European Pact Research Articles

The European Pact on Migration and Asylum: Border Containment and Frontline States

Abstract The New Pact on Migration and Asylum contains two pieces of proposed legislation which raise several concerns. A closer look at the Proposal for a Screening Regulation and the Proposal for Crisis and Force Majeure Regulation reveals that the frontline States are obliged to become border guards in an exacerbated way. The legislation is excessively technical and unrelated to the capacities of the affected States and, as such, will be difficult, if not impossible, for frontline States to implement. The primary argument of this article is that the mechanisms of the New Pact that are intended to contain the arrival of migrants and to level the imbalances caused by the geographical location of the EU Member states with external borders will actually allow the derogation of migrants’ rights and will hardly compensate for the special circumstances faced by frontline EU States. Instead of balancing the burdens of migration among Member States, the weight will be disproportionately borne by the very States the legislations propose to relieve.

Migration and development: externalities of the global pact and the european pact in the global south

The general objective of the article is to address the intrinsic relationship between migration and development, starting from the premise that migrating is a human right protected by international treaties and conventions and that the right to development is also a human right. In turn, the specific objective of the article is to analyze the externalities of the Global and European Pacts on Migration in the Global South to identify the existing discrepancies between the documents and whether they are constituted to promote or to stop safe, orderly and regular migration, an idea in which the relevance and justification of the work is concentrated, since the States exercise sovereignty to stop the entry of immigrants into their territories. The deductive method was chosen, with the technique of indirect documentation and the procedure of analysis of doctrine and legislation. The article intends to register an important scientific contribution on the externalities to be investigated, in order to answer the following question: are the Global and European Pacts on Migration effective in providing orderly, safe and regular migration in the world or are they just documents to stop migratory flows from the Global South?

EU POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE YOUTH EMPLOYMENT

Ensuring employment of young people in the EU and the use of this political and legal experience in Ukrainian realities is a rather urgent issue. The article systematizes and investigates the current state and causes of youth unemployment in EU countries. It was determined that the unemployment rate among young people steadily increased during the period 2008-2013, which affected the EU economy, however, until 2019, a consistent decline was observed. The main factors influencing this indicator are the following: lack of vacancies for inexperienced youth, natural employee turnover, economic downturn, etc. The normative and legal support of youth employment policy was considered, in particular employment policy aimed at post-pandemic recovery. The main regulatory acts of youth employment policy in the EU are defined as European Pact for Youth, Resolution "Youth Employment Crisis: A Call to Action", "Framework Action Program on Youth Employment" and others. European programs and initiatives aimed at reducing youth unemployment, as well as improving education and labour mobility are analysed. The main European programs and initiatives are defined as NextGenerationEU, the Strategy "Youth - investing and providing opportunities", the "Youth opportunities" initiative, "Involvement of youth in employment" and others. They include creating more opportunities for young people in education and employment, improving access and full participation in society, developing skills relevant to the labour market, supporting first work experience and workplace learning, etc. It is emphasized the need to stimulate the economic growth of the EU member states, focusing on the youth segment, implementing employment support programs adapted to the current situation in the world.

The end of the social pact in Europe (1981–2008)

Between 1980—during the 'double dip' crisis—and 2008, the European social pact, born of the armed and revolutionary defeat (in part of the countries) of Nazi fascism, ended. In exchange for disarmament and the end of the revolutionary struggle, in 1945–47, a specific form of counter-revolution was designed in Europe, outlined in Yalta and Postdam, which erected the European Welfare State and full employment in 1945–47 in exchange for workers abdicate from the struggle for power. In this article, we argue that this period –known as 'European social pact'—began to break down with the anti-cyclical measures of 1980, which opened doors to the generalisation of precarious work to new generations, after the defeat and/or cooptation of the main unions, from 1986, before the fall of the USSR. Precariousness that after the anti-cyclical measures of 2008 extended to almost the entire working population in Europe, subject to increasingly intense, brutal and precarious working conditions.

Environmental migrants: UN recent and “soft” sensitivity v. EU deafening silence in the New European Pact on Migration and Asylum

Environmental migrants: UN recent and “soft” sensitivity v. EU deafening silence in the New European Pact on Migration and Asylum

Sovereignty of Member States in New European Pact for Migration and Asylum

Abstract The author of the article attempts to analyze the consequences for Member States’ sovereignty arising from the European asylum system reform and harmonization proposed in September 2020 by the European Commission. The author believes that so-called solidarity mechanism, however designed with intention of burden sharing and help, de facto has the potential to become migrant relocation mechanism. That argument is already being raised by Member States that are opposing the European Commission’s proposal. According to them, the proposal violates rules guaranteeing Member States’ rights to determine volumes of admissions of the third country nationals, explicitly expressed in the Treaty on the European Union. The author also notices that decision-making power on the relocations is transferred to the Commission, leaving limited flexibility in gesture of Member States. Without being opposed to subsidiarity principle itself, the article questions whether the details of the Commission’s proposal are not actually against the principle and certain elements, like effective return, are not better achieved at the national level. In the research procedure, a method of critical analysis of the content of studies and the available sources was used.

The 1945 European Social Pact

Among the dominant theses of the neoliberal period, exacerbated by the crisis of 2008, is that the European Union would be the builder of the European Social State. In fact, the consolidation of the European Union implied the destruction of the Welfare State. The European Social State was born robust in 1945–1947, ten years before the European Coal and Steel Community (later European Economic Community and the European Union). The EU was consolidated only in the 1980s, after several crises and periods of instability. At the time the EU was brought together, the Social State had begun to enter a crisis, albeit a gradual one. The EU will play a decisive role, through the European Social Fund and the Community Directives, in replacing the Social State (universal policies based on progressive taxation) by Social Assistance (policies focused on the unemployed and the poor based on the transfer of workers’ income of average sectors for poor workers).

Періодизація імміграційної політики Європейського Союзу: від витоків до сучасності

У статті досліджуються етапи становлення імміграційної політики Європейського Союзу. Вводиться періодизація формування спільної політики ЄС у сфері управління міграцією. Запропоновано чотири періоди формування імміграційної політики ЄС, кожний з яких характеризується прийняттям важливих документів, що внесли значні зміни у компетенції інституцій ЄС та винесли регулювання питань міграції на наднаціональний рівень.Основним висновком є те, що жодна країна не в змозі справитися з викликами міграції самотужки, в ізоляції від своїх сусідів, яким доводиться стикатися з подібними проблемами. Це призвело до співробітництва між державами-членами в напрямку обміну досвідом та ідеями щодо управління міграцією, проте питання чи потрібно встановлювати єдині міграційні процедури на рівні ЄС впродовж довгого часу викликали гострі дискусії.На сьогодні регулювання міграційних потоків в Євросоюзі - це політичний процес, який у правовому сенсі координується на основі правового доробку ЄС та національного законодавства держав-членів. Перенесення міграційної політики на наднаціональний рівень дозволяє простежувати зміни, проведені на національних рівнях та реагувати на сучасні виклики міграційного характеру без істотних затримок.

Evidence-based national suicide prevention taskforce in Europe: A consensus position paper

More than 150,000 in Europe and 800,000 people worldwide, die every year by suicide (WHO, 2015), accounting for 1·4% of all annual deaths. Suicide is the second, and in some European countries even the first leading cause of death amongst young people aged 15-24 years (WHO, 2015), thus exceeding the number of accidental deaths. The European parliament resolution on Mental Health 2008/2209 (INI) adopted a series of recommendations for European member states. It proposed areas for priority action as defined in the European Pact on Mental Health and Well-Being. Recently, 29 suicide prevention experts from 17 European countries (The Task Force for the European Evidence-Based Suicide Prevention Program, EESPP) performed a systematic review of evidence for the effectiveness of suicide prevention interventions that has been published over the last decade. During three face-to-face meetings, the EESPP group developed a consensus declaration that, based on the findings of the systematic reviews, summarizes the minimal requirements for a national suicide prevention programs and of the strategies to employ.

Europejski pakt obronny – PESCO

Europejski pakt obronny – PESCO

CONCEPTUAL BASES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU YOUTH POLICY

Europe is making significant efforts to create a common space where not only common political institutions and values, but also common future is to be shaped. And it is young people who is selected to be the main policy object for building common European identity. To this end in recent years, the European Union has worked out the institutional mechanisms of its youth policy, has formed special agencies for its implementation, developed legal framework. The main document, which laid the conceptual basis of EU youth policy is the White Paper. The document determines the most challenging issues in youth policy that need to be resolved in the short and long term. The next major document - the European Youth Pact - has become a real legal act which came into force throughout the European Union. The most important document which determines the guidelines of the current EU youth policy is a strategy "Youth - Investing and Empowering." The strategy settles a key vector of European youth policy for all EU countries. All documents take into account the interests of the whole EU and not individual nation states that is why they influence young people at the supranational level. The European Union has developed a full-fledged system of management of youth policy on two levels: the supranational (pan-European) and national. Council of Europe and European Parliament are responsible for the implementation of youth policy at supranational level. Various national agencies are responsible for the implementation of certain EU youth programs at national level. The EU documents on the youth policy show that the youth is viewed by European politicians as one of the most politically important social groups in Europe. That is why youth policy is directed not only at youth development, but has to it a significant political component. A significant part of the youth policy is related to the involvement of young people in the democratic institutions, the involvement of young people in the EU governance.

Aspectos de armonización asimétrica para la entrada y residencia de familiares de nacionales de terceros estados en la Unión Europea

<p>Tras un decenio de la aprobación de la Directiva 2003/86/CE, tanto el Programa de Estocolmo como el Pacto Europeo sobre Inmigración y Asilo indican que la reagrupación familiar es una de las principales cuestiones objeto de desarrollo de la política comunitaria de inmigración. Sin embargo, la aplicación práctica de la Directiva da cuenta de la existencia de problemas y deficiencias en el margen de maniobra de los Estados miembros a la hora de implementar algunas de sus cláusulas opcionales. A tal propósito, este trabajo trata de plantear una revisión de las implicaciones jurídico-políticas que debe afrontar la inmigración familiar en el control del <em>fraude legis,</em> la inclusión de los miembros de la familia y la exigencia de posibles medidas de integración. Todos ellos aspectos que ponen de relieve no sólo las posibles deficiencias de la técnica legislativa del proceso de armonización europea sino también advierten de su incompatibilidad con el estándar internacional de derechos humanos.</p><p><strong>Recibido</strong>: 26.05.2015<br /><strong>Aceptado</strong>: 18.06.2015</p>

An Overview of International Literature on School Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Well-being in Children and Adolescents.

Introduction: Mental disorders are the largest cause of the burden of disease in the world. Most of the burden affecting adult life has its onset during childhood and adolescence. The European Pact for Mental Health and Wellbeing calls for immediate action and investments in the mental health of children and adolescents. Schools may be the ideal location for promoting health and delivering healthcare services, since schools are a location where young people usually spend their daytime and socialize, schools are easily accessible to families, can provide non-stigmatizing health actions, and form links with the community. Aims and Goals of this Special Issue: This issue is developed within the framework of the Joint Action on Mental Health promoted by the European Commission. This special issue presents a set of systematic reviews on the evidence of the international literature on school interventions for the promotion of the mental health and wellbeing of children and adolescents. It is focused on five topical main areas: promoting general health and wellbeing; programs targeting specific mental disorders and conditions and integration of adolescents with mental health problems; Bullying; Sport; Alcohol and Drugs. An additional paper on the results of the largest epidemiological study conducted in some European countries on the prevalence and relative risk factors of mental disorders in school-age completes the issue. Conclusion: These reviews are a first contribution to address future European research and interventions, in particular about the multiple ways through which European policies could support the schooling and wellbeing of children and adolescents.

Putty Capital's Shadow of the Invisible Hand on Clay Labor: On the Emergent Risk of Differing Speeds of European Union Capital and Labor Freedom

Globalization led to unprecedented risks stemming from global interconnectedness. Economic trade may distribute benefits of international exchange unevenly due to fundamental barriers of distance, national borders and implicit market segmentation. In order to equalize trade prosperity, the European Union (EU) 4 freedoms of goods, services, capital and labor are established by a neoliberal policy framework and the Eurozone featuring a common currency. While there is a vital central monetary union and since the 2008/09 World Financial Crisis a common European fiscal pact, EU free trade is limited regarding labor mobility. Explicit labor transfer constraints comprise of work permission requirements and sector specific restrictions while implicit drawbacks arise due to specific language, cultural and skill requirements. The paper addresses risks emerging from labor immobility in combination with more vital capital and goods movements. Within the European compound, full capital flows and export opportunities may gravitate trade benefits towards original EU core countries, while periphery countries that became later part of the EU are shunned from full employment productivity. A less mobile workforce in the EU periphery is described as a reserve army of labor with social problems invisible to the core union as for remaining out of focus due to national borders and geographic distance. Trade movements within the EU are analyzed with attention to export, unemployment as well as migration patterns in order to advocate for attention to full labor freedom within the EU following the greater goal of Ricardian fair and mutually-beneficial trade enabled through a harmonious interplay of national government and European governance polity.

The future role of psychiatrists in Europe in the light of the European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being

SummaryThe European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being, launched in 2008, expresses a commitment of the EU and Member States to implement a mental health strategy in Europe. Recognizing that the level of mental health and well-being in the population is a key resource for the success of the EU as a knowledge-based society and economy, the Pact concludes that action for mental health and well-being at EU-level needs to be developed by involving policy makers and all relevant stakeholders. Given the specific content of their discipline and the prestige they have in our societies, psychiatrists will certainly have a key role in the development of the strategies proposed by the Pact. The purpose of this paper is to review the background, objectives and outcomes of the European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being, and reflect on the future role of psychiatrists in the light of its implementation.

2514 – Eu proposed strategies to diminish the burden of mental disorders

Mental disorders are a leading cause of chronic disease and disability in the EU. Supporting Member States in addressing depression and suicide (including under use of eHealth), replacing institutional by community-based,socially-inclusive treatment and care models (including through the use of EU-Structural Funds), strengthening promotion and prevention as core mission of mental health systems are key objectives of EU-mental health policy. Increasing the mental health literacy of citizens and empowering patients are further priorities. Psychiatry plays a key role: where necessary, it needs to strengthen patient-centred treatment models and their practice in the community, engage more in multisectorial cooperation for early interventions, promote social inclusion of people with mental health problems, support other sectors (workplaces, schools, local communities), strengthen ties with other medical disciplines to improve their training on mental health and better treatment of co-morbidity of physical and mental disorders. In 2008, the European Commission launched the European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being. Ministers of Health adopted Council Conclusions in 2011. A Joint Action on Mental Health and Well-being co-financed from the EU-Health Programme was launched early 2013, involving more than 20 Member States. The Joint Action will review the scientific evidence and country situations, deliver country-specific policy recommendations and develop a common framework for action on mental health and well-being. Mental health is embedded in the context of EU-health policy on chronic disease. Good practices in policy and stakeholder action are collected and disseminated through the database EU Compass for Action on Mental Health and Well-being ( http://ec.europa.eu/health/mental_health/eu_compass/index_en.htm ).

Impacto de las medidas de retorno. Documento incluido en el Informe Anual sobre la Situación de la Integración Social de los Inmigrantes y Refugiados 2010

El Pacto Europeo de Inmigración y Asilo, octubre de 2008, establece dos ejes de trabajo que afectan al retorno: (1) el retorno para combatir la inmigración irregular, (2) favorecer las sinergias entre la migración y el desarrollo con los países de origen y de tránsito. Para ello se crea un Fondo Europeo para el retorno para el período 2008-2013. La Administración española por su parte plantea determinadas medidas al respecto. Destacan: el “retorno de atención social”, enfocado a personas con perfiles de alta vulnerabilidad; el “plan de retorno voluntario”, o productivo. También existen programas financiados por diversas comunidades autónomas. En el artículo también se habla de programas del exterior (el retorno en el eje andino), particularmente en Ecuador a través del programa “bienvenido a casa”, (SENAMI). Finalmente se reflexiona sobre una política integral que vincule migración y desarrollo.

Réduire la stigmatisation des personnes souffrant de troubles psychiques par une campagne de communication ? Une synthèse de la littérature

ObjectiveFight against discrimination and stigmatization of people living with mental health disorder has become one of the most important political public health objectives. It has been identified as one of the five priorities of the 2008 European Pact for Mental Health and Well-Being. Stigmatization impacts the quality of life and jeopardizes the social integration. It has been shown that compliance to medical care was also impacted by individuals’ perception of their stigmatization. Numerous international programs targeting general population have been elaborated since the last decades, but those communication strategies haven’t raised the interests of researchers and academics. Hence, very few data are available to set new objectives to lower the social impact of stigmatization in people living with mental health condition. Material and methodsThis paper examines the rational and effectiveness of different anti-stigma campaign targeting mental health. By reviewing the scientific literature and policy documents on different strategies to address and lower stigmatization, we identified a typology of stigma-orientated actions and policies. Communication campaigns are the most common instrument used to address stigmatization. They are sometimes associated with communication programs targeting representations in general population through campaigns as well as representations in subgroups, through local and/or national actions. Specific information and training for journalists have also been experienced. ResultsVery few researches have observed convincing effects of anti-stigma campaigns in general population. Evaluations of the communication campaigns have revealed that they had a limited impact on representations. Attitudes towards people living with a mental disorder were still negative 5 years after the Changing Mind campaign, although there was an impact on the perceived distance by the respondents (how people living with mental health condition feel different from us). Actions targeting media and journalists led to ambivalent results, with a rise of positively connoted journal articles as well as negatively connoted papers. ConclusionsCampaigns targeting general objectives have not been proven to be effective. Some authors state that they should be replaced by local actions and programs, orientated to specific subgroups and should (a) associate the psychiatric services users and their families, (b) empower people living with mental health conditions, (c) be developed upon the experience of people who are been stigmatized. The rational of past communication campaigns as well as global communication programs were impaired by the absence of an operational definition of the problem addressed (discrimination, stigma, and stigmatization). Lack of empirical data on stigmatization jeopardizes the effects of these campaigns and their potential development. Conflict of interests in people managing the campaigns and the absence of systematic evaluation are also pointed as limitation for future developments.

Un nouveau dispositif d'assainissement budgétaire en Europe

Résumé La situation actuelle de la Grèce illustre clairement que les règles du Pacte européen de stabilité et de croissance, PSC, n’ont été ni assez strictes, ni assez scrupuleusement respectées. Pour sortir de l’impasse budgétaire actuelle et de la crise qu’elle provoque, nous proposons un nouveau dispositif d’assainissement budgétaire en Europe. Le cœur du dispositif s’appuie sur un Pacte européen de consolidation (PEC), complétant le PSC avec cinq nouvelles caractéristiques. Les pays adhérents au Pacte devraient présenter un plan de retour à l’équilibre de leur budget, incluant les modalités concrètes de réduction des dépenses structurelles ; ils devraient mettre en place une loi prévoyant une augmentation automatique des impôts en cas d’écart à la trajectoire définie de leur solde budgétaire ; ils pourraient assurer auprès du PEC que chaque nouvelle émission de dette publique soit conforme au plan spécifié ; les primes d’assurance correspondraient à un certain pourcentage du montant émis ; le non respect de la loi d’augmentation automatique des impôts ou la sortie volontaire du pacte de consolidation impliquerait que les futures émissions de titres publics ne bénéficieraient pas de la garantie du PEC : soit le pays n’a plus besoin de garantie, soit il souhaite faire défaut. Dans ce dernier cas, le nouveau dispositif préciserait les modalités d’un défaut sur la dette publique.

The European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being

In June 2008, the High-level EU-conference „Together for Mental Health and Well-being“ launched the European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being. The Pact established an EU-level framework to promote exchange, coordination and cooperation on mental health challenges and opportunities. The Pact involves the Ministries of Health of EU Member States, and it also invites ownership for mental health and well-being by other policy areas, by public authorities at regional and local levels, as well as by non-governmental partners and civil society.