Effect Of Evaporation Research Articles

High-Quality Solution-Processed Quasi-2D Perovskite for Low-Threshold Lasers.

Spin-coated quasi-two-dimensional halide perovskite films, which exhibit superior optoelectronic properties and environmental stability, have recently been extensively studied for lasers. Crystallinity is of great importance for the laser performance. Although some parameters related to the spin-coating process have been studied, the in-depth understanding and effective control of the acceleration rate on two-dimensional perovskite crystallization during spin-coating are still unknown. Here we investigate the effect of solvent evaporation on the microstructure of the final perovskite films during the spin-coating process. The crystallization quality of the film can be significantly improved by controlling solvent evaporation. As a result, the prepared quasi-2D perovskite film exhibits a stimulated emission threshold (pump: 343 nm, 6 kHz, 290 fs) of 550 nm as low as 16.2 μJ/cm2. Transient absorption characterization shows that the radiative biexciton recombination time is reduced from 738.5 to 438.3 ps, benefiting from the improved crystallinity. The faster biexciton recombination significantly enhanced the photoluminescence efficiency, which is critical for population inversion. This work could contribute to the development of low-threshold lasers.

In vivo study of porous NiTi cryotweezers for bone tissue cryotherapy

This study examined the effects of liquid nitrogen vapor on osteogenesis in the rabbit femur. Cryotweezers made of porous nickel titanium alloy (nitinol or NiTi) obtained by self-propagating high temperature synthesis were used in this experiment. The porous structure of the cryotweezers allows them to hold up to 10 g of liquid nitrogen after being immersed for 2 min, which completely evaporates after 160 s. To study the effects of liquid nitrogen evaporation on osteogenesis, a rabbit femur was perforated. The formed holes were subjected to cryotherapy with varying exposure times. It was found that a 3 s exposure time stimulates osteogenesis, which was manifested in a greater number of osteoblasts in the regenerate compared to the control sample without liquid nitrogen. It was observed that increasing the exposure to 6, 9 or 12 s had a destructive effect, to varying degrees. The most severe damage was exerted by a 12 s exposure, which resulted in the formation of osteonecrosis areas. In the samples exposed to 6 and 9 s of cryotherapy, destruction of the cytoplasm of osteocytes and osteoclasts was observed.

Elastic, Janus 3D evaporator with arch-shaped design for low-footprint and high-performance solar-driven zero-liquid discharge

Solar-driven zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) is a promising wastewater management strategy for freshwater recovery and solid waste harvesting. However, practical application of the solar-driven ZLD is severely constrained due to its low evaporation efficiency, large footprint, and rapid salt accumulation. Here, we present a Janus arch-shaped solar-driven evaporator (▪) comprising a hydrophobic top photothermal layer for effective light absorption, solar-thermal conversion, and vapor evaporation, which exhibits an evaporation rate of 2.82 kg∙m−2∙h−1 in pure water. The design also includes shapable delignified longitudinal wood (D-L-wood) serving as the hydrophilic bottom water transport layer, which enables dual-directional saltwater transportation and salt crystallization. D-L-wood, with numerous aligned channels, exhibits a low thermal conductivity of 0.04 W·m−1·K−1 along perpendicular direction and can effectively localize heat on the photothermal layer of the evaporator. D-L-wood has excellent hydrophilicity, and the salty water can be transferred quickly along both ends of the wood, providing sufficient salty water for rapid evaporation. The anisotropy of the wood makes the heat transfer quickly along the channel, improving the thermal management ability of the evaporator. Moreover, during vapor evaporation on the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface, salt is crystallized at the hydrophilic layer, resulting in an enhanced anti-salt performance, a 1.5 folds evaporation rate compared with non-Janus evaporator after 15 h test. Under the conditions of a salt concentration of 3.5 %, a high salt harvest performance of 62.4 g∙m−2∙h−1 can be obtained under AM 1.5 solar irradiation. The arch-shaped design fully utilizes the upper space and effectively reduces evaporator footprint, resulting in an evaporation area to footprint ratio of 1.57:1. The designed evaporator can also be utilized for ZLD treatment of other heavy metal polluted water including Cu2+, CrO42−, Co2+, and so on. Therefore, the Janus-arch-shaped, solar-driven evaporator enables a potentially low-footprint, low-cost, scalable, and practical ZLD strategy for sustainable wastewater treatment.

Heat-transfer characteristics of the two-phase-change process between a microencapsulated phase-change-material-slurry droplet and air: A numerical study

A concept is proposed for spray-heat exchangers with the aim of addressing the mismatch of heat supply-demand within and outside a water droplet. The concept involves using a microencapsulated phase-change-material (MPCM) slurry as the working medium, enabling two-phase-change heat transfer with air. The temperature of the water droplet rapidly decreases owing to continuous evaporation, leading to a rapid decrease in its heat-transfer capacity. The phase change of the MPCM particles not only provides sufficient heat for evaporation but also maintains a high surface temperature, thus sustaining effective evaporation. A numerical model was developed to theoretically investigate the effect of the MPCM phase change on external convection. The heat-mass transfer of a droplet with a radius of 0.25 mm composed of water and 20 vol% MPCM was simulated. The results indicate that the MPCM phase change effectively reduces the temperature decrease rate. However, when the overall surface temperature of the MPCM droplet exceeds that of water, the total heat-transfer coefficient is not necessarily higher. Further local analysis reveals that maintaining both an overall high surface temperature and a reasonable local temperature distribution is crucial to achieve a higher total heat-transfer coefficient. The MPCM phase change significantly influences the local surface-temperature distribution.

A bifunctional wood membrane modified by MoS2/covalent organic framework heterojunctions for effective solar-driven water evaporation and contaminant degradation

A bifunctional wood membrane modified by MoS2/covalent organic framework heterojunctions for effective solar-driven water evaporation and contaminant degradation

Effect of water film evaporation on the shale gas transmission in inorganic nanopores under viscosity.

Shale gas reservoirs generally have ultra-low water saturation, and the water in reservoirs is closely bound to the walls of inorganic nanopores, forming a water film structure on the hydrophilic surface. When shale gas enters the inorganic nanopores, the water films in the inorganic pores will be removed by evaporation instead of being driven away by the gas, which increases the difficulty of predicting production during shale gas extraction. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, a water film evaporation model is proposed, considering the evaporation of water films during shale gas transport and the influence of water film evaporation on the shale gas transport mechanism. The Green-Kubo method is employed to calculate the viscosity of the water film. The evaporation flux of the water film under the influence of viscosity is discussed in the evaporation model. The transport mechanisms of shale gas in nanopores and the effect of water film evaporation on shale gas transport mechanisms are analyzed in detail. The result indicates that the water films in the inorganic nanopores are constrained on the hydrophilic surface, and the viscosity normal to the surface of the water film of 4Å is 0.005 26 Pa⋅S, which is 6.12 times the reference value of viscosity at 298K. In the process of water film evaporation, the evaporation flux of the water film is influenced by viscosity. In the study of the shale gas transport mechanism, water films in inorganic nanopores can hinder the surface diffusion of the methane molecules adsorbed on boundary and significantly reduce the mass flux of shale gas.

Carbonate system variability in the Mediterranean Sea: a modelling study

A basin-scale Mediterranean carbonate system model has been setup, building on the POSEIDON operational biogeochemical model. The spatial variability of carbonate system variables from a 13-year simulation (2010-2022) was validated against CARIMED in situ data (DIC, TA, pCO2), showing reasonable agreement in reproducing the observed patterns and preserving the dynamics in different areas, except a slight overestimation (~15 µmol/kg) of TA in the Eastern Levantine. The time-variability of model outputs (DIC, TA, pCO2, pH) was validated, against available time-series from Western (DYFAMED, Villefranche-PointB) and Eastern Mediterranean (HCB) sites, showing good agreement with the data, particularly for pCO2, pH and DIC. The model failed to reproduce the observed late summer peak of TA at DYFAMED/PointB sites, which may be partly attributed to the advection of lower alkalinity Atlantic water in the area. The seasonal variability of DIC and pCO2@20°C was found to be mainly controlled by winter mixing and the subsequent increase of primary production and net CO2 biological uptake, which appeared overestimated at HCB. Along with the reference simulation, three sensitivity simulations were performed, de-activating the effect of biology, evaporation and CO2 air-sea fluxes on DIC and TA, in order to gain insight on the processes regulating the simulated carbonate system variability. The effect of biological processes on DIC was found more significant (peak during spring) in the more productive North Western Mediterranean, while evaporation had a stronger impact (peak during late summer) in the Levantine basin. CO2 air-sea flux was higher in the Western Mediterranean, particularly the Gulf of Lions and Alboran Sea, as well as in river influenced areas, such as the N. Adriatic and along the pathway of the Black Sea Water in the Aegean. A weak release of CO2 was found in the Eastern Levantine and Libyan Sea. Its basin average (+2.1 mmol/m2/day) and positive trend (+0.1 mmol/m2/day/year) indicates a gradually increasing net CO2 ocean uptake. The simulated positive trends of DIC (0.77 μmol/kg/year) and TA (0.53 μmol/kg/year) in the North Western Mediterranean were consistent with observational and modelling studies, in constrast with the Levantine basin, where no significant trends were found for TA.

Synthesis of Hydrophilic Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/CuS Free-Standing Thin Films Exhibiting Photothermal Conversion.

Free-standing films without the need for any support materials attract attention because of their excellent flexibility in use and ability to be transferred to various substrates. However, free-standing films containing large amounts of inorganic crystalline particles are hard to achieve due to their low strength. In this study, we found the possibility of preparing a free-standing composite film of CuS/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at a large loading of CuS (>50%) from a concentrated colloidal dispersion of CuS nanoparticles modified with PVP. Despite the large amount of inorganic crystals contained in the free-standing film, the film was strong enough to be handled without any support materials. As a proof-of-concept application of the free-standing film, a solar water evaporation experiment was performed. The CuS/PVP free-standing film exhibited photothermal conversion under light illumination to generate heat and accelerate water evaporation, achieving an evaporation rate of 4.35 kg·m-2 h-1 and an evaporation efficiency of 96.3% at a power density of 3 suns. In addition, thanks to the free-standing feature, one side of the CuS/PVP film could be hydrophobized with polydimethylsiloxane to form a Janus thin film, allowing for floating on the water surface. As a result, effective water evaporation was achieved because of the selective evaporation of water from the air/water interface.

The effect of freeze-thaw action on the dynamic change of supra-permafrost water sources: A stable isotope perspective

Due to the continuous degradation (gradual thawing) of permafrost, supra-permafrost water has become an important component of runoff that occurs in cold regions. However, current research has only focused on the amount of water provided by permafrost, and little has been reported regarding the source and formation mechanisms of supra-permafrost water. Due to the difficulty of observation and sampling in cold regions and insufficient data accumulation, model simulations face various difficulties in regard to solving problems related to hydrological processes. Considering the advantages of stable isotope tracer methods in hydrology, the source of supra-permafrost water in Qilian Mountain was analyzed based on 1,840 samples, and the source of supra-permafrost water was determined by end-member mixing analysis (EMMA). Negative line-conditioned excess (lc-excess), lower slope, and particularly the negative intercept of the evaporation line (EL) indicates strong evaporation effects on supra-permafrost water. Remarkably, the evolutionary process, influencing factors, and relationship with other water bodies all indicate that supra-permafrost water is replenished by precipitation, ground ice meltwater, and snow meltwater. The results indicated that from May to October, the contributions of precipitation to the supra-permafrost water were 79%, 83%, 90%, 84%, 87%, and 83%, respectively. Snow meltwater contributed 11%, 13%, 10%, 16%, 11%, and 9%, respectively. Permafrost degradation impacts the water cycle and can increase the minimum monthly runoff and increase groundwater storage. To mitigate the effects of this change, monitoring and early warning systems are essential for detecting signs of permafrost degradation in a timely manner so that appropriate measures can be taken. This may involve the use of remote-sensing technologies, sensor networks, and other methods for real-time monitoring. Establishing mechanisms for sharing information with the relevant departments is crucial. The research results provide scientific and technological support and aid in decision-making to mitigate the negative effects of continuous permafrost degradation in a changing environment.

Hydrogeochemical characteristics, stable isotopes, positive matrix factorization, source apportionment, and health risk of high fluoride groundwater in semiarid region

Chronic exposure to high fluoride (F-) levels in groundwater causes community fluorosis and non-carcinogenic health concerns in local people. This study described occurrence, dental fluorosis, and origin of high F-groundwater using δ2H and δ18O isotopes at semiarid Gilgit, Pakistan. Therefore, groundwater (n = 85) was collected and analyzed for F- concentrations using ion-chromatography. The lowest F- concentration was 0.4 mg/L and the highest 6.8 mg/L. F- enrichment is linked with higher pH, NaHCO3, NaCl, δ18O, Na+, HCO3-, and depleted Ca+2 aquifers. The depleted δ2H and δ18O values indicated precipitation and higher values represented the evaporation effect. Thermodynamic considerations of fluorite minerals showed undersaturation, revealing that other F-bearing minerals viz. biotite and muscovite were essential in F- enrichment in groundwater. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and principal component analysis multilinear regression (PCAMLR) models were used to determine four-factor solutions for groundwater contamination. The PMF model results were accurate and reliable compared with those of the PCAMLR model, which compiled the overlapping results. Therefore, 28.3% exceeded the WHO permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L F-. Photomicrographs of granite rocks showed enriched F-bearing minerals that trigger F- in groundwater. The community fluorosis index values were recorded at > 0.6, revealing community fluorosis and unsuitability of groundwater for drinking.

Flow structure near three phase contact line of low-contact-angle evaporating droplets

Flow structure near three phase contact line (TPCL) of evaporating liquids plays a significant role in liquid wetting and dewetting, liquid film evaporation, and boiling. Despite the wide focus it receives, the interacting mechanisms therein remain elusive and in specific cases, controversial. Here, we reveal the profile of internal flow and elucidate the dominating mechanisms near TPCL of evaporating droplets, using mathematical modeling, trajectory analysis, and infrared thermography. We indicate that for less volatile liquids such as butanol, the flow pattern is dominated by capillary flow. With increasing liquid volatility, e.g., alcohol, the effect of evaporation cooling, under conditions, induces interfacial temperature gradient with cold droplet apex and warm edge. The temperature gradient leads to Marangoni flow that competes with outwarding capillary flow, resulting in the reversal of interfacial flow and the formation of a stagnation point near TPCL. The spatiotemporal variations of capillary velocity and Marangoni velocity are further quantified by mathematically decomposing the tangential velocity of interfacial flow. The conclusions can serve as a theoretical base for explaining deposition patterns from colloidal suspensions and can be utilized as a benchmark in analyzing more complex liquid systems.

Scaling up in situ combustion process for enhanced oil recovery in water-flooded light oil reservoirs from laboratory to field implementation

Aiming at low permeability, high water content light reservoir with a recovery rate higher than 20%, an improved air injection enhanced heat flooding technology is applied by combining the combustion reaction flow and flue gas flooding mechanism. The method involves the injection of air into the reservoir, which reacts with the crude oil at temperatures ranging from 220 to 300 °C. This reaction consumes part of the oil, enabling effective evaporation and flow of the remaining oil. This process combines combustion reaction flow with flue gas flooding, using high-temperature oxidation reactions to mobilize residual oil. Experimental results from combustion tube tests demonstrate stable reaction fronts, peak temperatures reaching up to 550 °C, and a significant increase in recovery rates, reaching 73.8% in some cases. Field applications of this technology require maintaining high air flux and burning rates in low-permeability zones to ensure effective heat-driven evaporation. The geological model of the well group shows that the recovery factor of the target block can be increased by more than 20% by air injection based on the water drive recovery factor of 28%–30%. The oil exchange ratio can be less than 4000 sm3/m3 by optimizing the air injection rate and oxygen content. The research results provide technical feasibility for heat flooding to significantly improve oil flow and recovery in low-permeability light oil reservoirs.

Controllable preparation of Ag@Fe3O4 core-shell nanoparticles and evaporation characteristics of nanoparticles-modified carbon membranes

To improve the ability of the medium to capture solar energy, Ag@Fe3O4 core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared in this paper. The influences of different preparation conditions on the particle structure and photo-thermal properties were investigated, and the growth and spectral absorption properties of Ag@Fe3O4 NPs were analyzed. At the same time, nanoparticles-modified carbon membranes (NPCMs) were prepared by electrostatic adsorption method. The influences of radiation intensity and preparation concentration on photo-thermal properties were investigated, and the local evaporation mechanism of NPCMs was deeply explored. Experiments showed that changing the molar ratio of the precursor can effectively regulate the structure and optical properties of the NPs. The increase of the core radius of the NPs will increase the electric field strength (E) of the core surface and promote the absorption of light. Optimizing the temperature and heating time of the preparation process is very important for the successful realization of Fe3O4 coated Ag, while deepening the coupling between plasmons on the surface of adjacent NPs. Compared with the intensity of 5 sun, the evaporation efficiency at 2 sun is increased by 13.37%. The local evaporation effect caused by NPCMs makes the system still have good evaporation efficiency at low radiation intensity.

Droplet evaporation on two-tier hierarchical micro-pillar array surface

As surface modification becomes a promising approach to thermal management, quantifying effects of surface structure geometrical dimension is of great significance to optimize heat transfer performance. In this paper, we emphatically report droplet evaporation on three types of two-tier hierarchical micro-pillar array (THM) surfaces. Utilizing the lattice Boltzmann model, evaporation characteristics including droplet morphology, triple-phase contact line (TPCL) behavior, liquid–vapor interface evolution and heat flux distribution are elucidated. In comparison to single-tier micro-pillar array (SM) surfaces, THM surfaces enable remarkable enhancement in heat transfer when secondary pillars are configured on the side of the primary pillar or configured parallelly to the primary pillar on the substrate, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of TPCL evaporation and liquid–vapor interface evaporation. The varying trend of droplet lifetime with the primary pillar geometrical dimension on all THM surfaces are also summarized, giving a guideline for optimization of heat dissipation by tailoring structures.

External Stefan and Internal Marangoni Thermo-Fluid Dynamics for Evaporating Capillary Bridges.

We probe the evaporation mechanisms of wettability-moderated, confined capillary bridges and bulges. For the first time, we explore the internal Marangoni hydrodynamics and external Stefan advection dynamics in the surrounding gaseous domain due to evaporative effects. A transient simulation approach based on the level set (LS) method and the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) framework was adopted to computationally model the capillary bridge profiles and evaporation phenomenon with generic contact line dynamics (both CCR and CCA modes). The governing equations corresponding to the transport processes in both the liquid and gaseous domains are simulated in a fully coupled manner with appropriate boundary conditions to precisely trace the liquid-vapor interface and the three-phase contact point during evaporation. The effect of the bridge confinement phenomenon, i.e., the extent of confined ambient surrounding the liquid-vapor interface between the solid surfaces, is explored. Also, the role of wetting state and contact line dynamics during CCR and CCA modes of evaporation were probed, and good agreement with experimental observations was noted. Results show that the evaporation rate is primarily dictated by the confinement phenomenon, and wettability effects play a marginal role. A higher confinement curtails the evaporation rate due to an increased local vapor concentration around the liquid bridges. However, the wetting state substantially affects the internal Marangoni effect dynamics and the Stefan advection dynamics due to its explicit influence on the nonuniform evaporative flux along the liquid-vapor interface. Between superhydrophobic confinements, the contact lines are confined in the wedge-shaped region, thereby locally augmenting the vapor concentration. As a result, the large evaporative flux near the bulge region develops a higher temperature gradient, thereby inducing upscaled thermal Marangoni flow compared to hydrophilic confinements. These findings may have significant implications for the efficient designing and development of thermofluidic systems involving thermal transport, mixing, and deposition of dissolved particles in liquid bridges.

The influence of operation parameters on concentration ratio of multi-effect evaporation system with mechanical vapor compression

MVC (mechanical vapor compression) evaporation technology has become a hot research topic due to low energy consumption and high efficiency. Based on conservations of energy and mass, the mathematical model of a multi-effect evaporation system with mechanical vapor compression (MEE-MVC) is established to analyze the effects of key operating parameters. The relationship between concentration ratio (CR) and specific power consumption (SPC) is revealed. Results indicate that more evaporator effects can promote the CR when the total heat transfer temperature difference keeps constant. It can be found that when the total heat transfer temperature difference is greater than approximately 10°C, the CR of different systems are almost fixed between 1.2 and 2.5, but the SPC can reach more than 15kWh/t. CR gradually increased as the temperature of last-effect evaporator secondary vapor increased, and the increase is about 0.3. In particular, by changing the total heat transfer temperature difference or the temperature of secondary vapor of the last effect to increase the CR, the SPC can be reduced and better energy-saving effects be obtained. The change of the CR with the final secondary vapor temperature is the combined effect of boiling point elevation (BPE) and latent heat of the secondary vapor.

Superhydrophobic composite membranes for membrane distillation based on CNTs networks: Overcoming the trade-off between water vapor permeability and wetting resistance

Enhancing the wetting resistance of the membrane is crucial for consolidating the stability of the membrane distillation (MD) process, but this generally leads to the decline of water vapor flux. Herein, we developed a superhydrophobic composite membrane composed of a highly hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) porous support layer and a functional superhydrophobic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) network. The CNTs network with high thermal conductivity not only reduces the temperature polarization effect, but also increases the effective evaporation area, thereby enhancing the mass transfer driving force of the MD process. Additionally, the CNTs network significantly reduces the maximum pore radius of the composite membrane, and the perfluorination treatment also reduces the surface energy of the CNTs network, thereby synergistically increasing the liquid entry pressure. The results showed that when treating high salinity water containing 3.5 wt% NaCl, the water vapor flux of the composite membrane increased from 20.0 LMH of the original PVDF membrane to 24.4 LMH, an increase of 22 %. Furthermore, the performance of the original PVDF membrane deteriorates rapidly when the concentration of surfactant in the feed exceeds 1.0 mM, while the composite membrane still maintains a stable water vapor permeability and salt rejection. More importantly, the composite membrane exhibits excellent resistance to wetting induced by gypsum scaling when using gypsum solution as the feed, which is attributed to its small surface pore size and high hydrophobicity. This research supplies new insights into the design of membrane structures used in MD processes to overcome the trade-off between water vapor permeability and wetting resistance.

Prediction of transmission routes of respiratory infectious diseases in indoor environment: Based on droplet evaporation and sedimentation analysis

Many respiratory infectious diseases are believed to be transmitted from person to person through droplet nuclei in the air or contact with droplet-contaminated surfaces. Most studies related to droplet evaporation only focus on the evaporation process, without dividing the transmission routes of diseases caused by droplet evaporation. In this paper, the actual size of droplet nuclei was analyzed, and droplet evaporation and the changes in component content were predicted. Especially considering the dynamic effect of evaporation on droplets size change, a more realistic sedimentation model was established, and the probability of pathogen transmission through different routes and the corresponding droplet size distribution range were analyzed. The results showed that the size of droplet nuclei and the rate of the evaporation process together determined the time required for droplet evaporation. The number of droplets still suspended in the air after the end of evaporation is much higher than the number of droplets settling on the ground. In addition, the differences in component content during the evaporation process may affect the inactivation of pathogens in droplets. This study provided a reference for the prevention and control strategies of respiratory infectious diseases in indoor environments.

Droplet deposition of agrochemical spraying: Comparison of results from a random‐walk model and CFD simulations

AbstractThe effectiveness of agricultural spraying processes depends considerably on the ability of the atomized droplets to reach the target site in the desired amount. In this work, two mathematical models to study the trajectories and deposition of atomized droplets are implemented and compared. On the one hand, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with discrete phase model (DPM) is implemented to calculate the trajectories of atomized droplets and determine distances at which the droplets are deposited. The continuous phase (atmospheric air) is modelled by continuity, momentum, and energy equations. On the other hand, a Lagrangian random‐walk (LRW) model based on force and energy balances to predict the pulverization process of a nozzle is formulated and implemented in Python. Both models take into account the effects of drag, gravity, buoyancy, and evaporation on individual droplets, as well as the impact of atmospheric stability and dispersion. By tracking a large number of trajectories, meaningful estimates of dispersal statistics can be obtained. The LRW model accurately replicated the trajectories, deposition distances, and final diameters of atomized droplets for three atmospheric stability cases, compared with CFD simulation results. The results of both models agreed that 100 μm droplets were most susceptible to wind‐induced spray drift, depositing at the furthest distances from the nozzle. In addition, 50 μm droplets exhibited a significant tendency to evaporate entirely before reaching the ground. The LRW model is found to be a cost‐effective alternative for estimating spray drift compared to the computationally intensive CFD approach.

Influence of Sub-Cloud Secondary Evaporation Effects on the Stable Isotopes in Precipitation of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Eastern Tianshan

Influence of Sub-Cloud Secondary Evaporation Effects on the Stable Isotopes in Precipitation of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Eastern Tianshan