Liquefaction Evaluation Research Articles

Process simulation and economic evaluation of pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction as alternatives for the valorization of wood waste from the pulp and paper industry

Process simulation and economic evaluation of pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction as alternatives for the valorization of wood waste from the pulp and paper industry

Liquefaction potential evaluation using near-surface seismic refraction tomography: a case study

Abstract The most common and preferred method of evaluating liquefaction potential is using simplified method based on Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blow counts. However, there are conditions where the application of SPTs are limited or simply not feasible. When these conditions arise, alternative methods, such as in situ shear-wave velocity (VS ) measurement, may be applied. In situ VS measurement can be conducted using several different methods, such as crosshole, downhole, suspension logger, seismic cone, spectral or multichannel analysis of surface waves, and surface reflection or refraction. Compared with other VS measurement methods, the use of near-surface seismic refraction tomography for liquefaction evaluation is still limited at best. Hence, this study aims to use a series of seismic refraction tomography data to assess the liquefaction potential at Yogyakarta – Bawen toll road in Magelang, Central Java. VS values were derived from seismic refraction tomographies at four sites. Bore log data and index properties from laboratory tests were also used for the evaluation. The liquefaction factor of safety (FS) were calculated using VS -based simplified method and the liquefaction potential were expressed with the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI). Liquefaction potential evaluations using SPT blow counts were also calculated for comparison purpose. The study finds that both VS -based and SPT-based evaluations reached the same conclusion: sites A to C are potentially liquefiable, while site D is non-liquefiable. But, evaluation with VS found to be more conservative than with SPT. Findings from this study suggest that the use of near-surface seismic refraction tomography for liquefaction potential evaluation may be justified in certain conditions, such as in a preliminary investigation.

Liquefaction evaluation on sand-like gravelly soil deposits based on field Vs measurements during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Liquefaction evaluation on sand-like gravelly soil deposits based on field Vs measurements during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Energy-Based Liquefaction Evaluation: The Port of Kushiro in Hokkaido, Japan, 2003 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake

Energy-Based Liquefaction Evaluation: The Port of Kushiro in Hokkaido, Japan, 2003 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake

Reliability‐based state parameter liquefaction probability prediction using soft computing techniques

The state parameter (ѱ) accounts for both relative density and effective stress, which influence the cyclic stress or liquefaction characteristic of the soil significantly. This study presents a ѱ‐based probabilistic liquefaction evaluation method using six soft computing (SC) techniques. The liquefaction probability of failure (PL) is calculated using the first‐order second moment (FOSM) method based on the cone penetration test (CPT) database. Then, six SC techniques, such as Gaussian process regression (GPR), relevance vector machine (RVM), functional network (FN), genetic programming (GP), minimax probability machine regression (MPMR) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), are used to predict PL. The performance of these models is examined using nine statistical indices. Additionally, plots such as regression plots, Taylor diagrams, error matrix and rank analysis are shown to assess the SC model's performance. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed using the cosine amplitude method (CAM) to assess the influence of input parameters on output. The current study demonstrates that SC models based on state parameter predict PL effectively. RVM and MPMR models closely follow the GPR model in terms of performance, which is superior to the other models. Notably, two equations are generated using GP and MARS models to predict PL. The results of the sensitivity analysis reveal the magnitude of earthquake (Mw) as the most sensitive parameter. The outcomes of this research will offer risk evaluations for geotechnical engineering designs and expand the use of state parameter‐based SC models in liquefaction analysis.

Evaluation of soil liquefaction in the city of Hatay triggered after the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye earthquake sequence

Evaluation of soil liquefaction in the city of Hatay triggered after the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye earthquake sequence

Numerical Evaluation of Liquefaction During Vibratory Pile Driving in Saturated Sand

Numerical Evaluation of Liquefaction During Vibratory Pile Driving in Saturated Sand

Thermodynamic and exergetic evaluation of CO2 liquefaction for ship transport

CO2 liquefaction is significant to ensure CO2 transport safety and improve efficiency. Aiming at the temperature and pressure required for ship transport, this paper examines four liquefaction schemes including the compression refrigeration system, the Linde Hampson system, the precooled Linde Hampson system and the Claude system. The thermodynamic and exergetic ananlysis models are established primarily and total power consumption, liquefaction efficiency as well as exergy efficiency of the four systems are calculated and compared. The precooled Linde Hampson system shows the best performance with the three indicators of 391.74 kJ/kg, 97.97 % and 55.86 %, respectively. Additionally, exergy destruction among the system components are analyzed for Linde Hampson system and precooled Linde Hampson system. The maximum exergy destruction stem is from compressors. Another thing to note is that the proportion of the total exergy destruction with Joule-Thomson (J-T) valves are 19.38 % and 2.63 %, respectively. Furthermore, the replacement of the J-T valve by a liquid expander allowed for 9.35 % and 0.94 % electric power saving for the two systems, respectively. The pressure drop before and after the J-T valve directly determines the effect of this change. The research results could provide some vital reference for choosing proper CO2 liquefaction methods and reducing energy consumption during the process.

Numerical Evaluation of Static Liquefaction–Induced Flowslide Causing the Edenville Dam Failure, Michigan

Numerical Evaluation of Static Liquefaction–Induced Flowslide Causing the Edenville Dam Failure, Michigan

Probabilistic evaluation of earthquake-induced liquefaction using Bayesian network based on a side-by-side SPT–CPT database

In situ tests such as standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT) are often conducted to evaluate the probability of earthquake-induced liquefaction. However, the models adopted have seldom attempted to utilize SPT and CPT data simultaneously. In this study, a side-by-side SPT–CPT database at historical earthquake sites is established; then, a Bayesian network model is constructed to predict the probability of soil liquefaction based on this database, with which the SPT and CPT data are utilized simultaneously. Next, comparative studies are undertaken to illustrate the superiority of the Bayesian network-based probabilistic soil liquefaction model developed over other models, in terms of six SPT- and CPT-based conventional liquefaction models in the literature and two Bayesian network-based models. It should be noted that the liquefaction sites with two in situ tests are scarce and side-by-side SPT–CPT data can be incomplete, which leads to challenges in applying the Bayesian network model developed. To address this problem, correlations between SPT and CPT data are analyzed, and these correlations are further included in the Bayesian network model; as a result, a modified Bayesian network model is reached. Finally, the influence of the proportion of missing data in the incomplete SPT–CPT data on the liquefaction prediction accuracy is discussed.

An improved characterization model of liquefaction resistance by shear wave velocity for binary mixtures with consideration of coarse content

An improved characterization model of liquefaction resistance by shear wave velocity for binary mixtures with consideration of coarse content

A cone penetration test database for multiple thin-layer correction procedure development

Cone penetration tests (CPTs) are a commonly used in situ method to characterize soil. The recorded data are used for various applications, including earthquake-induced liquefaction evaluation. However, data recorded at a given depth in a CPT sounding are influenced by the properties of all the soil that falls within the zone of influence around the cone tip rather than only the soil at that particular depth. This causes data to be blurred or averaged in layered zones, a phenomenon referred to as multiple thin-layer effects. Multiple thin-layer effects can result in the inaccurate characterization of the thickness and stiffness of thin, interbedded layers. Correction procedures have been proposed to adjust CPT tip resistance for multiple thin-layer effects, but many procedures become less effective as layer thickness decreases. To compare or improve these procedures and to develop new ones, it is critical to have pairs of measured tip resistance ( q m) and true tip resistance ( q t) data, where q m is the tip resistance recorded by the CPT in a layered profile, and q t represents the tip resistance that would be measured in the profile absent of multiple thin-layer effects. Unfortunately, data sets containing q m and q t pairs are extremely rare. Accordingly, this article presents a unique database containing laboratory and numerically generated CPT data from 49 highly interlayered soil profiles. Both q m and q t are provided for each profile. An accompanying Jupyter notebook is provided to facilitate the use of the data and prepare them for future statistical learning (or other) applications to support multiple thin-layer correction procedure development.

State of the practice on energy-based liquefaction evaluation and research significance

<p>Since the 1964 Niigata and Alaskan earthquakes, which incurred severe liquefaction damage, liquefaction-related design for infrastructures and buildings has been developed exclusively on the principle of force equilibrium. However, the energy concept is increasingly recognized as superior for simplified and robust liquefaction designs because of the uniqueness of energy capacity in soil failures regardless of the differences in earthquake loads. The energy-based liquefaction evaluation method (EBM) has been pursued by many investigators where dissipated energy for liquefaction is focused in place of liquefaction strength defined in the conventional stress-based method (SBM). Furthermore, the EBM enables sound liquefaction-related designs without resorting to sophisticated but highly variable/tricky numerical analyses and contributes as a scale to measure the reliability of those numerical tools. Thus, the EBM, though short of practical use in today's engineering works, should be able to serve as a simplified liquefaction evaluation tool besides the SBM. We reviewed the basic idea as well as the recent developments of the EBM together with the supporting data. We also discussed how to simplify and approximate the energy-based liquefaction behavior to implement robust evaluations in practical problems. The EBM liquefaction evaluation steps were delineated and exemplified by case studies for practicing engineers compared to the SBM.</p>

Towards a novel method for liquefaction evaluation of silty sands

Towards a novel method for liquefaction evaluation of silty sands

Liquefaction evaluation of large pier foundations by undisturbed sampling method called GS sampling for coral pebble mixed soil

Liquefaction evaluation of large pier foundations by undisturbed sampling method called GS sampling for coral pebble mixed soil

Ground-motion effects on liquefaction response

Ground-motion effects on liquefaction response

Spatial variability of seabed liquefaction in the Yellow River Subaquatic Delta based on CPT

The soil composition in the Yellow River Subaquatic Delta is complex, and soil liquefaction is a serious threat to the safety of offshore projects. Two-dimensional soil liquefaction evaluation cannot meet the practical needs of engineering. In this paper, in-situ cone penetration tests (CPT) were used to investigate the classification and distribution of soils. Liquefaction variability prediction analysis was performed for the region by the inverse distance weighting (IDW) and full-cokriging methods using the liquefaction vulnerability index (LVI) and cone tip resistance as sample parameters. The results show that: (1) the overall soil grain size in the offshore direction is coarser than that in the far shore, with the clay content less than 18% at Station S1 in the near shore, but more than 90% at Stations S10 and S5 in the far shore; (2) using IDW to predict the liquefaction potential, which first decreases and then increases in the offshore direction, the one-dimensional reconsolidation settlement (SV1D) predicts better than the other two LVIs; (3) a full-cokriging method with normalized cone tip resistance as the main variable and sleeve resistance (fs) as the auxiliary variable is proposed, and its prediction accuracy is better than that of the ordinary kriging (OK) method.

Investigation of sand liquefaction potential in cyclic triaxial test and some premilinary research results in Vietnam

In the world, cyclic triaxial tests are widely used to evaluate the liquefaction potential of soil and determine the cyclic parameters for seismic design. However, the application of cyclic trixial test for evaluation of soil liquefaction is still limited in Vietnam. This paper introduced the cyclic triaxial apparatus, method and testing procedure to access the liquefaction potential of sand under cyclic loading. The research on some saturated sandy soils with high fine-grained content in Vietnam showed that the research results of soil liquefaction potential is reliable. In which, the liquefaction characteristics of sand are evaluated based on the changes of stress, strain and pore water pressure according to the cyclic cycles, thereby determining the liquefaction point and liquefaction boundary for fine sandy soils at different density levels.

Liquefaction of industrial zone against earthquake loading using laboratory and field measurements

Purpose. To assess the liquefaction of Kirkuk’s industrial region following a series of earthquakes that struck the city during the previous five years based on the current earthquake activity in the region. Methodology. Initially, substantial relationships for shear wave velocity in different types of soil were collected and studied, where the majority of these correlations necessitated the use of standard penetration tests in the field. Indeed, two boreholes were drilled up to a maximum depth of 10 m, and the numbers of blows for conventional penetration tests were measured at various depths in each borehole. The stated shear wave velocity values from the literature, as well as the maximum and lowest shear wave velocity constraints, were employed in a simple technique to estimate the cyclic shear stress induced by earthquake loading. Findings. Based on laboratory and field data, the safety factor against earthquake-induced liquefaction can be determined. When the worst-case scenario was examined using the suggested values of shear wave velocity, the factor of safety against earthquake was reduced by 94 % as the depth increased from 3.5 to 9 m. Originality. No previous study has tried to quantify the liquefaction impact of industrial zone of Kirkuk city as such an important rich-oil area was influenced by series of earthquakes occurrence. More importantly, for the first time field soil samples from on-site boreholes in Kirkuk city have been collected and used for liquefaction assessment since such real field data can be utilized properly in liquefaction evaluation process in the absence of any comparable quantification for the investigated area. Practical value. Precious liquefaction analysis should be performed prior to any proposed project construction in the light of increased earthquake activity in the industrial zone in Kirkuk city (Iraq).

Analytical solution for seepage pressure of multilayered sand seabed considering interaction between wave-current action and shield tunnel

Analytical solution for seepage pressure of multilayered sand seabed considering interaction between wave-current action and shield tunnel