Lovastatin is a lipid-lowering agent belonging to the class of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, widely used in the treatment of Hyperlipidemia. Lovastatin was loaded into Ufasomes to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. Reverse phase evaporation method was employed to formulate Lovastatin-loaded ufasomes using a systematic optimization approach. The independent variables considered were oleic acid (mg) (A), cholesterol (mg) (B), stirring speed (rpm) (C), and Surfactant concentration (v/v) (D), and their effects were evaluated on entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (nm), and zeta potential (mV).The ufasomal suspension prepared by reverse phase evaporation was subjected to lyophilization, and the obtained powder was further characterized for physicochemical properties. Among all the formulations, the optimized formulation (e.g., UF-4) showed a particle size of 185 nm, zeta potential of −35 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 88%. The optimized formulation exhibited enhanced drug release of 93.50% compared to the pure drug (20.40%). Kinetic studies of the optimized formulation showed the highest R² value for the Higuchi model (R² = 0.9998), indicating that the drug release follows a diffusion-controlled mechanism

The structural and optical properties of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films fabricated on silicon (Si) substrates using prepared by Radio-Frequency (RF) Sputtering, Sol-Gel (spin coating) and Evaporation methods have been studied and investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were used for comprehensive characterization. ZnO thin film prepared using thermal evaporation method has referred a narrow FWHM, large grain size, rough surface morphology and low tensile strain compared with the ZnO thin film prepared using RF-sputtering and sol-gel method, which may be of advantage in absorbing UV light when used as a UV detector. Additionally, the ZnO tetraleg structures are uniform and are 2.5 nm in length and 0.12 µm in width. Finally, two luminescence peaks in UV and visible region can be observed of ZnO/Si (110) thin film prepared using RF-sputtering, sol-gel and thermal evaporation methods with different peaks of intensity. blue shift with respect to energy band gap of sample prepared by thermal evaporation has been obtained.

Rabeprazole sodium (RAB), a widely used proton pump inhibitor for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), faces limitations in administration to pediatric and dysphagic patients due to the swallowing difficulties posed by conventional oral solid formulations. To overcome these issues, this study developed a pediatric-friendly oral RAB formulation based on a novel anion exchange resin (AER). The synthesized AER exhibited a regular spherical morphology, high porosity, and uniform particle size distribution. RAB was efficiently loaded via ion exchange to form RAB-loaded AER complexes (RAB@AER), achieving a 1.63-fold higher drug loading capacity than that of conventional resins. RAB@AER were subsequently coated with Eudragit L100 using an emulsion-solvent evaporation method, yielding microcapsules consisting of RAB-loaded AER coated by L100 (RAB@AER@L100). In vitro release studies confirmed the enteric protection of the microcapsules, with negligible drug release in acidic medium (pH 1.2) and sustained release under neutral conditions (pH 6.8). The RAB@AER@L100 enteric suspension was developed by blending the microcapsules with suitable excipients, requiring reconstitution with water before oral administration. Pharmacokinetic evaluation in rats revealed that the reconstituted suspension accelerated drug absorption (Tmax = 2h vs. 3h for commercial capsules) and achieved a higher peak concentration (Cmax = 3.19 vs. 2.82μg/mL), with a comparable area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-12h). This RAB formulation provides an alternative strategy to enhance swallowing safety and dosing convenience in vulnerable patient.

Tolvaptan is a compound that is practically insoluble in water and poorly soluble at physiological pH, and is used to treat low blood sodium levels in adults with conditions such as heart failure and certain hormonal imbalances. Increasing the water solubility and dissolution rate of tolvaptan could increase its bioavailability and, consequently, its efficacy. This study aimed to increase the efficiency of tolvaptan by enhancing its solubility and dissolution rate, and to develop a fast-acting dosage form that improves convenience for patients with swallowing difficulties. Solid dispersion (SD) formulations were developed by the rotary evaporation method using hydrophilic polymers (polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene oxide), solubility enhancers (Solutol HS-15 and Gelucire 44/14), and complexing agents (β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin). Various characterization studies were performed on developed formulations, including solubility studies, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses, in vitro dissolution tests, and release kinetics studies. The solubility of tolvaptan in the 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)-SD2 formulation containing 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, was the highest at 0.2314 mg/mL, which was approximately 8.7 times that of pure tolvaptan. Based on the results, HPβCD was selected as the complexing agent as the optimal SD formulation. In the dissolution study, at least 90% of the tolvaptan in the HPβCD-SD2 formulation dissolved in all buffer solutions within 25 min. Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) were prepared using the HPβCD-SD2 formulation; formulation code 59, which had a friability of ≤1% and a disintegration time of ≤180 s, was selected as the final tablet. A new SD formulation with increased solubility and dissolution rate compared with pure tolvaptan was developed. The developed ODTs may be an alternative to the current commercial product.

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, necessitating the development of effective and safe therapeutic strategies. The present study aimed to design and evaluate doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX)-loaded poly(D,Llactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. Nanoparticles were prepared using the oil-in-water emulsion–solvent evaporation method and optimized by varying the drug-to-polymer ratio. The prepared formulations were characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE%), drug loading (DL%), in vitro drug release, and release kinetics. The optimized formulation (F4) exhibited a mean particle size of 132 ± 3 nm with a low PDI (0.19 ± 0.01), indicating a uniform size distribution suitable for tumor targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. The entrapment efficiency and drug loading were 86.3 ± 1.4% and 9.5 ± 0.4%, respectively, demonstrating efficient drug incorporation within the PLGA matrix. In vitro release studies revealed a biphasic pattern with an initial mild burst release, followed by sustained drug release up to 72 h, achieving 85.2 ± 2.3% cumulative release. Release kinetic modelling indicated that drug release followed the Higuchi model (R² = 0.978), suggesting a diffusion-controlled mechanism with Fickian diffusion. Overall, the developed DOX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles demonstrated favourable physicochemical properties and controlled release characteristics, indicating their potential as a promising nanotechnology-based approach for improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity in targeted cancer therapies.

Polysulfone (PSF)-based membranes have been widely studied for various applications, particularly in wastewater treatment, heavy metal extraction, and other environmental and industrial areas. In this work, nanofiltration membranes based on PSF were prepared using the evaporation method. To enhance the performance of PSF membranes, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with two different molecular weights was used as a plasticizing additive in the PSF matrix. This study investigates the effect of doping with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on the stiffness, hydrophilicity, and porosity of the membranes. To characterize our membranes, several analytical techniques were used, such as, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheometer, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A photodegradation study was conducted under UV radiation for 12 weeks. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to characterize the membranes before and after aging. The results showed that adding 0.1 wt.% TiO2 nanoparticles increased the stiffness of the developed membranes, improved their thermal degradation resistance, and enhanced the contact angle and porosity of the fabricated membranes. The results of the aging study showed that the nanoparticles improve the membranes’ resistance to photodegradation.

Diabetes mellitus-a disorder of glucose handling in the body-is appearing more frequently in clinic and registry alike. Public-health officials now label it as at once familiar and alarming. Among the clinical varieties, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) carries the heaviest demographic load and, perhaps not coincidentally, the bulk of research sponsorship. Most therapeutic playbooks still default to drugs that stall carbohydrate breakdown once the food reaches the intestines. At the end of that enzymatic assembly line sits the α-glucosidase molecule itself; without its action, oligosaccharides remain stranded, unprocessed. Pharmaceutical scientists have filed acarbose and miglitol under the same functional umbrella, though abdominal discomfort and spotty systemic absorption keep the prescriptions honest. The side effects have nudged inventors toward plant extracts, prodding them to browse the rainforest rather than the test-tube archive. One contender, α-mangostin from the queen-sized mangosteen fruit, nips at the enzyme but refuses to dissolve at anything resembling room temperature. Solid-dispersing it in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) swaps the crystalline cage for a shapeless cloud and, by anecdotal report, boosts the apparent solubility tenfold or more. Laboratory batches usually employ flush-and-evaporate glassware, yet fluid-bed drying (FBD) is also in the mix when significance demands industrial scale. Both routes tweak the particle outline, and those subtle silhouettes end up steering bioavailability toward one wall or the other. To pin down the correlation, we decided to measure enzyme inhibition side-by-side with solubility gains from each processing strategy. Solubility experiments under controlled bulk conditions showed that solvent evaporation boosted reconcentration 2.1-fold and fluidized-bed drying raised it 1.8-fold. Enzyme inhibition tests, normalizing to final mass, revealed an IC50 value of 14.14±0.02 µg/mL. In parallel inhibition assays on -glucosidase, the plant extract outperformed commercial acarbose, recorded at 379.75±0.57 µg/mL, yet fell far short of pure quercetin, whose strength was 2.97±0.05 µg/mL. A side-by-side formulation comparison showed liquid-bed drying conserved inhibitory activity at 118.5964 g/mL, whereas the simpler evaporation method inflated that estimate to roughly 1,176.6459 g/mL. This research demonstrates that α-mangostin from the mangosteen fruit has the potential to be a stronger inhibitor of α-glucosidase enzyme than the commercial drug acarbose, although still less than the effectiveness of pure quercetin. The formulation process affects biological activity and solubility greatly. Solvent evaporation increases bioavailability more than fluid spray drying, yet diminishes enzyme inhibition effectiveness. On the other hand, fluidized bed drying retains enzyme inhibition activity much better, even though the increase in solubility is slightly lower. Thus, the formulation approach is the most important factor to consider in maximally utilizing the therapeutic potential of α-mangostin for development as natural antidiabetic drugs.

This study presents an intranasal chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticle system co-loaded with riluzole (RLZ) and berberine (BER) to achieve synergistic neuroprotection and enhanced brain targeting for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles containing riluzole and berberine (RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA) were prepared via a modified single emulsion-solvent evaporation method using 0.9% PLGA and 1% PVA, and 0.99% chitosan. The optimized formulation exhibited a size of 203.5 nm, zeta potential of + 34.7 mV, and high entrapment efficiencies of 73.9% (RLZ) and 71.4% (BER). In vitro release showed sustained delivery, with only 36.3% BER and 28.4% RLZ released after 2 h compared to 82.6% and 57.3% from suspensions. Ex vivo nasal permeation demonstrated 2.8-fold (BER) and 2.1-fold (RLZ) increases in permeability coefficients relative to drug suspensions. Pharmacokinetic evaluation confirmed superior brain delivery, with intranasal RLZ-BER-CTS-PLGA achieving Cmax levels of 596 ng/mL for BER and 1345 ng/mL for RLZ, versus only 213 ng/mL and 385 ng/mL from intranasal suspensions. Direct transport percentage (DTP) reached 81.4% for BER and 56.4% for RLZ, with corresponding drug targeting efficiencies (DTE) of 536.6% and 229.3%. Histopathology confirmed nasal safety with no mucosal irritation. These results establish chitosan-functionalized PLGA nanocarriers as a promising noninvasive co-delivery platform for multifunctional Alzheimer's therapeutics.

Intravaginal drug administration is the most promising strategy for treating vaginal infections to protect women's health, such as vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). However, conventional vaginal formulations in the clinic face challenges such as drug leakage and low bioavailability due to the mucus barrier and vaginal self-cleaning behavior. To address these limitations, we designed and optimized clotrimazole-loaded PLGA non-spherical microparticles (CPNMs) for vaginal drug delivery. CPNMs and clotrimazole-loaded PLGA porous microspheres (CPMs) were prepared by the double emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The physicochemical features and invitro drug release kinetics were characterized, and the effect of shape on drug delivery were also investigated. After intravaginal administration of CPMs and CPNMs, the pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility in the vagina of mice were studied. Both CPMs and CPNMs exhibited sustained release features invitro. Initially, there was a rapid release within the first 24 h and the cumulative release of CPMs and CPNMs was 46.55% and 56.89% over 7 days, respectively. Compared to CPMs, CPNMs demonstrated an extended drug release invivo, maintaining a residence duration of at least 72 h, which was beneficial for clotrimazole delivery at a high concentration in the vagina of mice. Histological evaluation demonstrated the low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility of CPNMs, with no obvious damage to vaginal epithelial cells. This vaginal drug delivery system offers potential applications for managing VVC, along with other health concerns in women.

The continuous quest for materials capable of providing sustained release of antimicrobial drugs is particularly important for indwelling medical applications. In this study, we utilized amoxicillin as a model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to investigate the feasibility of using porous media – specifically, functionalized calcium carbonate (FCC) microparticles – as a primary drug carrier embedded within an ethyl cellulose (EC) polymer film. Our main objective was to prolong and sustain the release of the API. The fabrication process of the microparticle containing film involved two key steps: loading the model API into the FCC particles and then embedding these loaded particles into the polymeric film. Amoxicillin was loaded into the FCC particles using a solvent evaporation method. Detailed characterization through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), lab- and synchrotron-based XRD revealed that amoxicillin precipitated both inside and on the surface of the FCC particles, predominantly in an amorphous form. Additionally, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopic data demonstrated an increased release rate from the porous FCC compared to direct dissolution of pure amoxicillin powder. Embedding amoxicillin pre-loaded porous FCC particles in the EC film led to a more rational sustained release compared with powder amoxicillin embedded directly in the film, advantageously delivering the same amount of amoxicillin over a longer period; a result that may be relevant for indwelling medical devices such as urinary catheters, vascular access devices or wound drains.

Tailored dual release of retinol and salicylic acid from salicylate-based poly(anhydride-ester) microspheres with tunable degradation profiles.

This paper presents the results of a study of ZnO-Zn conglomerates synthesised on unpolished silicon (Si) substrates by the rapid solar evaporation method of ZnO/C precursors with mass ratios of 2:1 and 1:3. The obtained samples were analysed using X-ray structural analysis, which confirmed the formation of a wurtzite-type ZnO crystalline phase and metallic Zn. Photoluminescence spectra revealed two characteristic peaks: a near band edge emission at ~380 nm, caused by exciton recombination, and an intense green band at ~522 nm associated with oxygen vacancies. Raman spectroscopy revealed a shift in the E? (high) mode, which characterizes the oscillation of the oxygen sublattice, from 437 to 427 cm–1, indicating an increase in the lattice period because of elastic stresses in the crystallites. Energy dispersive analysis showed the distribution of grown ZnO and Zn conglomerates. The photocatalytic properties, which were studied by degrading the model dye methyl orange under UV irradiation, showed better values in the case of ZnO-Zn conglomerate synthesis at a precursor concentration of ZnO/C as 1:3. The results obtained demonstrate the promise of using concentrated solar radiation for the synthesis and creation of materials with the desired properties using environmentally friendly, energy-independent technologies.

Curcumin exhibits potent anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its therapeutic application is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. A curcumin-loaded chewable gel was developed to transform into an in situ gastric gel upon contact with gastric fluid after mastication. Curcumin solid dispersions (CUR-SDs) were prepared with Eudragit® EPO (1:1-1:7, w/w) using the solvent evaporation method. The optimized formulation (1:3) markedly enhanced solubility and dissolution in acidic medium (0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2) compared with crystalline curcumin and physical mixtures. The optimized CUR-SD was subsequently incorporated into chewable gels composed of sodium alginate and κ-carrageenan, with calcium carbonate as a gas-forming agent. The formulations formed buoyant matrices under acidic conditions, exhibiting floating lag times of 21-215 s and sustaining drug release for up to 8 h. Increasing polymer content improved mechanical strength and modulated release kinetics. Among the tested formulations, F7 achieved the optimal balance between texture properties, floating behavior, and controlled-release performance. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, curcumin, CUR-SD, and F7 showed comparable and potent anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 4.12-4.84 µg/mL), outperforming indomethacin. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, F7 significantly reduced lipid accumulation (~47%) in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that this transformable chewable in situ gelling platform is a promising gastroretentive strategy for improving the oral therapeutic efficacy of poorly soluble bioactive compounds for anti-obesity applications.

IntroductionBrazilin (BRZ), a major bioactive constituent of Caesalpinia sappan, exhibits promising anticancer activity but suffers from extremely poor aqueous solubility, limiting its oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Drug solubility is a critical determinant of absorption and therapeutic efficacy, so strategies to enhance the solubility of BRZ are essential. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been widely employed to enhance the solubility and dissolution behavior of poorly soluble compounds. This study aimed to develop and characterize ASDs of BRZ using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a polymer carrier, to investigate molecular interactions through in silico docking, and to evaluate their physicochemical properties, dissolution behavior, physical stability, and antiproliferative activity.MethodsASDs of BRZ with PVP were prepared using the solvent evaporation method with drug-to-polymer weight ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The formulations were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Solubility, in vitro dissolution, and antiproliferative activity against DU145 prostate cancer cells were evaluated. Physical stability was evaluated over 30 days under dry (25 °C/0% RH) and humid (25 °C/90% RH) storage conditions using PXRD to detect any possible recrystallization.ResultsPXRD and DSC analyses confirmed the complete amorphization of BRZ within the ASD matrix, as evidenced by the disappearance of crystalline diffraction peaks and characteristic melting endotherms. FT-IR spectroscopy, supported by in silico studies, revealed hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl group of BRZ and the carbonyl group of PVP. The BRZ:PVP (1:5) formulation achieved a 5.7-fold increase in solubility compared to crystalline BRZ. Dissolution testing showed a characteristic spring-and-parachute profile, with ASDs maintaining supersaturation for a prolonged period. Moreover, enhanced antiproliferative activity against DU145 cells was observed for BRZ ASDs, with the lowest IC50 value of 14.02 µg/mL at a 1:5 ratio, compared to 20.12 µg/mL for crystalline BRZ. Stability testing showed that all ASDs maintained their amorphous form under dry storage conditions for 30 days, whereas samples stored at 90% relative humidity exhibited recrystallization.ConclusionBRZ ASDs using PVP effectively improved solubility, dissolution profile, and antiproliferative activity. The formulations demonstrated good stability under dry storage conditions but were sensitive to high humidity. These findings suggest that ASDs represent a promising strategy for enhancing the therapeutic potential of poorly soluble natural anticancer compounds.

Abstract This study evaluates the effect of the Mg 3 N 2 interlayer on interface characteristics by investigating the electrical, impedance, and dielectric properties of Ag/Mg 3 N 2 /p-Si Schottky diodes. The study specifically aims to reveal the interface trap density ( N ss ), series resistance ( R s ), and frequency-dependent behavior of the dielectric response. The Mg 3 N 2 thin film was deposited on a p-type Si substrate using the thermal evaporation method. Electrical characterizations were performed at room temperature and in the dark; capacitance ( C - V ) and conductance ( G/ω - V ) measurements were taken in the 10 kHz–5 MHz frequency range. The N ss was calculated using the Hill-Coleman method, while the complex dielectric constant ( ε′ , ε″ ), loss factor ( tanδ ), electrical modulus ( M′ , M″ ), and AC conductivity ( σ AC ) were calculated using standard formulations. The ε ′, ε ″, tan δ , M′ , M″ , and σ AC values were determined to be 6.91, 7.43, 1.07, 0.06, 0.07 and 4.13 × 10 -6 Ω -1 .cm -1 at high frequency (1 MHz) and high voltage (+ 3 V), while the N ss value was on the order of 10 13 eV -1 ·cm -2 . The study provides important insights into understanding the impact of the Mg 3 N 2 interlayer on SD performance and highlights the potential contributions of such interlayer engineering in electronic device designs.

The nitrogen-rich energetic salt melamine-melaminium 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate dihydrate (MTBDH) has been grown by the slow evaporation method at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that MTBDH crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group Pccn of the orthorhombic system with lattice parameters a = 32.878(5) Å, b = 9.392(2) Å, c = 12.785(2) Å, and V = 3947.9(12) (Å)3. The structure is stabilized by extensive N–H···N, N–H···O, O–H···O, and C–H···O hydrogen bonding, forming a three-dimensional supramolecular network. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) level show excellent agreement with experimental data and confirm structural stability. The calculated Mulliken atomic charges reveal significant charge separation within the molecule. Nitrogen and oxygen atoms exhibit high negative charges (up to −0.82 e), whereas several carbon atoms bonded to electronegative centers display substantial positive charges (up to +0.74 e). Frontier molecular orbital analysis shows a HOMO–LUMO energy gap of 4.94 eV, indicating good molecular stability with moderate reactivity. The hardness (2.47 eV) and softness (0.20 eV) values further confirm the stable nature of MTBDH. The electronegativity (3.79 eV) and chemical potential (−3.79 eV) suggest strong electron-accepting ability, while the electrophilicity index (2.91 eV) and maximum charge (1.53 eV) transfer value indicate effective intramolecular charge redistribution within the molecule. The predicted UV–visible analysis shows an absorption maximum at 260 nm. The strong inter and intramolecular interactions were confirmed by Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis. The calculated first-order hyperpolarizability (βtot) is 371.989 × 10−³1 e.s.u., which is approximately 99.87 times higher than that of urea, indicating strong nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior. Hirshfeld surface analysis identifies dominant H···H interactions (38.7%), while ELF and LOL analyses provide insight into electronic localization and non-covalent interactions.

Objective: The goal of this study was to prepare and evaluate phytosomes containing Aloe vera extract and papain using the solvent evaporation method. Methods: We prepared phytosomes of aloe vera extract and papain by the solvent evaporation technique. Design-Expert® software (version 11.0.5) was used for the optimisation procedure. Out of 17 formulations, F8 was selected as the best, on the basis of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (EE). Mixing the best formulation (F8) with carbopol 940, a phytosomal gel was prepared for better compliance. The gel was tested for its physicochemical properties, antioxidant properties by DPPH assay, cytotoxicity by MTT assay, and α-amylase inhibitory activity as an indicator of antidiabetic potential. In vivo diabetic wound healing was tested on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced wistar rats for 25 d. Results: The optimised formulation (F8) had a particle size of 87.3±0.05 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.30±0.001, and a zeta potential of −55.6 mV, indicating high colloidal stability due to electrostatic repulsion. The entrapment efficiency of F8 for papain was 95.62±0.01% and 96.35±0.01% for aloe vera extract. pH 6.4±0.05, viscosity 20.11±0.00057 Pa·s, and spreadability 21.72±0.58 g·cm/s of the gel formulation were considered in the acceptable range. The SEM analysis verified a consistent and distinct vesicular morphology. The formulation showed strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 35.3 µg/ml), 85.71% cell viability, and moderate α-amylase inhibition (56±9.19%) without implying systemic glycaemic control. In vivo studies showed that the higher the dose, the faster the wound healed. By day 17, the high-dose group had 92.09±1.77% wound contraction, and by day 25, the wound was completely closed (100%), which was much better than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The active ingredients were successfully shielded from oxidation and degradation by encapsulating papain and aloe vera polysaccharides in lipid-based phytosomes. This delivery system offers a promising therapeutic strategy for treating diabetic wounds and oxidative stress.

ABSTRACT A novel flower‐shaped ionic liquid/tin disulfide flame retardant (ILs‐SnS 2 ) was prepared using microwave hydrothermal synthesis (160°C, 80 s) combined with solvent evaporation method. The synthesized flame retardant was added to epoxy resin via the curing method, and its effect on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the composite material was studied. Compared to pure EP (1185.9 kW/m 2 ), the addition of 3 phr SnS 2 , BF 4 ‐SnS 2 , and PF 6 ‐SnS 2 resulted in a decrease in peak of heat release rate values to 853.4, 735.2, and 859.6 kW/m 2 , respectively. The excellent flame retardant performance was attributed to physical isolation, catalytic carbonization, and gas‐phase dilution. In addition, based on the interface interaction between ionic liquids and epoxy resin, compared with EP/SnS 2 , the fracture elongation of EP/ILs‐SnS 2 increased from 9.04% to 11.24% and 11.72%, the tensile strength increased from 41.32 to 44.54 MPa and 44.0 MPa, and the impact resistance increased from 7.72 to 10.92 and 9.11 kJ/m 2 , which were effectively improved. According to Table S1, this method can be synthesized rapidly in 80 s. The research on the modification of ionic liquid into flame retardants and compatibilizers provides a new approach.

Amisulpride effectively treats both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. However, its poor aqueous solubility and low intestinal permeability limit oral bioavailability. This study developed chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating amisulpride for intranasal delivery, thereby enhancing solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. Amisulpride-loaded chitosan-coated PLGA NPs were prepared using the oil-in-water emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Formulations were optimized based on particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE%), and loading capacity (LC%). The optimized formulation was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The solubility, stability, mucoadhesion, in vitro drug release, and cytotoxicity were also evaluated. The optimized formulation (F2) had a PS of 246.13 ± 2.28 nm, PDI of 0.14 ± 0.03, ZP of 41.04 ± 1.76 mV, EE% of 77.87, and LC% of 24.64. Encapsulating the drug in the NPs increased its solubility and the stability over three months showed no significant changes in the characteristics mentioned. F2 exhibited strong mucoadhesive properties and enhanced drug release at pH 5.5 and pH 7.4, with cumulative release of 77.41% at pH 7.4 and 92.17% at pH 5.5. Cytotoxicity testing confirmed biocompatibility across 0.75-10 mg/mL. Amisulpride chitosan-coated PLGA NPs demonstrated favourable physicochemical properties, solubility, stability, controlled drug release, and mucoadhesive profile with enhanced cell viability at specific concentrations across multiple epithelial cell lines compared with the drug solution and unloaded NPs. This work highlights the promising potential of Amisulpride Chitosan-coated PLGA NPs as an innovative intranasal nanocarrier for improved schizophrenia therapy.

Background: Co-delivery of two drugs with diverse physicochemical properties and a specific administration sequence holds great importance in cancer theranostics to overcome drug resistance and reduce side effects. Paclitaxel (PTX) and hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) have long been used clinically as chemotherapeutic agents for Nasopharyn-geal carcinoma (NPC). However, their clinical application is severely restricted by low water solubility, poor stability, and systemic adverse reactions. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems provide a promising platform for combination cancer therapy. Methods: In this study, folic acid-modified and dual drug-loaded self-assembled HCPT/PTX@FA@p-PS-SPIONs were successfully fabricated via the emulsification–solvent evaporation method using amphiphilic phosphorylated polystyrene (p-PS). The characterization, cellular uptake, and in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles of the nanoparticles in NPC models were systematically investigated. Result: HCPT/PTX@FA@p-PS-SPIONs were successfully prepared with p-PS as the copolymer backbone. The nanoparticles exhibited a uniform particle size of 196.9 ± 5.5 nm and a zeta potential of −7.3 ± 0.7 mV. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 81.4 ± 2.5% for PTX and 67.6 ± 4.1% for HCPT. The drug loading (DL) efficiency was 18.4 ± 1.5% for PTX and 12.2 ± 1.0% for HCPT. HCPT/PTX@FA@p-PS-SPIONs showed favorable biocompatibility. Sustained and sequential release of the two drugs contributed to an enhanced therapeutic effect. Moreover, under magnetic field (MF) guidance, HCPT/PTX@FA@p-PS-SPIONs exhibited stronger inhibitory effects on NPC cells than single-drug, cocktail, or dual-drug groups, demonstrating the superiority of the combined therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats revealed that the half-lives of PTX and HCPT were 3.9 ± 1.2 h and 4.7 ± 1.1 h, respectively, confirming that HCPT/PTX@FA@p-PS-SPIONs could resist rapid metabolism and clearance in vivo. Conclusions: The long-circulating, folic acid-targeted nanoparticles HCPT/PTX@FA@p-PS-SPIONs show great potential for the targeted therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.