Evaporation Ratio Research Articles

A Climatology of Strong Large-Scale Ocean Evaporation Events. Part I: Identification, Global Distribution, and Associated Climate Conditions

AbstractThis paper presents an object-based, global climatology (1979–2014) of strong large-scale ocean evaporation (SLOE) and its associated climatic properties. SLOE is diagnosed using an “atmospheric moisture uptake efficiency” criterion related to the ratio of surface evaporation and integrated water vapor content in the near-surface atmosphere. The chosen Eulerian identification procedure focuses on events that strongly contribute to the available near-surface atmospheric humidity. SLOE is particularly frequent along the warm ocean western boundary currents, downstream of large continental areas, and at the sea ice edge in polar regions with frequent cold-air outbreaks. Furthermore, wind-driven SLOE occurs in regions with topographically enforced winds. On a global annual average, SLOE occurs only 6% of the time but explains 22% of total ocean evaporation. An analysis of the past history and fate of air parcels involved in cold season SLOE in the North Atlantic and south Indian Oceans shows that cold-air advection is the main mechanism that induces these events. Extratropical cyclones thereby play an important role in setting the necessary equatorward synoptic flow. Consequently, the interannual variability of SLOE associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation and the southern annular mode reveals a very high sensitivity of SLOE with respect to the location of the storm tracks. This study highlights the strong link between transient synoptic events and the spatiotemporal variability in ocean evaporation patterns, which cannot be deduced from thermodynamic steady-state and climate mean state considerations alone.

Assessing spring maize responses to irrigation and nitrogen regimes in north-west India using CERES-Maize model

Inadequate availability of fresh water and rising cost of fertilizers warrant their judicious use in agriculture. In intensively-cropped Punjab state of north-west India, alarming decline in groundwater resources pose a challenge to spring maize that otherwise has high profitability. This study is an assessment of water use and productivity responses of spring maize to irrigation and nitrogen regimes in a subtropical environment using CERES-Maize model. Database was generated from a field study on maize planted in second half of February with combinations of two irrigation regimes viz., irrigation water to pan evaporation ratio of 1.0 (I1.0) and 0.5 (I0.5), and four N rates viz., 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha−1 on a sandy loam soil. Irrigation and N had significant effects on grain yield, water use and N uptake. Performance of the model was reasonable with normalized root mean square of deviations between simulated and measured values less than 20% for harvest-time biomass, grain yield and water use; and slightly greater variance (30%) for grain N uptake. Scenario analysis showed that ET-based water productivity (WPET) was greater in January 31 than February 14 planted maize crop. The WPET was greater with I0.5 than with I1.0 suggesting that increase in yield was less than proportional increase in ET. The WPET responses to N with increase in irrigation were greater at lower than at higher initial soil water.

Integration of Penman approach with complementary principle for evaporation research

AbstractNatural evaporation occurs with water transportation from an unsaturated land surface into an unsaturated atmosphere. The subprocesses at the land surface and in the atmosphere are one‐sidedly emphasized in the Penman approach and the complementary principle, in which the ratio of actual evaporation to the Penman potential evaporation is expressed as a function of the wetness state of the land surface and the atmosphere, respectively. The Penman approach and complementary principle can be integrated for completely conceptualizing the evaporation process, by expressing the evaporation ratio as a function of both the land surface and atmospheric wetness. The integrated approach has the potential to increase the accuracy of evaporation estimation while reducing the burdens of parameterization.

Sensitivity of drought resilience-vulnerability- exposure to hydrologic ratios in contiguous United States

The atmospheric water supply and demand dynamics determine a region’s potential water resources. The hydrologic ratios, such as, aridity index, evaporation ratio and runoff coefficients are useful indicators to quantify the atmospheric water dynamics at watershed to regional scales. In this study, we developed a modeling framework using a machine learning approach to predict hydrologic ratios for watersheds located in contiguous United States (CONUS) by utilizing a set of climate, soil, vegetation, and topographic variables. Overall, the proposed modeling framework is able to simulate the hydrologic ratios at watershed scale with a considerable accuracy. The concept of non-parametric elasticity was applied to study the potential influence of the estimated hydrologic ratios on various drought characteristics (resilience, vulnerability, and exposure) for river basins located in CONUS. Spatial sensitivity of drought indicators to hydrologic ratios suggests that an increase in hydrologic ratios may result in augmentation of magnitude of drought indicators in majority of the river basins. Aridity index seems to have higher influence on drought characteristics in comparison to other hydrologic ratios. It was observed that the machine learning approach based on random forests algorithm can efficiently estimate the spatial distribution of hydrologic ratios provided sufficient data is available. In addition to that, the non-parametric based elasticity approach can identify the potential influence of hydrologic ratios on spatial drought characteristics.

Effect of UV wavelength, temperature and photocatalyst on the removal of PAHs from industrial soil with photodegradation applications

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of UV-based processes to the removal of PAHs from soils with and without photocatalyst. PAH removal experiments were conducted in a specially designed UV photochamber. The effects of various factors, namely temperature, light wavelength (UVA, UVC), TiO2 dose on the removal of PAHs were examined. Furthermore, evaporation ratios of PAHs during UV applications were determined with polyurethane foam (PUF) samples. Temperature increase positively affected PAH removal process. The total 12 (∑12) PAH content reduced by 86–90% in the soil samples during UV applications. With the use of UVA rays, higher ∑12 PAH removal was enhanced when compared to UVC rays. It was thought that in the existence of UVC rays, other aromatic compounds or other PAHs in soil converted to targeted PAHs with photodegradation. The amounts of evaporated PAHs from soil were increased with increasing of temperature and more than 90% of PAHs in the air consisted of 3–4 ring compounds. It was found that TiO2 provided an increase in removal ratios and ∑12 PAHs removal ratios changed between 87% and 94%. Furthermore, the amount of PAH migrated to the air decreased during this application. During UVA-TiO2 and UVC-TiO2 applications, at 30°C, evaporated average ∑12 PAH amounts were 2.91 ng/m3 and 6.59 ng/m3, respectively.

Derivation of a Sigmoid Generalized Complementary Function for Evaporation With Physical Constraints

AbstractThe generalized complementary function to estimate actual evaporation, namely, the ratio of actual evaporation to Penman potential evaporation (E/EPen) as a function of the proportion of the radiation term in EPen (Erad/EPen), has been increasingly recognized. Existing analytical forms of this generalized function present deficiencies because they are limited by improper boundary conditions resulting from inadequate understanding of physical constraints. In this study, its zero‐ and first‐order boundary conditions were rigorously derived by adopting the physical constraints for E in Penman's combination theory, and a sigmoid feature of relationship between E/EPen and Erad/EPen was derived. Minimum and maximum limits of Erad/EPen were introduced based on the derived boundary conditions, and accordingly, a new sigmoid function was developed. By restricting it to be approximately equivalent to the linear advection‐aridity (Brutsaert & Stricker, 1979, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i002p00443) function under normal environments, the new sigmoid function satisfies the upper limits of Penman's open water evaporation and Priestley‐Taylor's minimal advection evaporation in parallel. The sigmoid feature and the new sigmoid function were validated by tower‐based data from FLUXNET. This work improves our understanding of the three‐stage pattern of the complementary behavior, and the new function demonstrates a favorable potential for use in evaporation estimation.

Comparing evapotranspiration characteristics and environmental controls for three agroforestry ecosystems in a subtropical humid karst area

Karst landforms account for 10% of the Earths land surface, and it is well-known that water is a limiting factor for karst ecosystems because numerous underground fractures and conduits induce rapid drainage. Therefore, an understanding of ecosystem water consumptions (evapotranspiration) and environmental controls is particularly important for land management on karst landforms. This study compared the actual evapotranspiration (AET) characteristics and analyzed the controls of three agroforestry ecosystems by field observations using a refitted ventilated-chamber, thermal dissipation probes and micro-lysimeters in a subtropical humid karst catchment from 12th March 2015 to 26th May 2016. Results show that: 1) the diurnal transpiration curves of trees plateau at noon with low fluctuations at a high level, while evapotranspiration curves of grass and crop ecosystems present single peaks; 2) AET of the forest-grass mixed ecosystem (7.64 ± 5.75 mm·day−1) was significantly higher than crop (4.24 ± 3.35 mm·day−1) and grass ecosystems (5.78 ± 3.53 mm·day−1); 3) AET of grass and crop ecosystems were most sensitive to temperature, while the forest-grass mixed ecosystem was more sensitive to leaf area index (LAI) than other factors; 4) AET of the forest-grass mixed ecosystem was more sensitive to deep soil moisture (>30 cm), while grass and crop ecosystems were more sensitive to shallow soil moisture (10 cm and 20 cm). This study suggests that soil water content was not key limit factors to AET in humid karst landscapes. However, LAI, which can be controlled by land management, heavily influenced AET rates and E/AET (E, evaporation) ratio through changing water demand.

Partitioning evapotranspiration using an optimized satellite-based ET model across biomes

The partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical factor in the terrestrial water balance and global water cycle, and understanding the partitioning across terrestrial biomes and the relationships between ET partitions and potential influencing factors is critical for predicting future ecosystem feedbacks. Based on an optimized Priestly-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model, we partitioned ET into three components transpiration (T), canopy interception evaporation (EI), and soil evaporation (ES). We found the components of EI to be significant with the ratio of EI to precipitation ranging from 0.02 to 0.29 across different biomes. The T/ET ratio ranged from 0.29 to 0.72 with obvious differences across biomes and with ratios generally lower than in previous studies with isotope-based methods. The (T + EI)/ET ratio was limited to a relatively narrow band from 0.57 to 0.86. The T/ET values show an obvious decreasing trend with increasing annual precipitation, but there was no significant correlation between T/ET and annual leaf area index.

Stabilities of protonated water-ammonia clusters.

Branching ratios of water and ammonia evaporation have been measured for spontaneous evaporation from protonated mixed clusters H+(H2O)n(NH3)m in the size range 0 ≤ n ≤ 11 and 0 ≤ m ≤ 7. Mixed clusters evaporate water except for clusters containing six or more ammonia molecules, indicating the formation of a stable core of one ammonium ion surrounded by four ammonia molecules and a second shell consisting predominantly of water. We relate evaporative branching ratios to free energy differences between the products of competing channels and determine the free energy differences for clusters with up to seven ammonia molecules. Clusters containing up to five ammonia molecules show a very strong scaling of these free energy differences.

Influence of below-cloud secondary evaporation on stable isotope composition in precipitation in Northwest China.

The precipitation isotope data and meteorological data of eight stations provided by GNIP (Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) and two stations from the present study, combined with HYSPLIT model and water droplet evaporation model were used to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation δ18O and d values in Northwest China. The secondary evaporative effect of existence was evaluated and then quantitatively discussed, with the sensitive factors of secondary evaporative effect being considered. The results showed that during the summer monsoon, the δ18O and d values decreased from south to north in Xinjiang, while the δ18O value increased but d values decreased from south to north and from east to west of Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region. During the winter monsoon, the δ18O value decreased from east to west in whole Northwest region, while the d value increased from south to north in Xinjiang, decreased from south to north and increased slightly from east to west in Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia. The slope and intercept (6.80, -0.07) of the atmospheric precipitation line in the summer monsoon period was significantly lower than that of annual mean (7.27, 3.37) and winter monsoon period (7.46, 6.07), indicating that the secondary evaporation was stronger during the summer monsoon. The evaporation ratio in the summer monsoon was 4.49%, which was higher than 3.65% in the winter monsoon. However, the evaporation ratio of the winter monsoon was higher than the summer monsoon around of Loess Plateau, which might closely relate to the increasing drought of the Loess Plateau in recent years. Finally, the intensity of secondary evaporation decreased with increasing relative humidity, precipitation and vapor pressure but increased with increasing temperature (greater than 0 ℃). The influences of those factors (humidity, precipitation, temperature and vapor pressure) on the secondary evaporation were dependent on the differences of ranges.

Evapotranspiration Partition and Crop Coefficients of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass as Affected by the Frequency of Cuttings. Application of the FAO56 Dual Kc Model

This study aims to model the impacts of the frequency of cuttings of Tifton 85 bermudagrass on the dynamics of evapotranspiration (ETc) and to derive crop coefficients appropriate for grass water management. Two seasons of experimentation were used with four different cutting treatments which provided field data for calibration and validation of the soil water balance model SIMDualKc for all treatments. Cuttings were performed after the cumulative growth degree days (CGDD) attained 124 °C, 248 °C and 372 °C, thus from short to very long intervals between cuttings. SIMDualKc adopts the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) dual Kc approach for partitioning ET into crop transpiration and soil evaporation, thus providing for an assessment of their dynamics. All treatments were irrigated to avoid water stress. Grass ETc was modelled adopting a Kcb curve to describe the ET variation for each cutting cycle, that is, using the FAO Kc curve that consists of a series of Kcb curves relative to each cutting cycle. Each individual Kcb curve consisted of three segments constructed when knowing the Kcb values at the initial, at the end of rapid growth, and at cutting, respectively Kcb ini, Kcb gro and Kcb cut. These Kcb values were first estimated using the equation relating Kcb to the density coefficient (Kd), which is computed from the fraction of ground cover (fc) and canopy height (h) at the same dates. The goodness of fit indicators relative to the calibration and validation of the SIMDualKc model were rather good, with the normalized root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 4.0% to 6.7% of the mean available soil water. As an example, the standard Kcb values obtained after model calibration relative to the cuttings treatment with CGDD of 248 °C are: Kcb ini = 0.86, Kcb gro = 0.91 and Kcb cut = 0.96. Kcb values were smaller when the frequency of cuts was larger because h and fc were smaller, and were larger for reduced cuttings frequency since h and fc were then larger. Because the soil was wet most of the time, the soil evaporation Ke varied little but its value was small due to the combined effects of the fraction of crop cover and plant litter covering the soil. The values of Kc = Kcb+Ke also varied little due to the influence of Ke and the Kc curve obtained a form different from the Kcb curves, and a single Kc value was adopted for each cutting frequency, e.g., Kc = 0.99 for the treatment with CGDD of 248 °C. Results of the soil water balance have shown that, during the experimental periods, likely due to the effects of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), runoff and deep percolation exceeded ETc. Moreover, the soil evaporation ratio was small: 14% in case of frequent cuttings and less for more spaced cuttings, thus with a transpiration ratio close to 90%, which indicates a very high beneficial consumptive water use, mainly when cuttings are not very frequent.

OIL LOSSES UNDER PROCESSES OF OIL TREATMENT, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE IN VIETSOVPETRO JV

Background Reducing of light hydrocarbons losses under oil treatment and transport is very urgent, its solution has not only an ecological but also an economic aspect. Temperature is one of the factors that mostly affect the process of evaporation and oil losses, as well as other processes, such as freezing, separation of layers, etc. Light petroleum components evaporate at technological processes on tanker loading unit, because the shipped oil composition will be heavier. Aims and Objectives Determination of oil losses in the storage process at tanker loading unit. Results It is shown that more than 85 % of oil losses are related to evaporation. In addition to material losses, the oil evaporation is often accompanied by a deterioration in its physico-chemical properties and leads to environmental contamination. The saturated vapor pressure and the oil evaporation ratio are determined. Empirical coefficients of oil losses at the tanker loading units «Vietsovpetro-01» and «Bavy», equal to 0.837 % mass and 0.72 % mass respectively, were obtained.

Energy and exergy analyses of circulatory flash evaporation of aqueous NaCl solution

In present study, an experimental system for circulatory flash evaporation was designed and built. Energy and exergy analyses of circulatory flash process were carried out. Basing on the first law of thermodynamics, the gained output ratio of circulatory flash evaporation (GORCFE) was defined as an energy ratio between latent heat carried away by flash steam and input excess energy of working fluids. The performance ratio of circulatory flash evaporation (PRCFE) was defined as the mass flow rate divided by exergy destruction rate. The Effects of main factors, namely, superheat degree, circulating flow rates, equilibrium pressure, initial water level and salinity on GORCFE and PRCFE were studied. Results suggested that GORCFE decreased rapidly at the initial stage, then increased with the increase of superheat degree and became flat eventually. The optimal superheat degree was determined wherein the maximum performance ratio was reached. According to the comparison of gained output ratio and performance ratio, the maximum performance ratio was obtained when gained output ratio was great enough and temperature difference was minimal.

Dominant effect of increasing forest biomass on evapotranspiration: interpretations of movement in Budyko space

Abstract. During the last 6 decades, forest biomass has increased in Sweden mainly due to forest management, with a possible increasing effect on evapotranspiration. However, increasing global CO2 concentrations may also trigger physiological water-saving responses in broadleaf tree species, and to a lesser degree in some needleleaf conifer species, inducing an opposite effect. Additionally, changes in other forest attributes may also affect evapotranspiration. In this study, we aimed to detect the dominating effect(s) of forest change on evapotranspiration by studying changes in the ratio of actual evapotranspiration to precipitation, known as the evaporative ratio, during the period 1961–2012. We first used the Budyko framework of water and energy availability at the basin scale to study the hydroclimatic movements in Budyko space of 65 temperate and boreal basins during this period. We found that movements in Budyko space could not be explained by climatic changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration in 60 % of these basins, suggesting the existence of other dominant drivers of hydroclimatic change. In both the temperate and boreal basin groups studied, a negative climatic effect on the evaporative ratio was counteracted by a positive residual effect. The positive residual effect occurred along with increasing standing forest biomass in the temperate and boreal basin groups, increasing forest cover in the temperate basin group and no apparent changes in forest species composition in any group. From the three forest attributes, standing forest biomass was the one that could explain most of the variance of the residual effect in both basin groups. These results further suggest that the water-saving response to increasing CO2 in these forests is either negligible or overridden by the opposite effect of the increasing forest biomass. Thus, we conclude that increasing standing forest biomass is the dominant driver of long-term and large-scale evapotranspiration changes in Swedish forests.

Climate change reduces water availability for agriculture by decreasing non-evaporative irrigation losses

Irrigation efficiency plays an important role in agricultural productivity; it affects farm-scale water demand, and the partitioning of irrigation losses into evaporative and non-evaporative components. This partitioning determines return flow generation and thus affects water availability. Over the last two decades, hydrologic and agricultural research communities have significantly improved our understanding of the impacts of climate change on water availability and food productivity. However, the impacts of climate change on the efficiency of irrigation systems, particularly on the partitioning between evaporative and non-evaporative losses, have received little attention. In this study, we incorporated a process-based irrigation module into a coupled hydrologic/agricultural modeling framework (VIC-CropSyst). To understand how climate change may impact irrigation losses, we applied VIC-CropSyst over the Yakima River basin, an important agricultural region in Washington State, U.S. We compared the historical period of 1980–2010 to an ensemble of ten projections of climate for two future periods: 2030–2060 and 2060–2090. Results averaged over the watershed showed that a 9% increase in evaporative losses will be compensated by a reduction of non-evaporative losses. Therefore, overall changes in future efficiency are negligible (−0.4%) while the Evaporative Loss Ratio (ELR) (defined as the ratio of evaporative to non-evaporative irrigation losses) is enhanced by 10%. This higher ELR is associated with a reduction in return flows, thus negatively impacting downstream water availability. Results also indicate that the impact of climate change on irrigation losses depend on irrigation type and climate scenarios.

Simulated changes in aridity from the last glacial maximum to 4xCO2

Aridity is generally defined as the ‘degree to which a climate lacks moisture to sustain life in terrestrial ecosystems’. Several recent studies using the ‘aridity index’ (the ratio of potential evaporation to precipitation), have concluded that aridity will increase with CO2 because of increasing temperature. However, the ‘aridity index’ is—counterintuitively—not a direct measure of aridity per se (when defined as above) and there is widespread evidence that contradicts the ‘warmer is more arid’ interpretation. We provide here an assessment of multi-model changes in a broad set of aridity metrics over a large range of atmospheric CO2 concentrations ranging from conditions at the last glacial maximum to 4xCO2, using an ensemble of simulations from state-of-the-art Earth system models. Most measures of aridity do not show increasing aridity on global scales under conditions of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and related global warming, although we note some varying responses depending on the considered variables. The response is, furthermore, more nuanced at regional scales, but in the majority of regions aridity does not increase with CO2 in the majority of metrics. Our results emphasize that it is not the climate models that project overwhelming increases of aridity with increasing CO2, but rather a secondary, offline, impact model—the ‘aridity index’—that uses climate model output as input.

Intercomparison of surface energy fluxes, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration from eddy covariance, large-aperture scintillometer, and modeling across three ecosystems in a semiarid climate

A comprehensive seasonal and interannual energy partition and flux analyses were conducted to differentiate three ecosystems including sagebrush, cheatgrass, and lodgepole pine in the Snake River Plain of Idaho. The study used 3 years of eddy covariance (EC) and large aperture scintillometer (LAS) flux measurements to evaluate the bio-physical processes that control the surface energy partitioning. A comparison of sensible heat flux (SH) by EC (HEC) and LAS (HLAS) showed HEC was slightly underestimated due to wind turbulence and energy balance closure issues. The Noah Land Surface Model (LSM) was configured with NCEP-NARR (NOAHNARR simulation) or meteorological observation from the EC tower (NOAHObs simulation). NOAHNARR simulation showed significantly more RMSE compared to NOAHObs due to biases in downwelling shortwave and longwave radiation and precipitation (P) in the NARR data. Higher leaf area index (LAI) and moderate stomatal resistance (RS) of lodgepole pine resulted in increased evapotranspiration (ET) (472–535mm/year) compared to cheatgrass (261mm to 278mm/year) and sagebrush (229–353mm/year). The Budyko ET analysis showed that all the three sites are water deficient and the evaporative ratio was less for the lodgepole pine ecosystem (0.80) when compared to sagebrush (0.94) and cheatgrass (0.93). The residual (attributed to deep percolation and runoff) from the water budget was higher (15–16%) in the lodgepole pine compared to that of cheatgrass (2–5%) and sagebrush (2–9%). Our results indicate the field-scale distinguishing features of heterogeneous ecosystems in the semi-arid environment and emphasize the need for intercomparison of flux measurements for better understanding of energy budget partitioning and improving the accuracy of simulated fluxes.

Novel Fabrication of Biodegradable Superabsorbent Microspheres with Diffusion Barrier through Thermo-Chemical Modification and Their Potential Agriculture Applications for Water Holding and Sustained Release of Fertilizer.

Synergistic utilization of water and fertilizer has vital contribution to the modern production of agriculture. This work reports on a simple and facile strategy to prepare biodegradable yeast/sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) superabsorbent microspheres with a diffusion barrier merit by thermo-chemical modification route. The integrated performances, including water absorbency, water retention, water evaporation ratio, leaching loss control, sustained-release behaviors, and degradation in soil, were systematically investigated. The results revealed that the modified microspheres were a triumphant water and fertilizer manager to effectively hold water and control the unexpected leakage of fertilizer for sustained release. Therefore, this work provides a promising approach to ameliorate the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer in potential agriculture applications.

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of nanoparticle film formation via nanocolloid drying

A kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of nanoparticle film formation via nanocolloid drying is presented. The proposed two-dimensional model addresses the dynamics of nanoparticles in the vertical plane of a drying nanocolloid film. The gas–liquid interface movement due to solvent evaporation was controlled by a time-dependent chemical potential, and the resultant particle dynamics including Brownian diffusion and aggregate growth were calculated. Simulations were performed at various Peclet numbers defined based on the rate ratio of solvent evaporation and nanoparticle diffusion. At high Peclet numbers, nanoparticles accumulated at the top layer of the liquid film and eventually formed a skin layer, causing the formation of a particulate film with a densely packed structure. At low Peclet numbers, enhanced particle diffusion led to significant particle aggregation in the bulk colloid, and the resulting film structure became highly porous. The simulated results showed some typical characteristics of a drying nanocolloid that had been reported experimentally. Finally, the potential of the model as well as the remaining challenges are discussed.

Economic potential of leachate evaporation by using landfill gas: A system dynamics approach

A system dynamics (SD) approach that models the economic potential of a regional incineration plant by using landfill gas to evaporate waste leachate is proposed in this study. A case study is provided to demonstrate application of the proposed approach, which takes an incineration plant and an adjacent sanitary landfill located at Chengdu City, China into account. Two scenarios are divided by different ratios of leachate evaporation and landfill gas utilization to examine the economic revenues obtained by the incineration plant. The optimal scenario with the best economic performance is identified to incorporate into future waste management practice. The limitations of this approach are discussed, laying a foundation for further work.