Parts Of Europe Research Articles

Совершенствование метода флотации семян на примере лиственницы сибирской (Larix sibirica Ledeb.)

We have improved the method of flotation of Siberian larch seeds. Larch is a promising breed for cultivation in the center of the European part of Russia, while its seeds are characterized by low seed fullness. The research process consisted in clarifying the bulk and true density of seeds, then we prepared alcohol solutions with a density close to or slightly less than the initial true density of seeds – they turned out to be ethyl and isopropyl alcohol (the change in alcohol density over 24 hours at a temperature of 20 ° C was taken into account). Next, it was necessary to find the optimal concentration of these alcohols, for this we calculated the relationship between the density of solutions and their volume concentration. Soaking was carried out for a different period of time, after which the percentage of surfaced and sunken seeds was determined. All seeds (both surfaced and sunken) it was determined for seed fullness by the method of cutting. According to the results of the study, it was possible to identify the optimal concentration satisfying the separation of seeds in ethyl and isopropyl alcohols, equal to 75%. The soaking time is recommended not to exceed 0.5 hours. In alcohols with a concentration of less than 75%, it is necessary to increase the soaking time of the seeds. Under equal conditions (concentration and soaking time), the seeds sink in isopropyl alcohol in greater quantities than in ethyl alcohol, since the latter has a lower density.

Запасы углерода в фитомассе и биологическая продуктивность спелых и перестойных древостоев Пригородного лесничества Воронежской области

Forest-steppe ecosystems, representing an ecotone between forests and steppes, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. The observed trends of temperature increase and precipitation decrease in the southern European part of Russia affect the productivity of natural ecosystems, transforming their carbon balance. This may have implications for the sustainable functioning of forest-steppe ecosystems and biodiversity conservation. Assessment of carbon stocks and fluxes in forest ecosystems is crucial for understanding their role in climate change mitigation. A comprehensive study of carbon stocks and biological productivity of mature and over-mature forest stands in the Suburban Forestry of the Voronezh region has been conducted. It was found that the maximum carbon stocks in phytomass are characteristic of both coniferous stands (up to 133 tC/ha) in pine forest landscapes and mixed deciduous stands in upland oak forests (up to 141 tC/ha). Patterns of carbon distribution across phytomass components in tree stands of various species composition have been identified. The biological productivity of the studied tree stands was found to vary depending on forest growing conditions and species composition. The highest values of annual carbon increment in phytomass were observed in mixed stands dominated by Quercus robur L. (up to 2.60 tC/ha per year). The obtained results can serve as a scientific basis for developing regional programs to optimize the carbon balance of forest ecosystems and improve methods for assessing their ecological functions.

Changes in hydrological characteristics of the Ob River caused by climate change in 1922–2020 (according to the observations in Barnaul)

Relevance. Violation of hydrological characteristics stationarity caused by climate change and the necessity to take into account the flow change in hydrological studies and prognoses. Aim. To assess the hydrological characteristics evaluation and analyze the Ob River flow directional changes near the city of Barnaul and the flow-forming factors related to the changes (air temperature and precipitations according to the Barnaul meteorological station data). Methods. Complex geographic-hydrological analysis; statistical analysis of time series including the evaluation of the time series homogeneity with the use of the Fisher and Student criteria, the Pettitt’s, Buishand’s and Alexandersson’s tests; directional changes linear rends estimation. Results and conclusions. The authors have examined the meteorological and hydrological characteristics series stationarity according to Barnaul gauging station and Barnaul meteorological station from 1922 to 2020 with the annual, seasonal, and monthly resolution and detected the years with the time series homogeneity violations. Based on the conditionally selected homogenous periods the quantitative assessment of the average monthly and seasonal flow was performed. The linear trends of the average and maximum water flow and level, air temperature and precipitations were examined, their significance was assessed. The climate reasons for the Ob River flow changes were detected. During the study it was established that the hydrological characteristics series stationarity violation is caused by the climate flow-forming factors changes, predominantly by the air temperature changes. The main changes of the flow lie in its redistribution within a year. A statistically significant increase in winter low water discharge was marked, the figures being 20–30 %. During the seasonal flood the discharge increases in April and decreases in May and June, however, these changes are not statistically significant. There was a decrease of the maximum water discharge and level as well as the dispersion reduction of the annual and maximum flow amid the increase of the annual average discharge of water, which indicates a natural flow regulation. The flow changes in the winter low water and seasonal flood go beyond natural fluctuations as the meltwater and base-flow ratio significantly changed. The new quasistationary period of the Ob River upper course starts in the 80s of the 20th century unlike the rivers in the European part of Russia, the violation of the time-series stationarity of which is correlated to the intense temperature increase in the 70s of the 20th century.

Влияние климатических изменений на влажность почвы

Relevance. Soil moisture is the most important hydro/physical characteristic in the description and calculation of infiltration losses of rain and spring runoff, evaporation. The dynamics of soil moisture is associated with changes in climatic characteristics, and at the same time humidity is a significant climatic component, since it determines the outgoing convective flows of heat and moisture from the land surface into the atmosphere, forming the climate of the planet. Methods. We used the Russia water balance stations many-year observation data to reveal regularities of the soil moisture change under the climate change impact, as well as the physically-grounded mathematical model of vertical heat/moisture/transfer. We have conducted digital experiments on assessment of the impact of all main meteo/factors that influence on the moisture changing dynamics over the 1952–2019 period. Results. From the analysis of experimental data, it follows that in the period from the 1960s to the 1990s, there was a widespread increase in soil moisture in the European part of Russia, both in the summer and autumn seasons. In the subsequent period, and up to the present, the positive trends in the variability of moisture reserves have been replaced by negative ones, or their value has dropped significantly.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ АМИНОКИСЛОТНОГО СОСТАВА НЕКОТОРЫХ ВИДОВ РОДА МАНЖЕТКА: ALCHEMILLA TRIDECEMLOBA, ALCHEMILLA DURA, ALCHEMILLA ERYTHROPODA СЕМЕЙСТВА ROSACEAE

Species of the genus manzhetka of the Rosaceae family grow in various regions of the Caucasus. The genus includes about 160 species. Analyzing the flora of the cuffs of the Caucasus, we found that 24 species of cuffs grow in the North Caucasus, 7 species in the Stavropol Territory, 12 species in the Western North Caucasus, 22 species in the Western Transcaucasia, 36 species in the Caucasus according to A.A. Grossheim, 88 species according to S.K. Cherepanov. Representatives of 305 species of the genus Alchemilla are found in the flora of Russia and neighboring countries. Their distribution area is extremely wide from Eastern Europe (the European part of the former USSR) to the Far East, including the Caucasus, Central Asia, Western and Eastern Siberia, i.e. all geographical areas accepted in the "Flora of the USSR" (Cherepanov S.K. 1995). It is grown as a cultivated plant in Russia. This plant is rich in various chemical compositions, the herb contains a complex of polyphenolic compounds, and the elemental composition of the herb, amino acids, is rich. Some types are used as medicinal, some as food plants. Many species of this genus have not been studied. The herb is mainly used, which is used as an anti-inflammatory, wound healing, lactogenic agent. The purpose of our study was to study the amino acid composition of the grass of some species of the genus manzhetka growing in the Caucasus and compare their composition. Tests for the grass species of the genus manzhetka were carried out on an amino acid analyzer – a highly specialized computer-controlled automated liquid chromatograph equipped with a post-column detector system. The sample is divided into components in a cation exchange resin by means of a step gradient of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The eluate is mixed with a ninhydrin reagent and reacts in the flow cell of the reactor at t = 121 C

Clinical Manifestations of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Various Nosologic Forms and Issues of Hantavirus Infections Terminology.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is the result of acute, zoonotic, natural foci hantavirus infections. It has serious social and medical importance due to its widespread distribution and the disease's severity. There is a lack of effective etiotropic therapy and specific prophylaxis available. The aim of this review is to observe the etiological, clinical, and epidemiological features of nosologic HFRS forms in Russia, as well as differences and similarities with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The various clinical HFRS manifestations characterized diseases associated with Puumala, Kurkino, and Sochi hantaviruses in the Russian European part, and with Hantaan, Amur, and Seoul hantaviruses in the Russian Far East. Differences were observed for HFRS foci types based on biological characteristics and natural host population dynamics. As a result of clinical and epidemiological analysis six nosological forms were established, all of which were classified as "hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome" according to the WHO's expert recommendation from 1983 year. The study showed comparable taxonomic characteristics and determined the mechanism of human infection course for HFRS and HPS. The accumulated knowledge of this study allows for the combination of HFRS and HPS names into a common logical disease name "Hantavirus fever".

West Nile Fever in the Russian Federation in 2024, Forecast for 2025

The epidemiological situation on West Nile fever (WNF) in the Russian Federation in 2024 was characterized by an increase in the morbidity rate (0.30 cases per 100 thousand population) by 2.6 times compared to the long-term annual average value (0.11) and by 2.1 times compared to the 2023 indicator (0.14). Cases of the disease were registered in 38 constituent entities of Russia, which is the highest value for the entire observation period. Of the administrative territories, where cases of the disease were laboratory-confirmed in 2024, local cases of WNF were officially registered for the first time in 9 constituent entities. Other features of the 2024 season include an increase in the case fatality rate, which exceeded the long-term average in Russia (5.7 % and 3.1 %, respectively), as well as the early start of registration of the first local cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection. The incidence and clinical course structure of WNF in 2024 did not differ significantly compared to the average long-term values and those in 2023. Active detection of WNF in groups of patients with fever and other similar manifestations of the disease was organized in 62 constituent entities in 2024. Increased efficiency of morbidity monitoring was observed in certain entities of the Southern, North Caucasian and Volga Federal Districts. The study of the cohort that is immune to WNV among the healthy population in 2024 was conducted in 69 entities of Russia. Monitoring of infection of WNV hosts and vectors was carried out in 79 constituent entities; the activity of the epizootic process was established in 19 administrative territories. In 2024, WNV lineage 2, the population of which is characterized by genetic heterogeneity, predominantly circulated in the European part of Russia. Single findings of WNV lineage 1 (Rostov Region) and lineage 4 (Volgograd Region) were detected. A quantitative forecast of the development of the epidemiological situation on WNF was developed for entities with the sustained circulation of WNV.

Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever in the World. Epidemiological and Epizootiological Situation in the Russian Federation in 2024, Morbidity Rate Forecast for 2025

The review discusses the situation on Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF) in the world and analyzes the epidemiological and epizootiological situation in the Russian Federation in 2024. 42 CHF cases were detected in Russia in 2024, which is 1.6 times higher than in 2023 and 1.8 times lower than the average annual values (2015–2024 average – 79.1 cases per year). The mortality rate was 4.7 %, which is 15 % higher than the long-term annual average (4.1 %). The epidemically significant index of abundance of the main vector of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF virus), Hyalomma marginatum ticks, was 5.6 times higher than the threshold value at the points of long-term observation in April; the index of abundance on cattle reached 16. 8 (threshold value – 3). Cases of CHF were registered for the first time in Gergebil and Tsumadinsky Districts of the Republic of Dagestan. In Russia, in 2024, CCHF virus markers were detected in 0.64 % of samples; CCHF virus belonging to the genetic lineages Europe-1 (V) (82.3 %) and Europe-3 (VIII) (17.6 %), characteristic for the territory of the Russian Federation, circulated in endemic areas. Continuous registration of CHF cases, the prevalence of severe and moderately severe disease courses, the on-going expansion of epidemically active territory within the natural focus of CHF indicate the persistence of an unfavorable epidemiological situation regarding CHF in the south of the European part of the Russian Federation in 2025 with unsatisfactory implementation of preventive measures.

Results of Local Geodetic Monitoring of Lateral Erosion of the Oka River

The paper presents the results of geomorphological stationary works in the downstream of the Oka River bend near the “Kostino” village, center of the European part of Russia. Field observations of bank erosion rates at this survey site indicate an annual retreat of 1.67 m of the subaerial part of the bank. During two years of monitoring, spring floods completely flooded the stationary. In 2023, the maximum discharge of the Oka River was approximately 4700 m3/s and exceeded 2022’s value by 62%. We used unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and obtained high-resolution surface rasters and calculated linear, area and three-dimensional erosion rates. The relief response to increased flood energy in the second year of observations was expressed in almost twofold acceleration of bank failure (by 95%). The concave bank sections, composed of sand and sandy loam, have undergone particularly intensive erosion in a number of places, which is confirmed by our monitoring of the channel bed. By surveying by season of the hydrological year, we found that subaerial bank erosion does not stop in summer and autumn, although it only reaches 20% of the full-year volume.

Changes in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the 17th – early 20th centuries

The author examines in detail the issues of changing the right position of the Yenisei Cossacks in the period from the beginning of the 17th century to the end of the first quarter of the 20th century. The object of the study is the Cossacks of the Yenisei region of Eastern Siberia (Yenisei Cossacks) in the XVII – early XX centuries. The subject of this study is the evolution of the right-wing status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the period from the appearance of the first Cossack detachments in the Yenisei Region (early 17th century) to the announcement at the First Congress of the Yenisei Cossacks of the Krasnoyarsk Cossack Division by the Yenisei Cossack Army (May 25, 1917). The principles of historical materialism and a systematic approach to the study of historical phenomena. The author used both general scientific research methods, as well as special historical (periodization, historical-genetic, historical-systemic and historical-comparative) and legal (comparative-historical) research methods. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the historical stages of the change in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the pre-revolutionary period of national history are highlighted, common features and differences in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks are revealed in comparison with the Cossacks of the Siberian and Trans-Baikal Cossack troops, as well as with the Russian peasantry. The results obtained can be used to create a textbook on the discipline "History of the Cossacks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory". The author comes to the following conclusions: The Yenisei Cossacks, as a separate territorial estate group of the population, have been formed since the beginning of the 17th century exclusively as a service category of the population, supported by the state, possessing rights and privileges, bearing duties established by the state to solve the tasks of expanding Russia's territorial possessions in Siberia and the Far East, and maintaining control over the acquired territories. The Yenisei Cossacks have never experienced the stage of free Cossacks, as a group of the Cossack population of the European part of Russia. In the history of the Yenisei Cossacks, four periods were identified in which the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks changed.

Discovery of the potentially invasive Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) in Türkiye: an unexpected finding through citizen science

The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, is a species commonly found in Central Asia, East Asia, and Australia, but it has recently emerged in the USA as a significant disease threat. The tick exhibits a fascinating biological trait, as certain populations are capable of reproducing both sexually and asexually via parthenogenesis. As a result, a single asexual female has the potential to initiate the establishment of a new population when introduced into a novel geographical region. Haemaphysalis longicornis is of considerable medical and veterinary importance, being associated with more than 30 human pathogens, including Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Coxiella, Rickettsia, Theileria, and others. It is also a competent vector for the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) in Eastern Asia. The tick can also cause heavy infestations in cattle and transmit the hemoprotozoan parasite Theileria orientalis genotype Ikeda, resulting in significant economic losses within the cattle industry. In the present study, we report the morphological and molecular identification of H. longicornis in the European part of Türkiye. Additionally, we offer hypotheses regarding how H. longicornis ticks may have arrived in Türkiye, potential risks, and the necessary precautions that should be taken.

Концентрации микропластика в некоторых реках и водохранилищах Юга России

The study is aimed at assessing the concentrations of microplastics in rivers and reservoirs of the south of the European part of Russia. The following water bodies were studied: the Lower Don, Lower Volga, Seversky Donets, Tsimlyansk, Karpovka, Bereslavska and Varvara reservoirs. The work was carried out using various methods, so the data on particle concentrations in different years vary depending on the sampling method, but the main patterns of spatial distribution associated with a high accumulation of particles in anthropogenically transformed areas, tributaries, and pools of hydraulic structures are traced. In 2023, the following concentrations were found: In the Don - 94.32 pcs/m3, in the Volga - 81.06, in the Tsimlyansk reservoir - 12.3 pcs/m3. In 2021, the content in the Lower Don was 36 pcs/l, Tsimlyansk reservoir - 33, Seversky Donets - 38 pcs/l. In 2022, 21 pcs/l of particles were found in the Lower Don, 10 pcs/l in the Tsimlyansk Reservoir, and 16 pcs/l in the Lower Volga. In the reservoirs of the Volga-Don Shipping Canal - from 11 to 19 pcs/l. Most of the detected particles are transparent small fibers, whose composition is determined as polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate.

Путь с Востока на Запад: межрегиональный миграционный обмен на Востоке России с 1991 по 2022 гг. (Часть 2)

The article presents an analysis of internal migration in the Russian Federation, with a particular focus on the Far Eastern Federal District. The authors present a comparative analysis of statistical data on interregional migration between the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District and the European part of Russia for the period from 1991 to the present. The work enables the formation of a comprehensive picture that can not only reflect the dynamics of formal indicators, but also provide insights into their interpretation. The study identifies stable migration scenarios, determines the intensity of migration exchange between regions in different periods, as well as their specific features. In contrast with the post-Soviet narrative of the population "escaping" from the East to the West, the paper hypothesizes the existence of other scenarios due to the social peculiarities of the region and the existing phenomenon of "flow society".

Antibiotic resistance and viral co-infection in children diagnosed with pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae admitted to Russian hospitals during October 2023—February 2024

BackgroundMycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a common bacterial respiratory infection that can cause pneumonia, particularly in children. Previously published data have highlighted the high incidence of viral co-infections and the problem of increasing macrolide resistance in MP worldwide.Aims(1) to estimate the impact of viral infections circulating in a local population on the spectrum of co-infection in hospitalized children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), (2) to determine if there are differences in resistance mutation rate for samples from hospitals of Russia located in the European and Far East, (3) to describe genomic characteristics of MP from Russian patients during the MPP outbreaks in the fall-winter of 2023–2024.MethodsThe carriage of viral pathogens was analyzed by real-time PCR in children with MPP from the European Part and Far East of Russian Federation and compared with the infections from two control groups. The V region of the 23S gene and the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the parC and gyrA genes were sequenced to detect resistance-associated mutations in MP. Whole-genome sequencing method was used to determine the genetic relationship of a Russian MP isolate with known MP isolates.ResultsThe 62% of patients with MPP had a viral co-infection, with HPIV and SARS-CoV-2 predominating at 47% and 12.4%, respectively. The 15% of patients were infected with two or more viruses. In the control groups, 21% of healthy children and 43% of healthy adults were infected with Coronaviruses and Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV-3 and -4), respectively. The 2063 A/G mutation of the 23S gene was found in 40.8% of patients from European Russia and in 35.7% of patients from the Far East. The result of core genes demonstrates that the sequence obtained from Russia clusters with sequences from clade 1.ConclusionsBoth HPIV and SARS-CoV-2 circulated in the population among healthy children and adults in December 2023 and they also were predominated in children with MPP. The rate of macrolide resistance was ⁓40%, which is higher than in European countries and significantly lower than in patients from Asian countries. Phylogenetic analysis showed the MP genome form Russia related to P1 type 1 (clade 1).

Identification of orthohantaviruses detected for the first time in the Republic of Belarus

Monitoring of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) pathogens in the Republic of Belarus is necessary and relevant, since the number of HFRS cases in the population has increased in recent years, and genetic characteristics of the pathogens remain unidentified. Identification of orthohantaviruses circulating in the territory of the Republic of Belarus and defining of their genetic characteristics. Screening of 613 samples from small mammals caught in the territory of the Republic of Belarus was carried out by the real time PCR method using the test system «Belar-GLPS-PCR/RV». Positive samples were sequenced by the Sanger method. Comparative and phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the MegAlign programs from the Lasergene package (DNASTAR, USA) and MEGA 11. The primary screening yielded 32 PCR-positive samples (5.2%), of which 24 belonged to Puumala virus (PUUV) and 8 to Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV). Three nucleotide sequences of the M-segment region of PUUV, two sequences of the 291-base pair (bp) M-segment region and one sequence of the 348-bp S-segment region of DOBV were sequenced. Comparative and phylogenetic analysis showed that the identified PUUV sequences belong to the Russian genetic lineage, to the same sublineage as the strains common in the Moscow and Kursk regions. The identified DOBV ssequences demonstrated the closest relationship to the strains from the central region of the European part of Russia. The results of molecular biological analysis showed that PUUV circulates in the territory of the Republic of Belarus and is widespread. At the same time, DOBV was detected in four regions of the republic, which indicates an expansion of the range of this HFRS pathogen. In the Republic of Belarus, nucleotide sequences of orthohantaviruses were obtained for the first time and their molecular genetic analysis was carried out.

Regularities of development of cities of the Golden Horde on the example of urbanistics of the Crimean Peninsula (XIII – XIV centuries)

The parallel coexistence on the large territory of the Golden Horde of the world of numerous, developed, comfortable by the standards of its time cities and the world of the steppe with nomadic tribes for almost two centuries requires theoretical comprehension. In the paper the concept of urban development on the territory of the Golden Horde, based on the results of the new archaeological investigations, conducted over the last twenty years on the ancient settlements of the European part of this State, is considered on the materials of the cities of the Crimean peninsula. In the development of of the Golden Horde State cities seven different chronological periods are determined, which cover the time from the 40s of the XIII century to the 20s of the XV century. In the XII century the historical situation in the Northern Black Sea region changed fundamentally. The lands formerly under the rule of the Byzantine Empire come under the protectorate of the Mongol Empire (later the Golden Horde). At the same time in the region appears another state formation - Genoese Gazaria, founded by colonists from Northern Italy. As a result, three different urban traditions coexist on the territory of the Crimean peninsula in the XIII–XV centuries. The first of them is Byzantine. The second urban planning tradition is Golden Horde (Eastern). The third one is Northern Italian (Genoese). The processes of urban formation on the Crimean peninsula in the XII–XV centuries took place within the Golden Horde urbanism, despite the fact that three different urban traditions were neighboring in the region.

Current state of zooplankton in Lake Valdayskoe (Valdaysky National Park)

Valdayskiy National Park is one of the largest protected natural areas in the European part of Russia. On the territory of this national park there are about 200 lakes, one of which is Lake Valdayskoe. The study of its zooplankton community started more than 100 years ago and was repeatedly carried out. The presence of a long series studies provides a rare opportunity to trace changes in the zooplankton community of this unique reservoir. Pelagic zooplankton (Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda) of this lake was studied in summers of 1999 and 2020. 39 invertebrate taxa were revealed. The majority of the zooplankton community was typical for the temperate zone of European Russia. The water quality in the lake during the study period can be estimated as oligosaprobic (clean). In areas of the lake located near settlements, an increase in the abundance and biomass of zooplankton, a decrease in the number of indicator species of oligosaprobic waters, and an increase in the proportion of copepods with morphopathology were observed. In general, in 1999 and 2020 zooplankton abundance has declined and biomass has increased compared to the 1970s.

Development of the Works of T.A. Sokolova on the Nature of Soil Acidity Based on the Example of Soils of Northern Regions in the European Part of Russia

Development of the Works of T.A. Sokolova on the Nature of Soil Acidity Based on the Example of Soils of Northern Regions in the European Part of Russia

Роль пространственных взаимосвязей арктических территорий в формировании выручки организаций

The preferential regime of the Russian Arctic has a “continuous” nature of the implementation of measures throughout the macro-region, manifested differently at the regional and municipal levels. The study aim is to identify the mutual influence of the territories of the European part of the Russian Arctic in the formation of local relationships between the main factors of production — labor and capital on the revenue formation of organizations. The object of the study is 37 municipalities of the European part of the Russian Arctic. The researchers use the Cobb-Douglas model, global and local Moran indices, spatial econometric models based on neighborhood matrices and inverse distances along roads. They have identified two main types of local relationships of municipalities: “Low-Low” and “Low-High”, as well as a sporadically occurring type “High-High”. The model based on the matrix of inverse distances along roads has showed the greatest efficiency. The researchers have determined the predominant contribution of the labor factor (average number of employees of organizations) to the increase in revenue of organizations within the framework of direct and indirect effects. In order to achieve spatial synergy in socio-economic development when improving incentive measures, it is advisable to take into account not only the internal structure of the economies of municipalities, but also aspects of local and macro-regional spatial relationships.

Taxonomic diversity and abundance of enchytraeids (Annelida, Clitellata, Enchytraeida) in the Northern Palaearctic. 2. European Russia.

Enchytraeids, commonly known as potworms, are small oligochaetes found worldwide in various terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Despite their crucial role in ecosystem functioning, the diversity and abundance of Enchytraeidae are seldom studied due to the labour-intensive process of species identification. This study aims to address this gap and expand knowledge on the distribution and abundance of enchytraeids within the Northern Palaearctic Region. The provided dataset represents the latest and most comprehensive field sampling of enchytraeid communities within the European part of Russia within the Northern Palaearctic. It consists exclusively of an original set of soil samples systematically collected across the region from 2019 to 2023, without any previously published data included. The dataset includes occurrences from 204 georeferenced sites, encompassing 73 species from 17 genera, totalling 61,254 records, with 1,419 records having the "present'' occurrence status. This comprehensive, species-specific dataset (Darwin Core Archive - DwC-A) provides insights into the distribution and abundance of terrestrial enchytraeids across a wide geographic area, covering the eastern sector of the East European Plain and the North Caucasus Region within the Northern Palaearctic. Compiled from field sampling campaigns, this dataset is essential for exploring and understanding local and regional enchytraeid diversity over time and space. It also serves as a valuable resource for monitoring and conserving soil biodiversity in the studied region.