The Eurasian Economic Union was formed with the aim of achieving economic integration among the five countries, i.e., Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan. They have established a common pharmaceutical market and are focusing on improving their position in the global market. Understanding the newly harmonized regulations in EAEU is vital for ensuring timely market access and patient safety. It presents an opportunity for pharmaceutical companies to access a unified market and expand their market and eliminate individual country-specific barriers. Given the limited literature available and the ongoing transition period set to conclude by 2025, this review will provide insights into the marketing authorization procedure for medicinal products, its dossier requirements and market opportunities for the pharmaceutical companies within EAEU. A descriptive analysis of regulatory pathways was undertaken by reviewing the EAEU rules and official documents from their websites. This review reveals that EAEU has introduced two major marketing authorization pathways: decentralized and mutual recognition procedure, which is similar to that of the European Union's approach. The projected market volume indicates the significant growth of the pharmaceutical sector and the importance of understanding the new unified regulatory pathway and the other development initiatives taken by the union. Even though the EAEU has harmonized its regulatory framework, the system is still in its initial stages of full implementation.

Purpose: This paper examines Socially Responsible Public Procurement (SRPP) as a strategic institutional tool for advancing the Social Economy at both European and global levels. It investigates the alignment of SRPP with inclusive, sustainable development goals, focusing on key initiatives such as the EU Social Economy Action Plan, the 2023 Council Recommendation, and the UN General Assembly Resolution 77/281. Methodology: The research adopts a comparative policy analysis framework, assessing legislative instruments, international resolutions, and governance models. It incorporates multi-level governance and evaluates the practical impact of SRPP on Social Economy Entities (SEEs), complemented by a review of global and EU-level policy milestones. Findings: SRPP is revealed as a transformative procurement approach that embeds social objectives into public spending. When effectively implemented, it facilitates the growth of SEEs, promotes local resilience, and fosters inclusive labor markets. However, mainstream adoption is hindered by institutional fragmentation, limited awareness, and inconsistent application across Member States. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: The study offers concrete policy recommendations, emphasizing the need for a supportive legal and fiscal ecosystem, improved stakeholder capacity-building, and transnational cooperation. It positions SRPP as a pivotal driver for advancing the Proximity Economy and the broader social and solidarity-based economic models.

Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the similarities and differences in water quality monitoring systems in Brazil and Hungary, analyzing their regulatory frameworks, methodologies used, and parameters assessed. In addition, it seeks to assess the effectiveness of these approaches in the protection and sustainable management of water resources, considering the challenges and advances of each country. Theoretical Framework: This study is based on models and regulations that guide the monitoring of water quality. The Water Framework Directive (WFD), applied in the European Union, establishes the assessment of the ecological status of water bodies based on biological, physical-chemical and hydromorphological indicators. In Brazil, the National Water Resources Policy (Law No. 9.433/1997) and CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 regulate the management and classification of water quality, adopting a decentralized model based on river basins. The research is also based on the theory of environmental indicators, which emphasizes the importance of physical-chemical and biological parameters in assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems. This approach allows for a comparative analysis between Brazil and Hungary, contributing to the improvement of water monitoring and management policies. Method: This comparative study analyzes water quality monitoring systems in Brazil and Europe-Hungary based on a law review and secondary data from official bodies such as the ANA and the WFD. Data collection involved the analysis of physical-chemical, biological and hydromorphological parameters, as well as legislation and institutional reports. The comparison was made considering monitoring frequency, regulatory guidelines and water management challenges, with the aim of identifying good practices and opportunities for improvement. Results and Discussion: The results showed that Hungary adopts an integrated ecological approach according to the WFD, while Brazil uses the IQA, which focuses on physical-chemical parameters. Hungary has a higher frequency of monitoring, allowing for more detailed assessments. The discussion highlights how regulatory differences impact water management, with the European Union ensuring greater standardization. In Brazil, challenges such as decentralization and a lack of up-to-date data limit the effectiveness of monitoring. The study's limitations include its reliance on secondary data. Even so, the findings suggest that Brazil could adopt aspects of the European approach to improve water governance. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this study focus on comparisons of water quality monitoring systems between Europe/Hungary and Brazil. The results can influence water management practices, environmental policies and the implementation of more effective monitoring systems. The implications are relevant to areas such as environmental governance, sustainability, conservation of aquatic ecosystems and the development of regulations and public policies for the protection of water quality. Originality/Value: The present study, add to the literature by a comparison of water quality monitoring systems in Hungarian and Brazilian rivers, providing differences and similarities in the respective legal framework. The importance and contribution of this study is clearly demonstrated in its ability to inform public policy on environmental monitoring practices as well as the insights it provides about potential interventions for the implementation of effective water quality protection systems in Brazil/Hungary.

Climate change presents significant challenges for legal systems, as effective regulation of adaptation measures is necessary. The lack of a unified approach to the legal framework for adaptation mechanisms complicates the implementation of state policy in this area. This study aims to analyze the legal mechanisms for adapting to climate change and their compliance with international standards. The methodology encompasses a systematic analysis of national and international legislation, a comparative examination of the legal approaches employed by different countries, and legal modeling to evaluate the effectiveness of existing mechanisms. Doctrinal analysis and legal hermeneutics methods were employed. The results of the study indicate the fragmentation of normative-legal support for climate change adaptation. It has been established that the implementation of effective adaptation measures requires harmonization of national legislation with international obligations and the expansion of the powers of local authorities. It is recommended to develop a comprehensive law on climate change adaptation that takes into account European approaches and ensures a clear mechanism for the implementation of adaptation measures.

European states currently lack a clear joint strategy on China and a coordinated approach to US–China competition. This article offers a novel perspective on the challenges for European approaches to this issue due to an omnipresent transatlantic component and the risk of an alliance dilemma. Illustratively focusing on France, Germany and the UK, it demonstrates that Europeans are facing a transatlantic alliance dilemma with the risks of abandonment and entrapment. It argues that Europe needs to strike a balance between its dependence on Washington, especially with regard to European security, while fearing entrapment by the US approach towards Beijing as it aims to maintain economic ties with China. The article concludes that the ramifications of this dilemma can be mitigated through a distinctly European approach to China, strengthening European coordination on China and bolstering European strategic autonomy. As a conceptual piece rather than a full empirical analysis, this article therefore unpacks the strategic challenge and lays the groundwork for further empirical works on the topic.

The research explores the priorities of the EU Digital Strategy related to the use of intellectual capital, assessing its value as a key resource for innovation, corporate value crea­tion, sustainable growth, and ensuring competi­tiveness. The hypothesis posits that the introduc­tion of European approaches to the assessment of intellectual capital, aligned with the objectives of the EU Digital Strategy, will en­han­ce the innovation potential, competitiveness, and economic resilience not only of EU member states but also of Ukraine by integrating these practices into digital transformation policies. The research methodology is based on sys­tematic analysis, synthesis, detailing, analo­gy, the hypothetical-deductive method, compa­rison, and observation. The research results demon­strate that intellectual capital is a multifaceted and debated concept, playing a crucial role in shaping enterprise value and serving as an important indicator of its perfor­mance. Howe­ver, its intangible nature, diverse characteristics, and manifestations complicate the processes of evaluation, accounting, repor­ting, analysis, and decision-making. The list of intellectual capital components has been expan­ded to include human, structural, relational, innovative, social, emotional, digital, customer, ecological capital, artificial intelligence capital, digital reputation capital, and intellectual property. The evaluation methodology should be flexible and adaptive, under the recognition characteristics of each component. Thus, key methods, such as market-based, cost-based, and income-based approaches, have been supple­mented with non-financial, integrative, and IT-based methods to ensure the accuracy and transparency of intellectual capital evaluation for more informed decision-making and sustainable growth in the digital economy. The novelty of intellectual capital evaluation in the context of the EU Digital Strategy is based on aspects such as the integration of digital indicators to assess intangible assets, the expansion of accounting for non-financial components (e.g., human and relational capital), and the use of modern technologies such as blockchain and big data for asset identification and validation. Alignment with the goals of the EU Digital Compass 2030 and the integration of intellectual capital eva­lua­tion and disclosure into ESG reporting are the key to adapt Ukraine to European digital transformation standards, thereby accelerating EU integration and enhancing competitiveness

In order to realize green and low-carbon transformation, some ports have explored the path of sustainable equipment upgrading by adjusting the energy structure of yard cranes in recent years. However, there are multiple uncertainties in the investment process of hydrogen-powered yard cranes, and the existing valuation methods fail to effectively deal with these dynamic changes and lack scientifically sound decision support tools. To address this problem, this study constructs a multi-factor real options model that integrates the dynamic uncertainties of hydrogen price, carbon price, and technology maturity. In this study, a geometric Brownian motion is used for hydrogen price simulation, a Markov chain model with jump diffusion term and stochastic volatility is used for carbon price simulation, and a learning curve method is used to quantify the evolution of technology maturity. Aiming at the long investment cycle of ports, a hybrid option strategy of “American and European” is designed, and the timing and scale of investment are dynamically optimized by Monte Carlo simulation and least squares regression. Based on the empirical analysis of Qingdao Port, the results show that the optimal investment plan for hydrogen-powered yard cranes project under the framework of a multi-factor option model is to use an American-type option to maintain moderate flexibility in the early stage, and to use a European-type option to lock in the return in the later stage. The study provides decision support for the green development of ports and enhances economic returns and carbon emission reduction benefits.

Of all the investment approaches taking sustainability-related factors into account, impact investing is considered to be the most advanced one. The approach aims to achieve positive impact on the planet and society, help the transition to a more sustainable economy, alongside generating financial returns. Impact investors see the transition as both a necessity and an opportunity. As the approach gains in popularity among the investors, it attracts increasing attention from the European financial market supervisor ESMA, which addresses impact investing primarily from greenwashing prevention perspective. Impact investing is expected to play a major role in achieving United Nations Paris climate agreement and sustainable development goals. The lead article in our European Law Journal’s March 2025 issue aims to help the reader understand the concept of impact investing and the European approach to regulating it.

In order to mitigate concerns over potential disruptive impacts of the integration of artificial intelligence in the criminal justice system on criminal justice, the article explores the European Union's human-centric approach towards that integration, emphasising the balance to be struck between technological advancement and fundamental values and rights on the basis of legal and ethical principles. While existing literature explores AI's role in the criminal justice systems, devoid of sufficient in-depth analysis on the application of EU’s human-centric strategy in the criminal justice systems, there is a gap in examining how the EU’s human-centric strategy directly shapes legal, ethical and regulatory frameworks. Based on the EU AI strategy with the aim of moderately filling this gap it discusses how the framework addresses ethical concerns in order to keep human’s place centric with safeguarded fundamental rights and values in the application of the AI system within the criminal justice system. To attain that objective the analysis highlights the mitigation of bias and enhancement of fairness, the protection of privacy and data, the significance of human oversight, encouraging multi-stakeholder engagement, the non-substitution of human judges by automated decision-making within the framework of the EU's commitment to developing AI technologies that all serve the public good while respecting fundamental rights and values. The article contributes to the ongoing discourse on responsible AI integration into criminal justice by synthesising insights from legal, ethical and AI governance frameworks.

Structuring climate service user groups for capacity building: A European Delphi-based approach

Основываясь на анализе исторических трудов бенгальского учёного, автор рассматривает достижения Раджендролала Митро в области исследования индийской истории. Первый профессиональный историк, он был носителем особого опыта научного «открытия Индии» и её истории в эпоху Бенгальского Возрождения. Митро преодолел традиционное индийское пренебрежение историей и отсутствие историописания с помощью европейского исторического подхода и методов. Он принимал во внимание все доступные источники по индийской истории – от священных и иных текстов до архитектуры и скульптуры – в своих скрупулёзных попытках реконструировать историю региона (Ориссы) и восстановить общий облик и путь древней истории Индии. Статья проливает свет на общее понимание Митро индийской истории как комплексного взаимодействия рас (ариев и дравидов) и религий, а также на его теоретические установки: следование сравнительно-историческому методу, отвержение мифологизирующего взгляда на собственную историю, внимание к социальной истории повседневности и убеждение в общности человечества. Многосторонние и разнообразные труды Митро можно расценивать как признак эффективного развития исторического сознания интеллектуальных элит эпохи и основание для молодой исторической науки модернизирующейся Индии. Based on the analysis of the historical works of the Bengal scholar, the author examines the achievements of Rajendralal Mitra in the study of Indian history. The first professional historian, he was the bearer of a special experience of scientific “discovery of India” and its history in the Bengal Renaissance. R. Mitra had overcome the traditional Indian neglect of history and lack of historiography with the European historical approach and methods. He has considered all available sources on Indian history – from scriptures and other texts to architecture and sculpture – in his scrupulous attempts to reconstruct the history of the region (Orissa) and to restore the general image and path of India’s ancient history. The article highlights R. Mitra’s general understanding of Indian history as a composite interaction of races (Aryan and Dravidian) and religions, as well as on his theoretical principles: adherence to the comparative-historical method, rejection of a mythologizing view of the country history, attention to the social history of everyday life, and belief in the universality of humanity. Mitra’s multifaceted and varied writings can be seen as a sign of the effective development of historical consciousness among the intellectual elites of the epoch and the foundation for a young historical scholarship in modernizing India.

The issue of illegalized migration is now more pressing than ever, particularly in regions like Europe and North Africa. Against this backdrop, this article aims to probe into the dynamics of the European Union’s policy agenda on migration within Tunisia, a key country of origin and transit for migrants crossing the European borders in an unauthorized way. Using a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis approach, the research investigates a 10,000-word corpus of the European Commission (EC) communications on this topic over the period 2017–23. Specifically, this work combines corpus linguistics methods – concordance, collocation and collocation networks – with the critical discourse analysis (CDA) notions of topoi and topics. The collocation analysis revealed the salience of the topic of legality in the Commission communications, constructing a two-part migration discourse that contrasts the perils of irregularized migration with the merits of legal alternatives. The European Union’s security vs. human rights dilemma was also clearly discernible in the corpus, critically setting securitization policies against humanitarian and democratic values. Equally important, findings uncovered the solution-oriented, pluralistic and comprehensive nature of the European approach to migration within Tunisia and the entire North African region. The study has theoretical and practical implications for the growing body of corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) on migration. Its results can also inform future EU–Tunisia public and policy discourses around the complex phenomenon of unauthorized migration, with a view to better navigating emerging challenges.

The modern globalized economic environment is characterized by increasing risks of corporate fraud, requiring organizations to develop effective counteraction mechanisms, among which corporate hotlines are of particular importance as a tool for early detection and prevention of financial violations. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of international experience in the creation and operation of corporate fraud reporting systems, including a study of the regulatory framework of leading jurisdictions, methodological approaches to organizing internal corporate communication channels and technological solutions to ensure the effectiveness of offense detection. The study covers the analysis of the evolution of conceptual approaches from classic internal control models to modern integrated risk management systems that take into account the specifics of digital transformation and changed regulatory requirements. Particular attention is paid to a comparative analysis of the American model based on the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the European approach regulated by the EU Whistleblower Protection Directive, and emerging practices in the jurisdictions of the Asia-Pacific region. The conducted analysis of statistical data from the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners for 2024 shows that reports through internal channels remain the most effective way to detect corporate fraud, accounting for 43 % of all detection cases, with median losses for organizations of USD 1,662 million per case. The results of the study indicate the need to move from traditional telephone hotlines to multi-channel digital platforms integrating web forms, mobile applications and artificial intelligence tools to analyze incoming reports. The developed conceptual model of organizational and methodological foundations includes six key components: regulatory framework, organizational structure, technological infrastructure, message processing procedures, whistleblower protection system and performance monitoring mechanisms.

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of external control on increasing the efficiency of management of the quality control system of audit services in Ukraine. The main aspects of the regulatory and legal support of audit activities are considered and the levels of quality control of audit services in Ukraine are shown. The positive changes that introduced the compliance of the regulation of Ukrainian audit activities with European approaches are noted. The levels of quality control of audit services in Ukraine are determined with their grouping into external and internal control. The distribution of significant shortcomings by individual components of the quality management system and the frequency of identification in the SAD, revealed by the results of external control, are shown. The effectiveness of monitoring the internal quality control system of audit services SAD for the presence of those shortcomings that were typical during the implementation of the external audit is noted.

The article is intended to study the issues of corporate culture as a tool for the transformation of agricultural enterprises in the context of European integration. The purpose of the study is to consider corporate culture as a tool for the transformation of agricultural business, analyze key European approaches and propose a strategy for their implementation in Ukrainian agricultural enterprises. The research methods are theoretical analysis and generalization: analysis of concepts of corporate culture and its impact on the efficiency of enterprise management; comparative analysis: identification of key features of corporate culture transformation in the context of European integration; SWOT analysis: identification of strengths and weaknesses of corporate culture of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises. The main approaches that determine the role of corporate culture in the development of agricultural enterprises: traditional, innovative and adaptive models. Corporate culture is not only an internal regulator of employee behavior, but also a strategic tool for managing the development of agricultural enterprises. Comparative analysis shows that the corporate culture of European agribusinesses is more adaptive, socially responsible and focused on long-term development. It is based on flexible management models, staff involvement, technological innovation and environmental responsibility. SWOT-analysis demonstrates that the development of corporate culture is a strategic task that requires a comprehensive approach and integration of modern management practices. Ukrainian agricultural enterprises that can effectively adapt corporate culture to European standards will gain significant competitive advantages, which will contribute to their sustainable development. Recommendations have been developed for Ukrainian agribusinesses that seek to effectively adapt corporate culture to European standards: implementation of democratic and adaptive management models, creation of a system of personnel engagement and motivation, integration of European ESG standards into corporate culture, strengthening the digitalization of personnel management and business processes, expansion of international partnerships and certification according to European standards. The implementation of these recommendations will contribute to the prospect of further scientific developments in this direction.

The subject of the following article will be a cross-sectional analysis of the complexity of regulations relating to artificial intelligence and thus an attempt to answer the question whether artificial intelligence can become a social being just like humans. I will narrow the topic to the area of liability for damage and the risks posed by the development of AI. The complexity of the subject and the simultaneous lack of detailed literature in this area raises numerous questions, which to some extent will be presented below. The ancient definition of man as a social being is attributed to Aristotle. According to him, „a man living outside society is either an animal or a god”. This means that man as an individual must coexist with other people. This coexistence is shaped from the first days of birth, when the parent, taking care of the newborn child, begins the process of adaptation to society. Further stages of a person’s life always take place in a group. Our development never happens alone. Starting from childhood, through adolescence, adulthood, until death. This means that development is not only the sum of our actions, it is a consequence of the environment in which we develop. Likewise with our consciousness. It draws on the experiences we create within a group of people. This is how we create communities, society. How to define the creation of artificial intelligence (AI) in a developing society? Can she be considered a social being? When examining this problem, let’s look at the definition of artificial intelligence. According to available sources, it can be assumed that this is intelligence demonstrated by artificial devices (as opposed to natural intelligence). John McCarthy is credited with coining the term. However, this definition was created in 1956. Since then, the scope and application of artificial intelligence have changed enormously. There are considerations examining artificial intelligence at the human level. The truth of such a statement would mean that artificial intelligence has consciousness just like a human and therefore has the same rights as a human. The AI development mechanism is also worth attention. A person develops through contact with other people and learns from experience. Science is similar on the AI side. I will try to develop the above statement based on legal sciences, analyzing a section of regulations regarding artificial intelligence. incl. within the European Commission regulations and the “Ethics by design” concept in the European approach to constructing regulations regarding AI. One can ask whether European Union law or international law can address the issue of the development of artificial intelligence and, further, build a catalog of ethical norms that will correspond to ethical norms specific to humans.

The article under scrutiny herein examines the marketing principles of regional development in the European Union, focusing on their effectiveness and possibilities of adaptation for Ukraine, taking into account current socio-economic and security challenges. The imperatives for implementing European approaches to the use of marketing tools in strategic planning of regional development, attracting investment and improving the economic dynamics of Ukrainian regions are determined. The present study analyses the European practices of regional marketing. Recommendations for adapting the European experience of using marketing tools to the practice of regional development in Ukraine are formulated, including: development of comprehensive regional strategies based on marketing research; creation of unique brands of regions to increase their competitiveness; development of investment platforms to attract investment; activation of public participation through participatory mechanisms; use of digital tools to promote territories. Evidence has been provided to demonstrate that the integration of European practices is an important factor in regional development, especially in the context of Ukraine's post-war recovery, as it will contribute to economic stability, social cohesion and sustainable development of the territories.

Objective: to study the historical development of the European Union legislation on behavioral biometrics; to identify the features of the European approach to the regulation of behavioral biometrics, to assess its advantages and disadvantages.Methods: general scientific methods of analysis and comparison, with an emphasis on the study of legal texts such as directives, regulations and conventions. To ensure a comprehensive understanding of the issue, the authors also consider the technical aspects of behavioral biometrics, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of both legal norms and the technological processes underlying them.Results: the research demonstrates that the European Union regulatory legal framework on biometrics does not clearly distinguish between behavioral and physical biometrics technologies. This leads to ambiguity in understanding the risks and opportunities associated with the use of behavioral biometrics. The authors emphasize that the insufficiently specific legislation creates significant difficulties for regulators, technology developers, and end users.Scientific novelty: the article is the first comprehensive study of the historical development of European Union legislation on behavioral biometrics. The work reveals the key characteristics of the European approach, its strengths and weaknesses, and compares it with the United States’ regulatory practice. The study reveals the key aspects that require further regulation: from a clear definition of behavioral biometrics to the development of comprehensive mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability in the use of these technologies. Given that behavioral biometrics is a relatively new and rapidly developing technology, the research is important for understanding current challenges and prospects for its regulation.Practical significance: the research is multifaceted and relevant for experts in digital technologies: legal scholars, law enforcement officers, legislators, and developers of artificial intelligence and biometrics technologies.

The article examines the features of the formation of the academic culture of a researcher in the field of natural science education through the prism of European approaches and Ukrainian realities. The current trends in the development of academic culture in the European space of higher education and the specifics of their implementation in the Ukrainian context are analyzed. The components of academic culture, its role in the formation of the professional identity of a researcher and the impact on the quality of scientific research are considered. The main challenges and prospects for the development of academic culture in natural science education in Ukraine in the context of European integration are identified. Recommendations are proposed for improving the process of forming the academic culture of a researcher, taking into account European experience and national characteristics.

The article outlines the peculiarities of developing the educational components of the educational and professional program Physical Culture and Sports, taking into account the uniqueness of the program and the possibilities of international grant programs. It is emphasized that the training of master's students in higher education institutions, in addition to meeting the requirements of state standards of higher education, regulatory documents approved by the higher education institution within the limits of autonomy, taking into account the requests of stakeholders and customers of educational services, involves a correlation with the possibility of implementing international educational, educational and professional, educational and scientific and grant programs. It is emphasized that at this stage of the state's development there are some problems related to the ability of children and youth of territorial communities (urban and rural) to have full access to a variety of conditions in which they can increase their physical activity, taking into account their interests and desires. It is the training of highly qualified specialists and their involvement in work in territorial communities, based on the experience of European values and approaches, that will help improve physical education and health and sports activities on the ground, which will have a positive impact on increasing the physical activity of children and youth in rural areas. The authors outlines the goals, steps, stages of implementation of the relevant training as components of the Roadmap developed by the working group, which includes the author of this article; the content of a specific training program that allows to realize the uniqueness of the program and reflects the requirements of the Jean Monnet direction in the context of the implementation of European values in the educational and professional process of training highly qualified specialists in the specialty of Physical Culture and Sports. This allows us to conclude that the integrated approach to the creation of educational components is relevant and timely.