Evaporation Plant Research Articles

Технологический прорыв аграрно-пищевых инноваций молочного дела на примере универсального сельхозсырья. Обратный осмос

Aim. Consideration of the membrane technology process – reverse osmosis – by directed and controlled processing of whey and its filtrates through special semipermeable partitions (filter membranes) with a pore size from 0.1 to 1.0 nm, carried out at a pressure of 3.0 - 10.0 MPa with the release of particles (cutting off) with a molecular weight of 100 Daltons. Reverse osmosis allows you to concentrate all the compounds of whey and filtrates, separating almost distilled water (condensate). Discussion. In the molecular sieve separation system, reverse osmosis logically continues the membrane treatment of filtrates (permeates) of native, as well as separated whey and their microfiltrates, ultrafiltrates, nanofiltrates and diafiltrates. In principle, the reverse osmosis process should be implemented to pre-concentrate the whey, which will eliminate its loss (draining) and expand the range of use. OO is promising for processing salted whey with the removal of unwanted sodium chloride, as well as for cleaning the condensate of evaporation plants from the components of dairy raw materials that come with foam and secondary steam. Conclusion. In general, for the dairy industry of the food industry of the agro-industrial complex, reverse osmotic treatment is necessary for the implementation of a closed production cycle with a recycled water supply.

Mathematical Modeling and simulation of MED without TVC Applied to Zuara Desalination Plant

Abstract Mathematical thermodynamic modeling is used in desalination systems to obtain unknown values and predict various properties such as enthalpy or phase equilibrium. These models are useful to understand system behavior. Zuara desalination plant is a multi-effect evaporation plant without vapor pressure (MED) with three total units of 40,000 m3/day. A mathematical modeling of the desalination plant thermal components was performed to simulate and forecast the temperatures, mass flow rates, and the productivity of each cell of steam. The total productivity of the desalination unit and the performance rate in different operating conditions was also found. A Python program was used to solve the model equations. The obtained results show that the productivity of the system and the gain output ratio are directly proportional to seawater temperature and inversely proportional to plant load.

Choice of a vacuum evaporation unit for increasing the concentration of humic gel

Humic drugs have a wide range of biological activity, affecting the metabolic processes in the body of animals and humans. Humins play a vital role in protecting the intestine from infections and favorably affect its functions, have the potential to suppress mold and bacterial growth, and reduce the level of toxins. When goats received humic substances they had higher milk yields, while significantly reducing total blood cholesterol. Sodium humate administered to broiler chickens increases the live weight by an average of 5–7 % and the livability of poultry by 3–5 %. The influence of humic acid on the quality of laying and egg quality in Japanese quails has been studied. The implementation of socio-economic and environmental programs of the agro-industrial complex provides for the improvement of technologies and technical means for the production of compound feed and protein-mineral vitamin additives for farm animals and poultry. The purpose of the research was to select a vacuum evaporation plant to increase the concentration of humic gel. It has been found that to increase the concentration of humic gel, it is advisable to use a vacuum evaporation plant with an ejector and a steam condenser. Methods for calculating the parameters of the ejector and the pressure reduction process in a vacuum evaporation unit have been developed. The dependences obtained to study the correlation between the area and the diameter of the nozzle water-air ejector, mass flow inject air, water pressure before the working nozzle, pressure inject air, density of the working water, pressure after the ejector, pressure of saturated steam, working temperature of water, temperature inject air, pressure reduction time.

Design and experimental validation of a six-effect multi-effect evaporation plant utilized in oilfield

Design and experimental validation of a six-effect multi-effect evaporation plant utilized in oilfield

A novel model for evaporator structural design in the multi-effect evaporation plant

In this paper, a novel model called Evaporator Structural Design (ESD) model is introduced. The model not only predicts the three-dimensional distribution of heat transfer coefficient under different operation conditions but also guides the evaporator structural design. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient decreases with the decline of the spray density from 0.08 to 0.015 and with the increase of the tube length from 2 m to 10 m. The heat transfer coefficient exhibits higher values for the evaporation zone than the preheating zone, almost twice or more. Either in the preheating zone or in the evaporation zone, the heat transfer coefficient in different row positions have small differences. A forward-feed MEE (multi-effect evaporation) plant with 14 effects is calculated using the ESD model. Compared with the experimental data, the relative error of the accumulated vapor mass flow rate in each effect ranged between 1% and 8%, that of the evaporator area is about 7%. The ESD model is accurate and convenient in engineering design.

Justification of the neuro-fuzzy regulation in evaporator plant control system

Justification of the neuro-fuzzy regulation in evaporator plant control system

TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PLANT COMPLEX: DETERMINATION OF REGULATED PARAMETERS, FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

The technology of production of a biologically active phytocomplex in the form of a biologically active additive has been discussed. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the formulation, which forms the functional properties of a specialized product, has scientifically been determined. The main stages of production include the preparation and input control of the raw material, the preparation of a mixture for encapsulation, including the steps of dispensing, sieving, grinding and mixing at a rate of 100 kg / 1 h, encapsulation and deducting, packaging, packaging and storage. A description of the technology of ex-traction of plant raw materials has been given, which is of great importance in the formation of consumer properties of the product being developed. The extraction process includes: obtaining liquid recovery us-ing demineralized water with dissolved in it sodium bicarbonate in an amount of 8% of the dry feed con-tent. The extractant-raw ratio is 1:13, the extraction time is 4 hours for each time; thickening of the liquid extract. It is carried out by means of vacuum in a vacuum evaporator plant before obtaining an extract with a solids content of not less than 20%; obtaining a dry extract. It is carried out by spray drying at a temperature of 90-95 ° C. The advantage of the developed technology of dietary supplements is the possi-bility of combining several differently directed biologically active substances in one capsule. The gelati-nous membrane reliably protects the contents from various environmental factors. Functional properties of the formulation formula of a specialized product are aimed at the prevention and comprehensive treatment of infectious viral diseases, confirmed by the conclusion of experts from the Russian Federal Service for Consumer Rights and Consumer Protection and the results of clinical trials in a group of pa-tients with acute respiratory viral infections. The developed product has been approved and produced at the enterprises of the company «Art Life».

Comparison of Evapotranspiration Simulation Performance by APEX Model in Dryland and Irrigated Cropping Systems

AbstractAccurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential to improve water use efficiency of crop production systems managed under different water regimes. The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was used to simulate ET using four potential ET (ETp) methods. The objectives were to determine sensitive ET parameters in dryland and irrigated cropping systems and compare ET simulation in the two systems using multiple performance criteria. Measured ET and crop yield data from lysimeter fields located in the United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service Bushland, Texas were used for evaluation. The number of sensitive parameters was higher for dryland (11–14) than irrigated cropping systems (6–8). Only four input parameters: soil evaporation plant cover factor, root growth soil strength, maximum rain intercept, and rain intercept coefficient were sensitive in both cropping systems. Overall, it is possible to find a set of robust parameter values to simulate ET accurately in APEX in both cropping systems using any ETp method. However, more computation time is required for dryland than irrigated cropping system due to a relatively larger number of sensitive input parameters. When all inputs are available, the Penman–Monteith method takes the shortest computation time to obtain one model run with robust parameter values in both cropping systems. However, in areas with limited datasets, one can still obtain reasonable ET simulations using either Priestley–Taylor or Hargreaves. Editor's note: This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.

Optimization of the Seawater Desalination Method for a Certain Region

The article deals with the problem of the shortage of fresh water and the desalination of sea water as one of the promising options for its solution. For the Crimean region the issue of desalination is the most urgent, taking into account its geographical peculiarities. The chemical composition and thermophysical properties of the Black Sea waters are presented. The technological scheme of the station for the preparation of drinking water from the waters of the Black Sea by the method of distillation desalination is presented and considered in detail. To ensure the manufacturability water must comply with the following requirements: the boundaries of the zones of the sanitary protection of water intake should be at least 200 m in all directions of the waters; water intake facilities should be equipped with a mesh filter to capture floating algae, water intake should include water treatment with biocidal agents (chlorine, copper sulphate etc.) with a view to their destruction and subsequent deposition, introduction of water in the chalk priming (with the value of the fraction 10-40 MK) at the rate of 8-15 kg/m3 apresentamos water, polyphosphates up to 10 g/m3 of sulfuric acid 150 g/m3, organic antiscales “Belgard EV” or PAF-13A - 10 g/m3; water should be subjected to deaeration. A water clarification station is necessary, as the evaporation plant should be feeding clarified water, containing dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, and not prone to scaling. Under the clarification of water, in the general sense, is understood the removal from it of suspended particles of organic and inorganic origin. The need for biocidal and antiscaling treatment is determined by experimental testing, but a good installation of clarification of sea water significantly reduces the need for this step.

A Systematic Grey-Box Modeling Methodology via Data Reconciliation and SOS Constrained Regression

Developing the so-called grey box or hybrid models of limited complexity for process systems is the cornerstone in advanced control and real-time optimization routines. These models must be based on fundamental principles and customized with sub-models obtained from process experimental data. This allows the engineer to transfer the available process knowledge into a model. However, there is still a lack of a flexible but systematic methodology for grey-box modeling which ensures certain coherence of the experimental sub-models with the process physics. This paper proposes such a methodology based in data reconciliation (DR) and polynomial constrained regression. A nonlinear optimization of limited complexity is to be solved in the DR stage, whereas the proposed constrained regression is based in sum-of-squares (SOS) convex programming. It is shown how several desirable features on the polynomial regressors can be naturally enforced in this optimization framework. The goodnesses of the proposed methodology are illustrated through: (1) an academic example and (2) an industrial evaporation plant with real experimental data.

Insight into the Mechanisms of Scale Inhibition: A Case Study of a Task‐Specific Fluorescent‐Tagged Scale Inhibitor Location on Gypsum Crystals

AbstractScaling in reverse osmosis facilities, boilers, heat exchangers, evaporation plants, and oilfield applications is a serious problem worldwide. In order to provide a new insight into the mechanism of the scale formation and inhibition, a novel fluorescent‐tagged bisphosphonate scale inhibitor 1‐hydroxy‐7‐(6‐methoxy‐1,3‐dioxo‐1H‐benzo[de]isoquinolin‐2(3H)‐yl)heptane‐1,1‐diyl‐di(phosphonic acid), (HEDP−F) was synthesized and used for fluorescent microscope visualization of gypsum crystal formation in supersaturated aqueous solutions. The visualization of HEDP−F location on gypsum crystals has demonstrated that the bisphosphonate molecules do not act as they are expected to do according to the current scale inhibition theory. At ambient temperature the gypsum macrocrystals are found to form, and then to grow without visible sorption of bisphosphonate on the crystal edges or any other gypsum crystal growth centers. A tentative nonconventional mechanism of scale inhibition in the bulk supersaturated aqueous solutions of gypsum is proposed.

Сравнение выпарных установок с механической компрессией пара и установок с применением парогенератора

Evaporation is a process through which solvent is partially removed from solutions by subjecting the latter to evaporation. Aqueous solutions of solid materials are generally subjected to evaporation; however, other liquids may also serve as solvents. The solvent being removed is in this case in vapor form and is called secondary vapor. The vapor used for heating and evaporation is called heating steam. At present, evaporation plants are widely used in purification and concentration of industrial waste waters to obtain demineralized water and sludge, which makes it possible to set up a closed water cycle at a production enterprise, to exclude discharges of hazardous substances into water bodies, and to decrease the amount of discharged waste; in obtaining demineralized water; in desalination of seawater; in evaporation of various process solutions to the required concentration (aluminate solutions, mineral salt solutions, alkalis, acids and so on); in milk and food industries; and in medicine. As a rule, evaporation is performed by applying the heat of steam produced at a boiler house or a thermal power plant. Steam is an efficient heat carrier owing to its having high heat of condensation. In some cases, when evaporation has to be carried out at high temperature, furnace gases and high-temperature heating agents (diphenyl mixture, superheated water, or oil) are used. If it is necessary to evaporate liquids sensitive to temperature effects, special equipment for creating deep vacuum (steam-jet and water-jet vacuum pumps, mechanical vacuum pumps, and others) is used. As a result, evaporation can be carried out at 60 °С (in the milk industry) and even at 35°С (in medicine). In many cases, production sites do not have a steam source, and construction of new boiler houses is economically unprofitable or unfeasible for some or other reason. In such situations, an alternative heat source is selected subject to the operation conditions of a particular plant. Process circuit versions of evaporation plants with mechanical steam compression and plants using steam generators operating on different kinds of fuel are considered. The possibilities of using one or another version depending on the properties of treated process solutions, process implementation conditions, and the number of shells in the plant (one- or multi-shell evaporation) are studied. The net cost of one ton of steam is evaluated, and the equipment payback period is estimated.

A new insight into the mechanism of the scale inhibition: DLS study of gypsum nucleation in presence of phosphonates using nanosilver dispersion as an internal light scattering intensity reference

Scaling in reverse osmosis facilities, boilers, heat exchangers, evaporation plants, and oilfield applications is a serious problem worldwide. A widely used solution for controlling scale deposition is an application of chemical inhibitors. However, irrespective of the broad and a long-term antiscalant application, the mechanisms of scale inhibition are still the matter of discussions.In order to provide a new insight into the mechanism of the scale inhibition, a novel dynamic light scattering (DLS) special technique is used to study the bulk supersaturated gypsum aqueous solutions during the induction period. It is based on the standard Ag nanoparticles (ARGOVIT) injection into the supersaturated gypsum solution. These nanoparticles act as an internal indifferent light scattering intensity reference, and provide a semiquantitative measurement of a relative gypsum particles content in a blank solution and in the system treated with phosphonates: amino-tris(methylenephosphonic acid), ATMP; 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-bis(phosphonic acid), HEDP; 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, PBTC. It is found that ATMP sufficiently reduces the number of gypsum nuclei, spontaneously formed in the supersaturated solutions. The less effective inhibitors of gypsum scaling HEDP and PBTC also reduce the gypsum nuclei number, but to a less extent. A tentative nonconventional mechanism of scale inhibition in the bulk supersaturated aqueous solutions of gypsum is proposed.

Thermodynamic assessment of MVR implementation in multistage evaporation plants

A study on process alternatives for reducing steam consumption was carried out in a multistage evaporation system of a chlorine–alkali industrial complex. A phenomenological model was developed, based on the mass and energy balances and on gas–liquid equilibrium correlations for the ternary mixture of caustic soda, sodium chloride and water. The design specifications of the plant were adopted as a reference to validate the mathematical model, which comprises 153 nonlinear equations. Different process conditions were simulated by taking into account the most important process variables and their effect on steam consumption. Differently from previously published studies, in which the conservation laws are mainly focused on the heat exchangers and their optimization, the present study considers the whole multistage evaporation unit. The model also enabled to evaluate the effect of changes in the plant configuration, either by considering a side product stream at a specified concentration, designated to another production unit in the industrial complex, or by including mechanical vapor recompression, which has proven to be a better solution to reduce steam consumption from the energy and exergy points of view. Results indicate an expressive decrease in steam consumption to around 1% of the original configuration. Moreover, from the exergy perspective, if the power generation is considered, the MVR is a better choice from the energy and exergy point of view.

The innvestigation of the process streams integration in the multi­effect evaporation plant for the concentration of sorghum syrup

The study on the integration of heat streams of the evaporation station for sorghum syrup concentrating is presented. The relevance of the research is is why the research, aimed at reducing the consumption of external energy and enhancing operating efficiency, is relevant and has practical value. The main purpose of the work is to create a scientifically substantiated design with enhanced economic indicators of operation, ensuring saving in consumption of hot utility (steam) and cooling water. The problem was solved using the pinch-analysis. Heat streams, requiring heating and cooling, were identified, and the alternative project based on the selection of the value of minimum temperature difference DT min ., was created. This value was calculated and substantiated based on the data on thermal streams. The stream of condensate of return steam, the heat excess of which had not been used so far, was added to the system. For the alternative project, the layout of heat exchange equipment was proposed, calculation of plate heat exchangers was performed. The designed network of heat exchangers made it possible to decrease the annual steam consumption by 18 %. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted by comparing the indicators for two of the projects of the syrup preheating department for the evaporation station. The proposed alternative project saves power consumption of cooling water by 35.9 kW, of heating vapor steam – by 60.5 kW. At the interest rate of profit tax of 18 %, implementation of the alternative project will pay off in 4 months. As a result, net annual gain of an enterprise is planned to increase by 16 %, at virtually the same payback period of the projects. Application of the methods of heat streams integration made it possible to develop an effective project of sorghum syrup preheating before evaporation and ensure saving of external utilities.

Multi-Model Interval Estimators of the Strength State of Structurally Complex Load-Bearing Units of Production Equipment

The addition of analytic point estimators of the stress state of the elements of structures obtained as a result of a calculation based on current regulatory documents with the use of numerical and interval point estimators that expand representations of the laws governing the deformation of a structure is proposed as a means of increasing the reliability of representations of the loading power of load-bearing units. The proposed multi-model approach to the study of the stress state of structurally complex power structures is tested on the housing of an evaporator plant.

Robust integrated production-maintenance scheduling for an evaporation network

This work aims to reduce the global resource consumption in an industrial evaporation network by better tasks management and coordination. The network works in continuous, processing some products in several evaporation plants, so optimal load allocation and product-plant assignment problems appear. The plants have different features (capacity, equipment, etc.) and their performance is affected by fouling inside the heat exchangers and external factors. Hereby, the optimizer has to decide when maintenance operations have to be triggered. Therefore, a mixed production/maintenance scheduling problem arises. The plant behavior is approximated by surrogate linear models obtained experimentally, allowing thus the use of mixed-integer linear optimization routines to obtain solutions in acceptable time. Furthermore, uncertainty in the weather forecast and in the production plan is also considered via a two-stage stochastic programming approach. Finally, a trade-off analysis between other objectives of interest is given to support the decision maker.

Preliminary design and energy efficiency analysis of a kraft pulp mill converted to a biorefinery producing ethanol and DME from softwood

In this study a conceptual biorefinery process is evaluated. The process is based on conversion of softwood to biofuels, and consists of a digester according to the soda cooking principle, a cellulose to ethanol production line, and a black liquor gasification line. The main products are ethanol and DME. The focus of the study is to combine knowledge from previous research in order to generate a preliminary design and energy balance for the process. This information is then used as input in a heat integration analysis in order to assess the potential for energy efficiency measures. Since the gasification leg of the process is a heat source and the ethanol leg, pretreatment and evaporation plant are heat sinks, an important result of the heat integration analysis is to give an indication of whether the process is self sufficient with respect to heat. The study shows that large opportunities for heat integration exist. The results from the study indicate that the steam surplus from the gasification plant cannot fully satisfy the steam demand of the balance of the process, even if the process is well heat-integrated. The demand is however considerably lower compared to when pulp is produced.

Evaporation Plant for Recycling of Caustic Soda

The most important problem that humanity is expected to face in the coming century shall be environmental pollution. On one hand, the population of human beings are using natural resources rapidly, on the other hand, they are adding hundreds of pollutants in the form of metals, acids, bases and etc. Thus, they have created an abnormal situation which has resulted in an imbalance in the natural systems. As the industrialization improves, it creates pollution and also it creates jobs for the people. Especially in developed countries, for instance European countries and U.S.A. there are also many stringent restrictions for the environmental pollution, and there are many laws, political arrangements. Of course , a pollution free environment will require a high cost, often an expensive operation. However , it is much more costlier trying to undo the damage done. On the basis of concept tried to mention above human beings have studied on the subjects related with environmental pollution. They have established waste water treatment plants, many kinds of recycling and recovery plants, and etc. In this study , it has been tried to establish such an idea that a pollution free environment may be available if this technical process is used properly. So, the first goal of this study is to provide a concise statement of the requirements and opportunities for obtaining environmental benefits. The second objective will be to provide economical savings while providing the environmental benefits at the same time. To emphasize the great importance of above mentioned subjects the application of recycle technology for the sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is named as caustic soda in industrial processes, realized by means of an evaporation plant is used. Caustic soda is used in textile industry for mercerizing process as it is used in many different processes. To give the cotton more strength and to obtain a smoother surface and an improved affinity the mercerizing is essential. After being finished the mercerizing operation, generally the process solution (containing caustic soda) is discharged to the environment,. e.g. , rivers, seas and sewage. In spite of the fact that this application is widely spread in use, it is forbidden in all developed countries to discharge the caustic soda solutions even at a 1% concentration since the caustic soda is highly basic (highly alkaline). For this reason it is very harmful for the environment. It is possible to extract the caustic soda from the caustic soda solutions before discharging it to the environment for preventing the harms of this material. The washing water containing NaOH will be concentrated by H 2 O evaporation and shall be recycled in the mercerizing system. The concentration may take place in a single or multiple – stage (double–stage) installation under vacuum or atmospheric pressure. The washing water to be concentrated is moved from the storage tank to the first evaporation stage and the thermal energy for evaporation operation is added by the steam. The vapor coming from the first evaporation stage is used for the next evaporation stage as the heating steam of this unit. The vapor from the last stage is condensed in a condenser. The condensed vapor can be safely discharged and the concentrated caustic soda can be reused for the subsequent mercerizing operation. So, both economical profits and environmental benefits can be provided by reusing the caustic soda for next processes , after it is recovered by the help of this way. Desalination unit in Jeddah which is the capital city of Saudi Arabia , is an example for this kind of operations.. This plant was established 1970’s and has been used as both a power station and a desalination unit. At this plant the exhaust steam coming from the steam turbines is used as the heating steam for evaporators of desalination unit. Unfortunately, in our country, even in İzmir, the waste water of textile industry is discharged to the environment. Because , the environmental laws are not adequate and the enterprisers think that a recycling plant is not an economical investment. However , it is stated in this study that such a concept is not right. It has been tried to show that such an investment, i.e., “An Evaporation Plant for Recycling of Caustic Soda” may be profitable if it is installed and operated properly, and also it has been tried to increase the attractivity of these kinds of plants . It is hoped that, the laws and stringent restrictions related with environment shall be arranged, so that we shall live in a healthy world.

Совершенствование методов и устройств контроля содержания органических примесей в теплоносителе на ТЭС и ТЭЦ

Introduction. Issues of increasing the reliability of investigating the coolant’s organic impurities behavior and the operational control of their concentrations at TPPs and CHPs are considered. Possible causes of the organics occurrence in the boiler feedwater and in the steam of the power plants are analyzed. The behavior of typical impurities in the liquid and vapor phases at high temperatures is studied. Materials and Methods. The analysis of the existing methods and devices for the organic impurities control in the coolant of the TPP and CHP circuits is conducted. Research Results. Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the existing techniques and monitoring devices, methods of their improvement are proposed. When monitoring the thermolysis process of the potentially acidic organic impurities in the liquid and vapor phases, it is recommended to use the installation of the All-Russian Technological Institute improved by the authors. In this case, the conductometric control of the thermolysis process in the vapor phase at different temperatures on the concurrent boilers should be carried out according to the readings of the conductometric cooled sensor placed in the controlled steam. A technique for the simultaneous measurement of the specific electric conductivity of water and steam condensate in the coolable conductivity sensor is proposed to simplify the study of the transition of organic impurities from boiling water to saturated steam. All this will allow obtaining the objective information about the organic impurities behavior in the water-steam circuit of the power units, the thermolysis process, and the sources of hazardous impurities flow into the boiler. Besides, taking into account the results of this work, the researchability of the behavior of potentially acidic substances and monitoring of their content in water and steam can be enhanced. Discussion and Conclusions. The advanced control devices can be used as a supplement to the existing ones for joint operation in the chemical and technological monitoring systems of the power plants. A method for improving the operating modes control systems of the evaporator plants under the thermal treatment of water from organic impurities, mainly to reduce the content of potentially acidic substances in steam and condensate of the plants, is proposed. For this purpose, it is recommended to use the control sensors previously developed by the authors.