Evaluative Utterances Research Articles

Ценности власти в англосаксонском героическом эпосе раннего Средневековья

The concern of this study is to explore the values of power that form its images in Anglo-Saxon epic culture of the early Middle Ages. The research is based on the epic poem “Beowulf” and applies cultural approach to linguistic study of social phenomena. Considering the stylistic features of the epic genre as a form of world codification, categorization and ideological influence in “the age of prowess and predatory life” (Thorstein Veblen), the authors emphasize the role of alliteration rhythmic patterns of the spoken verse, “words-pictures” (kennings and compounds), sound symbolism in verbal culture of fostering a the martial spirit of warriors in the culture of public praise, encouragement ferocity and enthusiasm for war. Values of power, viewed as collective conceptions of what is good and desirable, shape patterns of behaviour and virtues demonstrations prevalent among people of a superior status. Such patterns in the form of expectations motivate the characters of the poem to perform the actions assigned to them by their social standing. Studying these virtues is an efficient way to capture and characterize society of the early Middle Ages, since they had a direct impact on how that society functioned. To gain entrance to the superior status, the main character had to be gifted with assumed traits. Thus, the key theme of the poem is how he fights his way up to the top of the honourable superior class. The authors analyse the language means of cultural values introduction, including words, denoting the proper qualities and actions, small stories and evaluative utterances of aphoristic nature, falling into different types (statements, open appeals, comparative and superlative constructions, positive and negative imperatives).

Evaluative utterances in Zygmunt Ziembiński’s theory of law

The study focuses on the methodological views of Zygmunt Ziembiński, against the background of the axiological issues addressed in his scientific investigations. In this respect, the author distinguishes three development periods in Ziembiński’s work; the first was dominated by a psychologist and empiricist approach to axiology, whereas the onset of the second was marked by a semiotic-pragmatic turn. In both periods, the essence and properties of evaluative utterances became the chief object of inquiry. In the last phase of his work, however, Ziembiński devoted himself to the study of the values manifesting in law, writing chiefly about justice and the constitution.

Students Evaluation of Faculty: Linguistic and Axiological Perspective.

The article considers a speech genre borrowed from American and Western European educational tradition, which is an axiologically oriented text of a student’s comment on the teacher. The article continues the study of evaluative speech genres of educational discourse, considering the problem of speech genre borrowing from an axiological perspective. The aim of this study is a linguistic and axiological analysis of students’ public evaluative utterances commenting on their attitude to teaching. Speech borrowing is one of the least studied problems in linguistics, which determines the relevance of the present study along with the importance of the sphere of education itself for the culture of society as a whole. Based on the communicative and semiotic concept of speech genre, the author identifies and analyzes the value aspects of student evaluation of teaching quality, identifies general and national specific features of English- and Russian-language evaluation texts, identifies and describes factors of conflictogenic evaluative statements of this genre, distinguishing features of functioning of pragmatic category of categorization in Russian- and English-language evaluative texts. The article reveals the absence of clear speech-genre criteria in Russian students’ evaluative comments unlike in English-language practices, which can be explained by the fact of speech genre borrowing and the lack of relevant speech-genre competence in the Russian-language educational discourse. The article considers the linguistic and ecological aspect of this speech genre from moral and ethical and legal points of view. The article reveals the dependence of the linguistic form of conceptualization of negative evaluation on communicative and ethical competence, the formation of which depends on the conceptual certainty of the speech genre. The author concludes that the utilitarian and pragmatic borrowing of communicative patterns from a foreign culture can be a threat to the spiritual and moral state of society.

Оценочное высказывание в англоязычном художественном дискурсе XIX и первой половины XX века

The article addresses evaluative utterance, which is considered in terms of its subject-matter, semantics and structure on the material of British and American fictional discourse of the 19 th and the first half of the 20th centuries. The classification of value-related objects of evaluation as reflected in the fictional discourse of the selected periods is presented. The suggested classification incorporates evaluative utterances describing two thematic spheres, i.e. "Human being" and "Surrounding world". The dynamics of positive and negative evaluative utterance types in the period under study is described. The proportion of emotional and rational components in the complex meaning of evaluative utterances is determined. Trends in evolution of semantic types of evaluative utterances in the English fictional discourse of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries are brought into the open. Structural types of sentences, in which evaluative attitude is verbalized, are singled out, with their communicative productivity being identified and compared. The structural components of the evaluative predicate are outlined. Frequency value of morphological-and-semantic evaluative means and means of a mixed type is identified in the fictional discourse under analysis. Means of modifying the expressiveness degree in the evaluative utterances are described. The suggested approach to the evaluative utterances in the fictional discourse demonstrates the dynamics of axiological worldview of the speaking community. The growing trends for communicative compression and transparency, for the increase in emotiveness of evaluative utterances and a greater degree of gradation of the evaluative attribute, as well as the corresponding language changes, related to the phenomenon of evaluative utterance, are reflected in the linguistic worldview.

HUMOUR IN BARACK OBAMA'S SPEECH: A CONVERSATION ANALYSIS (CA)

Evaluation and critics are two essential aspects in assessing a perfect performance. Public speaking is a platform to convey critics as well as evaluations publicly. Critics and Evaluation is an embodiment of check and balance in a democratic nation. Barack Obama attends White House Association Correspondents Dinner annually as a sign of USA democracy establishment. This event is a mark of good relationship between government and mass media correspondents. This study finds critical and evaluative humorous utterances as Obama’s tactical strategy to deliver his critics and evaluation. This research is qualitative research that uses conversational analysis (CA) as the method. The data were transcribed by Jefferson transcription system (2020). It has an aim to examine implicature theory (Grice, 1975) further in humour. This study shows that pragmatical utterances, that is conveyed in humorous concept, need a construction of common understanding, named as common ground. Turn taking is seen from speaker’s speech and various responses of audiences such as laughter, applauses, or short verbal responses. These responses become essential part of discourse constructions in seizing its goal, to criticize and evaluate colleagues’ performance.

Linguoaxiosphere of Society and Personality in American Drama Discourse

The article presents the results of the study devoted to the linguistic axiological analysis of the XXI century American drama discourse. Contemporary drama discourse, due to its special linguistic status, is a space for verbal representation of characters’ individual axiological trajectories, the analysis of which contributes to determining the values, which are relevant for society as a whole. The aim of the study is to systematize the dynamic structural and content elements of drama characters’ personal axiological spheres and to define their involvement in the piece of social value paradigm, which has its linguistic reflection in modern American drama. The empirical research is based on the texts of the plays written by American playwrights in 2015-2020. Individual linguistic axiological spheres are examined in terms of flexible hierarchical structures, the dynamism of which is determined by the characters’ life experience. The method of linguistic axiological interpretation based on the combination of axiological analysis and discourse analysis is applied to show that the structure of individual linguistic axiological spheres presented in the contemporary American drama discourse is a simplified version of the social linguistic axiological sphere; it has fewer value dominants and evaluative vectors while preserving the diversity of linguistic means of evaluative representation. Linguistic marking of characters’ individual axiological spheres occurs with the help of evaluative utterances, which include evaluative lexemes. Their frequency is characterized by quantitative and qualitative fluctuations in the speech of different communicants and is predetermined by the evaluative potential of the word semantics. In American drama discourse, the individual axiological sphere has a linguistic representation not only in personal evaluative remarks, but also in the personage’s reaction to other people’s value judgments, as well as in the utterances where the object of evaluation is the character himself/herself. The discrepancy between the content-based evaluative vectors or the difference in the position of personal value dominants within individual linguistic axiological hierarchies can lead to communication failures. As a result of the linguistic axiological interpretation of individual linguistic axiological trajectories, represented in American dramatic discourse of the XXI century, a fragment of the current American social linguistic axiological sphere is identified, and the central value dominants are highlighted.

PAPEL DO PRINCÍPIO DE COOPERAÇÃO NA COCONSTRUÇÃO DA INTERAÇÃO DOCENTE-DISCENTE EM TEMPOS DE ISOLAMENTO SOCIAL

O objetivo precípuo deste trabalho é produzir entendimentos sobre os efeitos pragmático-interacionais do (des) cumprimento do princípio de cooperação na avaliação discente de vídeo-aulas produzidas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Para tanto, assento-me em um arcabouço teórico de viés pragmático, que articula a reflexão griceana acerca do princípio da cooperação no estabelecimento da comunicação à uma discussão sobre as especificidades da abordagem pragmática e as particularidades do gênero vídeo-aula. Com base em tal diálogo, empreendo uma análise acerca de comentários produzidos acerca de uma aula de inglês publicada na plataforma do YouTube ® azo de um projeto de ensino a distância em circunstâncias de isolamento social. As análises evidenciaram a presença das máximas de Grice nos construtos avaliativos dos alunos, corroborando a ideia de que, ainda que nem sempre conhecidas em sua forma teórica, tais imperativos permeiam os julgamentos cotidianos dos indivíduos acerca da qualidade comunicativa das intervenções discursivas. Os entendimentos gerados ao longo da pesquisa emergem como suprimentos importantes para o desenvolvimento de uma discussão acerca do processo de construção das práticas docente-discentes durante o período de suspensão sanitária das aulas presenciais e, em um esforço de elucubração, acerca da construção de uma prática pedagógica pós-pandemia.

Дуалистический характер оценочных высказываний в англоязычном драматургическом дискурсе

The article is devoted to the problem of interaction between emotional and rational aspects of evaluative utterances within English drama discourse. The aim of the study is to analyze the dualistic nature of evaluative messages and develop a set of demarcation criteria which would contribute to their classification. The material for the analysis is a sample of 2,000 evaluative utterances presented in the plays by contemporary British and American playwrights. The study was carried out in line with the linguoaxiological approach and employed the corresponding methods. On the basis of linguoaxiological interpretation, the following criteria were developed: 1) the hierarchical relationship of subjective and objective factors in the evaluative utterance; 2) the level of spontaneity and situational awareness; 3) the degree of addresser-addressee pragmatic interaction. Linguistic characteristics were mapped to determine the communicative specifics of the designated types of evaluation in a stylized dialogue. The typical lexical means of evaluative modulation were identified, as well as syntactic models which act as the nuclear characteristics of emotional-evaluative and rational-evaluative messages at the linguistic level; phonographic and enantiosemic means which determine the emotional orientation of a judgment were analyzed. The presented statistical data reflect the frequency ratio of positive and negative evaluative utterances according to the superiority of the emotional evaluative or rational evaluative aspect. It is concluded that predominance of the relevant side in the evaluative utterance determines the complex verbal representation of the evaluative attitude and generates the pragmatics of evaluative utterances as reactions or opinions within stylized communication in English.

Axiological Aspects of Stylized English Communication: Developing a System of Positive Evaluation Language

Positive assessment in English communication performs a fundamentally significant function, linking informative fragments, contributing to the productive development of communication, and supporting the principle of communicative cooperation. The choice of positive evaluative language, as well as auxiliary means of modeling the positive evaluative potential of an utterance, often determines the success of the communicative situation. The aim of the study, the results of which are presented in the article, was to systematize English positive evaluative remarks with subsequent qualitative and quantitative analysis of frequency of lexical axiological markers and expressive syntactic constructions in the context of the discourse parameters in the stylized communicative space. The material of the research is presented by positive evaluative utterances within the framework of stylized English communication, represented by the drama discourse. Despite a certain artistic transformation of colloquial speech in the context of drama, the latter reliably reflects the general use of evaluative structures in everyday speech, since stylized communication borrows the most typical from the natural and fixes it in the most common form. The study has enabled the authors to develop a system of positive linguoaxiological markers, which includes three classes of linguoaxiological means, depending on their belonging to the language level; as well as functional and semantic potential of positive-evaluative linguistic means in terms of discourse analysis. Special attention was paid to the linguistic means of intensifying and de-intensifying the evaluative potential of a remark, which allows communicants to model an expressive message plan depending on the discursive characteristics of the communicative situation. Thus, the analysis of the positive evaluative aspect of stylized English communication made it possible to fully represent the entire range of positive evaluative means that communicants have, which provides an opportunity to express not only a general positive view of the object, but also to convey the nuances and shades of evaluative attitudes. In this regard, the presented algorithm of research analysis can be used for further systemic studies of axiological parameters of other discourse practices.

Bidirectional Attention for Text-Dependent Speaker Verification.

Automatic speaker verification provides a flexible and effective way for biometric authentication. Previous deep learning-based methods have demonstrated promising results, whereas a few problems still require better solutions. In prior works examining speaker discriminative neural networks, the speaker representation of the target speaker is regarded as a fixed one when comparing with utterances from different speakers, and the joint information between enrollment and evaluation utterances is ignored. In this paper, we propose to combine CNN-based feature learning with a bidirectional attention mechanism to achieve better performance with only one enrollment utterance. The evaluation-enrollment joint information is exploited to provide interactive features through bidirectional attention. In addition, we introduce one individual cost function to identify the phonetic contents, which contributes to calculating the attention score more specifically. These interactive features are complementary to the constant ones, which are extracted from individual speakers separately and do not vary with the evaluation utterances. The proposed method archived a competitive equal error rate of 6.26% on the internal “DAN DAN NI HAO” benchmark dataset with 1250 utterances and outperformed various baseline methods, including the traditional i-vector/PLDA, d-vector, self-attention, and sequence-to-sequence attention models.

When emotions cannot be expressed: pragmatic analysis of the cases of alexithymia in English-language prose

This article is focuses on the cases of alexithymia, which are analyzed for the purpose of revealing their pragmatic capacity in fiction literature. Alexithymia is viewed from the perspective of linguistics, and is defined as the difficulty or inability to verbally express emotions verbally. Emotions, in turn, are considered as social phenomenon that manifests in the communicative situation. The goal consists in examination of emotions in a new perspective. Research methodology is comprised of definitional, semantic, and pragmatic analysis of emotional and evaluative utterances that reflect and implicate alexithymia, selected by the method of continuous sampling from the English-language literary texts. For the first time, alexithymia is viewed not as mental deviation or disorder, but as a linguistic attempt of the author to exert and increase pragmatic effect on the audience by explication or implication of the additional, hidden information and emotional evaluative meanings. The conclusion is made that inability to convey emotional state linguistically is often used an implication technique in fiction literature. Emotions, however, can be detected despite their linguistic inexpressiveness. In the course of this research, the author determines that namely context helps to understand the emotion, its intensity, polarity, and pragmatic capacity.

PRAISE, COMPLIMENT AND FLATTERY AS MEANS OF REALIZATION OF INTIMATE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

The article reports on the functioning of utterances of praise, compliment and flattery as tactics realizing intimate communication strategy. Positive evaluative utterances of praise, compliment and flattery have been differentiated according to the object and theme of evaluation. The linguistic status and pragmatic peculiarities of intimate communication strategy as a positive politeness strategy have been discussed. The material under analysis is represented by 1,500 contexts of positive evaluation taken by continuous sampling from English fiction. It has been established that intentions of the addressers of positive evaluation are not limited by a desire to express their positive evaluative opinion on the object and create a positive emotive mood, but they are also characterized by a wish to regulate the addressee’s behaviour, to create a contact or a good relationship with them, to manipulate them, to keep to a communication ritual, etc. Besides, positive evaluative utterances can be used to realize the strategies of positive and negative politeness. Intimate communication strategy has been classified as a strategy of positive politeness, as well as such strategies as contactestablishing strategy and the strategy of saving the addressee’s face. Intimate communication strategy, also known as the tactics of solidarity, or the tactics of belonging to the same group, accentuates community of world view, interests and aspirations of interlocutors. As the analysis of the investigated data shows, it is positive evaluative utterances that help to demonstrate solidarity with the interlocutor and to create “the language of a small society”, the marker of a specific language, opposed to the language of other societies. A positively charged communicant relies on positive evaluation of a certain object as a means of creating a certain communication mode, intimate, trustworthy, friendly. In this way interlocutors are connected into a certain community, exchanging significant for both of them feelings and experiences. The analysis of the data brings us near the position that the taken strategy is most commonly used by the addressers of compliments.

When emotions cannot “speak”: a pragmatic analysis of cases of alexithymia in English fiction

The article focuses on the analysis of cases of alexithymia in English fiction in order to reveal their pragmatic potential. Alexithymia is studied from a linguistic perspective and is defined as the inability or difficulty to express emotions verbally. Emotions are viewed as a type of language identity that functions within specific ways to exchange communicative information. Emotions are recognized as social phenomena that are embedded in social contexts. The article strives to provide a novel insight into the study of emotions in the field of linguistics. For the first time, alexithymia is addressed not as a psychological disorder, but as a linguistic attempt to create and increase a pragmatic effect on the reader by implying additional information and emotional and evaluative overtones. Research methods include definition, semantic and pragmatic analyses of emotional and evaluative utterances, expressing or implying alexithymia, and selected from English fiction by the continuous sampling method. The author comes to the conclusion that emotions can still be revealed and comprehended by the reader without being expressed or implied in the text. It is the context that helps to determine the emotion, its intensity and polarity, as well as its pragmatic potential.

FRAME STRUCTURE OF THE EVALUATIVE UTTERANCE

Introduction. The paper focuses on the study of the framework of the evaluative utterance. Frame composition can be considered as an autonomous configuration consisting of a body, a setof standard patterns of speech acts, members of speech situation.Purpose. The aim of this research is to explore the updating of frame structure that realizes the evaluative potential.Methods. The research was carried out by means of the methods of Speech act analysis, framing technique, structural, semantic and contextual analysis.Results. The notion “frame” is used mainly for the description of such elements of consciousness, which are composed for demonstrating situations in object-human cognitive activity. Frame structure can be viewed as a specific formation consisting of a core, a number of standard models of speech acts, participants of speech episode. Also, a significant placeoccupies the objective, plan and consequent. So, the evaluative situation can be associated with the frame, as it consists of appraisal of the objects of the outer world and depicts the cohesion of concepts of the object and the subject, materialized in the system of parts of speech, as wellas all the components of utterances that constitute the situation. The paper looks at the evaluative utterance as the result of a certain perception pattern, picture, and script in the communicativeactivity. According to socio-role position relations between participants of communication are spread chiefly in the social domain of communication, where social role demonstrates interactional rules between the subject of communicative process and its object.Conclusions. The realized scheme of the evaluative utterance is related to the accomplishment of the frame pattern of a typical communicative act in the form of a holistic multi-layered creation – functional-semantic formation. Materialization of a frame pattern occurs on the background of social interplay, where the functional-semantic representation of the evaluative frame is benefited by resolving in its structure such components as the illocutionary act-event, topical proposition and conventional grammatical construction.

EVALUATIVE CONCEPTS ENCODED IN METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE

Metaphorical models that convey the evaluative meaning are the focus of this article. The paper intends to show that metaphor and in certain cases metonymy belong to the main means of creating the value attitude to the facts of reality and thinking, this attitude resulting in certain utterances of evaluative character. The data for analysis consist of the utterances from the literary prose in different Indo-European languages of Slavonic, German and Romance groups. The examples show that the main metaphorical models and the specific sub-models in each of the thematic groups viewed as an object of the present study manifest the same or similar evaluative potentials irrespectively of the linguistic culture they belong to. That means that the general mechanism of creating the value relations receiving their manifestation in the form of evaluative utterances within different linguistic cultures is the same

SPECIFICITIES OF THE MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT AND ASSESSMENT IN FRENCH EVALUATIVE UTTERANCES

The paper is focused on the study of the interconnection of context and evaluative utterances in French. The assessment of different aspects of the world is viewed as a considerable part of human cognitive activities. Considering this, in the paper evaluative utterances are analysed in relation to logical, semantic, pragmatic and communicative properties of evaluation as an element of a linguo-cognitive domain. It is emphasised that the pragmatic analysis is of great significance in the interpretation and explanation of positive or negative polarity of the utterance evaluation. The present article also demonstrates the importance of various semasiological and syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices in the process of highlighting the positive or negative evaluative effect. Following the principles of pragmatic analysis, the author outlines the language means realising positive and negative polarity of the utterance evaluation. The study also proves that the units being neutral at the language level acquire evaluative potential in context. The results obtained confirm the idea that the correlation between the evaluative utterance and its context helps understand the encoded in the evaluative utterance presupposition of communication being the speaker’s communicative intentions associated with his/her epistemic state.

REALIZATION OF EVALUATIVE UTTERANCE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTEXT

The article is focused on the problem of the interconnection of the context and the evaluative utterance. Evaluation of different world’s fragments is, of course, a considerable part of human cognitive activity. Special attention is paid to signals-indicators, which can be linguistic and extralinguistic in nature. The present paper highlights the actualization of evaluative utterance in micrcontext, and macrocontexts of the minimum, average and maximum size. In the process of realization of the evaluative utterance within the frame of micrcontext, the linguistic context is based on signals-indicators, while the structure of the stylistic context consists of various semasiological and syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices. While updating the evaluation in macrocontexts of the minimum and average size, the linguistic context is frequently mixed, and the configuration of the stylistic context in most cases includes different semasiological and syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices; but the macrocontext of the maximum size is linguistic, and the stylistic context is only its background part. The results obtained confirm the idea that the correlation between the evaluative utterance and context helps to understand encoded in the evaluative utterances presuppositions of the communication that is the speaker's communicative intentions associated with his epistemic state.

Analyzing Judgment in Bipolar Depression Patients' Narratives Using Syntactic Patterns: A Corpus-Based Study

For years, the Internet has provided patients with mental health disorders with several platforms where they share theirpersonal experiences with their medical conditions. This study aims at exploring online narratives shared by patients with BipolarDepression disorder where they self-report their medical diagnoses of the disorder and reflect on the hardships they go throughin their lives. The study employs Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory to examine the JUDGMENTS that patients make abouttheir behaviors and the behaviors of people around them. In order to extract the JUDGMENT utterances from the corpusof narratives, the study uses syntactic patterns that may yield evaluative utterances. The results of the study show that judgmentswhich belong to capacity [i.e., how (in)capable a person is] and propriety [i.e., how (un)ethical a person is] measurethe highest scores among all other subtypes of JUDGMENT. The study also provides a lexicon for the most frequent expressions thatconvey JUDGMENT, which could be used to enrich the Appraisal resources.

Інтонація чоловічих негативних оцінних висловлень у сучасному англійському діалогічному мовленні

The article deals with a gender-oriented experimental phonetic study of explicit male negative evaluative utterances in modern English everyday dialogical speech. The realization of the category of evaluation in speech is in the limelight of modern sociolinguistic research aimed at establishing the linguistic behaviour peculiarities and verbalization of roles, norms and values attributed to men and women by society. Evaluation is objectified in language units of lexical, phonetic, syntactic and discourse levels. Negative evaluative utterances verbalise the negative evaluation of the object that doesn’t meet the subject’s expectations according to certain criteria. On the basis of auditory and acoustic analyses prosodic markers of male negative rational and emotional evaluative utterances in communication between men and in communication with women of the same social status have been outlined: pitch pattern, loudness, tempo and pausation. Invariant prosodic features of male negative evaluative utterances in communication between representatives of the same and different sex but of the same social status have been established: mid level pre-head; descending stepping and mid level scales; mid, narrowed and wide ranges of intonation group; high and low falling terminal tones; falling and rising-falling pitch contour; moderate tempo; moderate loudness; sad and dramatic timbre; voice pitch frequency maximum on head and nucleus of the first or second intonation group; peak intensity on nucleus and the first rhythm group; minimal average syllable duration; small and average unfilled tentative reflective pauses. Variant prosodic features of the following male negative evaluative utterances have been distinguished: 1. Rational evaluative utterances in communication between men: level pitch contour; accelerated tempo; reduced loudness; peak intensity on another rhythm group than pre-head, head and nucleus; small unfilled and average filled tentative choice pauses; 2. Rational evaluative utterances in communication between men and women: ascending stepping scale; the Low Low-Rise and the Rise; falling-rising pitch contour; increased loudness; small unfilled tentative psychological pauses; short filled tentative reflective pauses; intemporal psychological pauses; 3. Emotional evaluative utterances in communication between men: increased and reduced loudness; peak intensity on another rhythm group than pre-head, head and nucleus; small unfilled tentative psychological pauses; intemporal psychological, choice and reflective pauses; 4. Emotional evaluative utterances in communication between men and women: ascending stepping scale; widened and narrow ranges of intonation group; the Low Low-Rise and the High Rise-Fall; short average syllable duration; small filled tentative choice pauses; average filled tentative reflective pauses.

Взаємовплив контексту і оцінки

Взаємовплив контексту і оцінки