical antecedents of supportive attitude; and (3) event type, hosting region, and event stage are critical in moderating the effect sizes. The findings underscore the importance of aligning sports event management strategies with residents’ perceptions for successful event outcomes.

Visual routines for detecting causal interactions are tuned to motion direction.

Detecting causal relations structures our perception of events in the world. Here, we determined for visual interactions whether generalized (i.e. feature-invariant) or specialized (i.e. feature-selective) visual routines underlie the perception of causality. To this end, we applied a visual adaptation protocol to assess the adaptability of specific features in classical launching events of simple geometric shapes. We asked observers to report whether they observed a launch or a pass in ambiguous test events (i.e. the overlap between two discs varied from trial to trial). After prolonged exposure to causal launch events (the adaptor) defined by a particular set of features (i.e. a particular motion direction, motion speed, or feature conjunction), observers were less likely to see causal launches in subsequent ambiguous test events than before adaptation. Crucially, adaptation was contingent on the causal impression in launches as demonstrated by a lack of adaptation in non-causal control events. We assessed whether this negative aftereffect transfers to test events with a new set of feature values that were not presented during adaptation. Processing in specialized (as opposed to generalized) visual routines predicts that the transfer of visual adaptation depends on the feature similarity of the adaptor and the test event. We show that the negative aftereffects do not transfer to unadapted launch directions but do transfer to launch events of different speeds. Finally, we used colored discs to assign distinct feature-based identities to the launching and the launched stimulus. We found that the adaptation transferred across colors if the test event had the same motion direction as the adaptor. In summary, visual adaptation allowed us to carve out a visual feature space underlying the perception of causality and revealed specialized visual routines that are tuned to a launch's motion direction.

Optimism/pessimism and associations with life event perceptions.

Optimism is the generalized sense that good things will happen in the future, and people higher in optimism typically experience a host of positive personal and relational outcomes. However, when ostensibly important life events happen to optimists and pessimists, they rarely change their perspective about the future. One potential reason optimists are resilient to life circumstances is that they might vary in how they perceive those circumstances. Another source of confusion is whether these perceptions are driven by optimistic thinking per se or the lack of pessimistic thinking. In the current study, we examined how optimists and pessimists differ in their perceptions of life events in a large sample (N = 929) of college students answering questions about hypothetical life events. The pessimism scale largely drove perceptions that life events are unlikely to change someone's personality, such that the four findings from the composite scale were found for the pessimism subscale but only two were found for the optimism subscale. Nevertheless, pessimists tended to think that life events were unlikely to change their worldview, were more externally controlled, were less emotionally significant, and were more likely to negatively affect their social standing. Aside from these aggregate findings, optimism and pessimism were not systematically and consistently related to the perceptions of particular life events. These findings provide additional context for individual differences in life event perceptions and provide some future directions for why life events either do or do not motivate changes in optimism and pessimism.

Analysis of influencing factors of psychological birth trauma among postpartum women in China: A multicenter cross-sectional study based on the ABC-X model.

Analysis of influencing factors of psychological birth trauma among postpartum women in China: A multicenter cross-sectional study based on the ABC-X model.

How psychological contract breach relates to façades of conformity: The mediating role of emotional labour

We investigated the relationship between psychological contract breach (PCB) and façades of conformity and mediation by surface acting and deep acting. Employees (n = 255) from a large bank in Taiwan were surveyed (female = 58.80%; mean age = 36.30 years, SD = 10. 91 years; mean years of service = 8.80 years, SD = 6.18 years) in three waves of data collection over a period of three months. Results from Structure Equation Modelling (SEM) analyses indicated that self-reported PCB was associated with higher levels of façades of conformity(or fake conformity). The findings indicated that surface acting significantly mediated the relationship between PCB and façades of conformity. In contrast, deep acting did not mediate this relationship. The findings align with Affective Events Theory (AET), which emphasises processes, focusing on employees’ actions following emotional reactions in the workplace, and centres entirely on the process of personal judgment. This study suggested that the experience of PCB may lead to surface acting for job security, resulting in façades of conformity. Employees perceived PCB as implicit, which was consistent with their perception of organisational affective events.

Sex differences in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: insights from the DiAPAson study using a data-driven approach.

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) display notable sex differences: males have an earlier onset and more severe negative symptoms, while females exhibit affective symptoms, better verbal abilities, and a more favourable prognosis. Despite extensive research, areas such as time perception and positivity remain underexplored, and machine learning has not yet been adequately utilised. This study aims to address these gaps by examining sex differences in a sample of Italian patients with SSD using a data-driven approach. As part of the DiAPAson project, 619 Italian patients with SSD (198 females; 421 males) were assessed using standardised clinical tools. Data on socio-demographics, clinical characteristics, symptom severity, functioning, positivity, quality of life (QoL), and time perspective were collected. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) was used to define data-driven clusters. A leave-one-group-out validation was performed. Males were more likely to be single (p < 0.001) and less educated (p = 0.006), while females smoked more tobacco (p = 0.011). Males were more frequently prescribed antipsychotics (p = 0.022) and exhibited more severe psychiatric (p = 0.004) and negative symptoms (p = 0.013). They also had a less negative perception of past events (p = 0.047) and a better view of their psychological condition (p = 0.004). Females showed better interpersonal functioning (p = 0.008). PCA and GMM revealed two main clusters with significant sex differences (p = 0.027). This study identifies sex differences in SSD, suggesting tailored treatments such as enhancing interpersonal skills for females and maintaining positive self-assessment for males. Using machine learning, we highlight distinct SSD phenotypes, emphasising the need for sex-specific interventions to improve outcomes and QoL. Our findings stress the importance of a multifaceted, interdisciplinary approach to address sex-based disparities in SSD. ISRCTN registry ID ISRCTN21141466.

Neural dynamics of reselecting visual and motor contents in working memory after external interference.

In everyday tasks, we must often shift our focus away from internal representations held in working memory to engage with perceptual events in the external world. Here, we investigated how our internal focus is reestablished following an interrupting task by tracking the reselection of visual representations and their associated action plans in working memory. Specifically, we ask whether reselection occurs for both visual and motor memory attributes and when this reselection occurs. We developed a visual-motor working-memory task in which participants were retrospectively cued to select one of two memory items before being interrupted by a perceptual discrimination task. To determine what information was reselected, the memory items had distinct visual and motor attributes. To determine when internal representations were reselected, the interrupting task was presented at one of three distinct time points following the retro-cue. We employed electroencephalography time-frequency analyses to track the initial selection and later reselection of visual and motor representations, as operationalized through modulations of posterior alpha (8-12 Hz) activity relative to the memorized item location (visual) and of central beta (13-30 Hz) activity relative to the required response hand (motor). Our results showed that internal visual and motor contents were concurrently reselected immediately after completing the interrupting task, rather than only when internal information was required for memory-guided behavior. Thus, following interruption, we swiftly resume our internal focus in working memory through the simultaneous reselection of memorized visual representations and their associated action plans, thereby restoring internal contents to a ready-to-use state.Significance statement A key challenge for working memory is to maintain past visual representations and their associated actions while engaging with the external environment. Our cognitive system must, therefore, often juggle multiple tasks within a common time frame. Despite the ubiquity of multi-task situations in everyday life, working memory has predominantly been studied devoid of additional perceptual, attentional, and response demands during the retention interval. Here, we investigate the neural dynamics of returning to internal contents following task-relevant interruptions. Particularly, we identify which attributes of internal representations are reselected and when this reselection occurs. Our findings demonstrate that both visual and motor contents are reselected immediately and in tandem after completion of an external, interrupting task.

The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Attributional Style

The work is devoted to the study of the relationship between the level of development of abilities to cognition, emotion management and the characteristics of subjective perception of events. The study involved 80 people (46 women and 34 men). To collect empirical material the following were used: Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES), Differential Attribution Questionnaire, Success and Failure Attributional Style Questionnaire 10 (SFASQ-10), Four Factor Test of Social Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence Test. Correlation analysis was used to process the data. A significant positive relationship was found between optimistic attributional style and some aspects of emotional intelligence, while the expected relationships with social intelligence were not found.

Temporal integration as an adaptive process in visual perception, attention, and working memory.

Temporal integration as an adaptive process in visual perception, attention, and working memory.

Association Between Nurse Turnover and Nurses' Perception of Patient Outcomes in Acute Care Hospitals in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study.

High turnover rates among nurses are a global concern. Previous studies show the negative impact on quality of care. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between nurse turnover and nurse's perceptions of patient outcomes. A cross-sectional study design was used. Nurses working in 35 general hospitals in South Korea were invited to participate in a survey assessing their perceptions of patient outcomes, including quality of care, patient safety, and adverse events. Nurse turnover was measured for the prior 6months. Data from 159 nurses were analyzed. There was a significant positive relationship between turnover rates and perceptions of poor quality of care, after controlling for demographic and work-related characteristics. Nurse turnover was not significantly associated with perceptions of patient safety or adverse events. The negative consequence of nurse turnover on patient outcomes is partially supported in this study.

Neurobiological influences on event perception: the role of catecholamines.

Event segmentation, the cognitive process of parsing continuous experiences into discrete events, plays a fundamental role in how humans perceive and interact with their environment. Guided by Event Segmentation Theory, this study investigates the modulation of event segmentation by the catecholaminergic system by methylphenidate (MPH). Healthy adult participants (N = 52) engaged in a double-blind, counter-balanced, placebo-controlled experiment in which they watched a movie and identified event boundaries under placebo and MPH conditions. With the same information given, MPH increased the likelihood that the information was considered meaningful. Crucially, the number of situational changes and participant's prior experience had an interactive effect on the probability of event segmentation. There was a stronger relationship between environmental information and segmentation probability when catecholaminergic levels were elevated by MPH in addition to previous experience. The catecholaminergic system modulates how incoming information is segmented to build meaningful episodes. Prior experience supports the effects of MPH to unfold. These findings underscore the complex interplay between neurochemical modulation and cognitive processes involved in event perception.

Dynamicity Predicts Inferred Temporal Order in Complex Sentences: Evidence from English, German, and Polish.

To build an accurate mental model of complex situations, people infer temporal order from sometimes underspecified linguistic information. The basis on which these inferences are drawn is an open question. While previous literature has focused on the role of linguistic structure and discourse pragmatic strategies as important contributors to temporal inferences, here we argue that, under uncertainty, people also use the dynamic properties of the described situations to derive temporal order from language. In three pre-registered studies using English, German, and Polish, adult participants used toys to act out complex situations described by main clause-relative clause structures. We consistently find that non-dynamic state descriptions are temporally ordered first, if the other clause describes a dynamic event. This pattern arises independently of whether dynamicity differences are lexically encoded, like in English or German, or grammatically encoded, like in Polish. More generally, our findings address an important gap in the discussion on the role of eventuality type for temporal inference. While there is substantial research on the significance of telicity and durativity, a third, much more overlooked feature is dynamicity, a concept rooted in event perception, not language. Our results therefore provide a crucial thread to closely weave together language comprehension and event cognition.

Segment-level event perception with semantic dictionary for weakly supervised audio-visual video parsing

Segment-level event perception with semantic dictionary for weakly supervised audio-visual video parsing

Historical consciousness of the Cossack youth from the perspective of an interdisciplinary approach (based on the materials of the study of the group accentuation of the character of the Cossack youth)

The article examines the historical consciousness of the Cossack youth, which not only records the past, but also actively participates in the context of social changes, influencing real life. The emotional perception of historical events among representatives of the Cossacks is a complex process based on collective memory, traditions and historical experience, which are transmitted through folklore, cultural practices and intergenerational ties, which creates a unique and vivid picture of the Cossack identity. The application of an interdisciplinary approach in conjunction sociology with history and psychology is promising for ethnosocial research and allows sociologists to understand exactly how Cossacks define their group identity, how they perceive their past and how this affects their behavior in the present, which, in turn, can help in the study of identification of other ethnic or cultural groups.