Eurasian Economic Space Research Articles

The Role and Place of Prosecutorial Supervision over the Activities of the Eurasian Economic Commission in the field of Antimonopoly Regulation within the Framework of the Functioning of the Eurasian Economic Space

Currently, taking into account the new circumstances in which the economy operates, greater importance is attached to such an economic association as the Eurasian Economic Union. The article analyzes one of the areas of authority vested in the Commission — the sphere of competition policy, since the Commission considers applications, conducts investigations, considers cases of violation of competition rules, sends appropriate requests for information to consider cases of violation of competition rules, if a violation or signs of a violation have been committed on the cross-border market of the Union. But who exercises control and supervisory functions over the activities of this body and should there be such control and supervision? This article will be devoted to these issues, which require analysis taking into account the scientific approach and law enforcement. The author analyzes the powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission in the field of competition policy. Reveals such gaps in Union law as the lack of a mechanism for challenging determinations of refusal to initiate proceedings on violation of competition rules and other powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission.

Assessment of the differentiation of the economic space of the border regions of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan in the context of Eurasian integration

Subject. This article discusses the prospects for the economic and political union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Objectives. The article aims to determine the integration potential of the border regions of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of mathematical analysis. Results. The article finds that international trade has an impact on the possibility of forming a single Eurasian economic space. The pace of rapprochement between the border regions of Russia and Belarus, as well as Russia and Kazakhstan, can be described as slow. Conclusions. The economic potential of the border regions is not used, which does not meet the national interests of Russia.

Regulation of the Launch of Orphan Drugs on the Market of the Eurasian Economic Union as a Mechanism to Increase the Availability of Treatment for Rare Diseases (Review)

Introduction. Providing high-quality, effective and safe drugs intended for the treatment of rare (orphan) diseases among the population of the Member States of the Union is one of the most significant and promising development vectors for manufacturers-developers. Ensuring the availability of medicines (MP) for patients suffering from rare diseases should be regulated by state incentives for the development and launch of orphan drugs on the market by domestic manufacturers through updating and timely updating of regulatory legal acts in the field of drug registration, as well as providing benefits when initiating the registration process.Text. The article assessed the possibilities and prospects for the introduction of orphan drugs into circulation within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union for domestic manufacturers.Conclusion. A review of the possibilities and prospects for launching orphan drugs for domestic manufacturers indicates the need to develop regulatory and legal regulation of aspects of pharmaceutical development in order to increase the availability of treatment for patients with rare diseases, both at the level of the Russian Federation and within the legal framework of the Eurasian Economic Space.

Transformation of economic theory and economic activities in conditions of modern trends of civilization development

The article examines the role and place of socio-cultural factors in the development of national economies. A comparative analysis of the major features of "Western" and "non-Western" economies from the standpoint of the civilizational approach has been conducted by the authors. According to its results, the authors come to the conclusion that it is necessary to take into account the civilizational aspect in the economic arrangement of society. Moreover, the authors substantiate that it is essential to establish and develop the Eurasian political economy throughout the Eurasian economic space, providing its theoretical and methodological foundation. The article emphasizes the special importance of taking into account the unity of the "coenotic" action of the laws of information and nature in their interdependence and the laws of the development of society. From the practical point of view and taking into account new geopolitical realities, the article focuses on the development of the Eurasian economic integration and its significance for the national economies of the Eurasian countries from the standpoint of their national interests, their sustainable development, and the growth of the level and quality of life of their population.

Необходимость и направления трансформации экономической теории в современных условиях цивилизационного развития

The article substantiates the position that, in accordance with the civilizational approach, modern economic theory needs a deep transformation in accordance with the realities of the existing economic reality of the Eurasian countries. Special emphasis is placed on the need to take into account the distinctive features of the «Western» and «non-Western» economy, which are the basis for the formation and development of the Eurasian political economy. The «non-Western» economy largely corresponds to the civilizational code that takes place in the Eurasian economic space, therefore it should be considered not only as a territorial concept, but also as a cultural and historical type of economy. The importance of prioritizing production processes over consumption processes in the system of social reproduction and taking this position into account in modern economic theory is shown.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF APPLICATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMIC CONCEPT IN MODERN CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN ECONOMY

In the current conditions of the functioning of the world community, the aggravation of political confrontation, the ongoing sanctions pressure and the increase in military threats, it becomes necessary to find new vectors for the development of the Russian economy, based not only on import substitution and their own developments, as well as the positive experience of states that have been subjected to economic isolation from European states and the United States of America. In times of crisis, thanks to the human potential of Russia, innovative and breakthrough prospects were formed. The article is devoted to the theoretical aspects of the application of the Islamic economic concept, which is due to the widespread spread of Islam in Russia, the development of Hahal initiatives and Halal enterprises. The author studied the main aspects of Islamic economic theory, the range and prospects for its distribution in the Eurasian economic space, which served as the basis for the formation of promising trends and problematic issues of the application of Islamic economic theory at the current stage of Russia's development.

TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION OF KAZAKHSTAN AND RUSSIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The article examines interstate cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia on transboundary environmental issues. An analysis of the environmental policy of Kazakhstan and Russia is carried out, and the key norms of the two countries’ environmental legislation are examined to determine the foundations and mechanisms for solving shared environmental problems. The role and ongoing policy of Kazakhstan’s central state body in the environmental protection sphere as a tool for solving environmental problems is determined. The main reasons for the environmental problems of the Ural and Ishim river basins and the biological diversity of the border areas of Russia and Kazakhstan are discussed. Priority prospects for environmental cooperation are highlighted in relation to the countries’ common transboundary environmental problems, including cooperation potential within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Space.

Эволюция технологий таможенной логистики на евразийском экономическом пространстве

A retrospective study of the evolution of customs logistics technologies in the Eurasian economic space is carried out, taking into account the stages of development of integration processes. The specific composition and features of the application of special simplifications and logistics technologies for customs declaration of goods in the single customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union are determined. The innovations of the institute of authorized economic operators in the Eurasian Economic Union are studied, their subject composition is characterized and the peculiarities of performing logistics operations in international supply chains are considered. Promising directions for the development of customs logistics technologies are being established, taking into account the digitalization of customs operations, the organization of customs control, and the transformation of the institute of authorized economic operators. The logistics technologies of customs declaration are identified (preliminary informing, preliminary customs declaration of goods, submission of an incomplete customs declaration, periodic customs declaration, release of goods before filing a customs declaration, temporary periodic customs declaration of goods, declaration of goods in unassembled or disassembled form, “remote release”, “dry port”, “remote payment of customs payments”). The technologies of customs logistics are highlighted, which can be used only by authorized economic operators-participants in foreign economic activity and / or logistics operators that meet the requirements for inclusion in the Register of Authorized Economic Operators. It is concluded that in the process of the evolutionary development of customs logistics in the Eurasian economic space, a new institute of logistics intermediaries is being formed.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННОЙ СФЕРЕ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН

The purpose of the article is to analyze the application of mechanisms for the development of entrepreneurship in the production sector of the regions of Kazakhstan and develop proposals for its improvement. The research uses General scientific research methods such as observation, description, analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative, formal-logical and other methods of cognition. Statistical data and data on projects of Damu entrepreneurship Development Fund JSC, which provides assistance in the creation and development of small and medium-sized business projects in Kazakhstan, were used as a research information base. This article demonstrates and analyzes current quantitative information on the number of enterprises in the field of small and medium-sized businesses in the regional and industry context. In order to lay the foundations for more inclusive, rational and sustainable growth, Kazakhstan needs to diversify its production and export structure, as well as reduce its dependence on extractive industries by switching to new high-productivity industries. In particular, Kazakhstan should continue reforms aimed at improving the business climate and laying the foundations for the development of entrepreneurship in the production sector, which is connected not so much with natural resources as with innovation and human capital. Every year in the country there is a positive dynamic of growth in the number of enterprises in the field of small and medium-sized businesses. The study also reviewed reviews of the international company OECD (Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD). OECD, eng. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) – international economic organization of developed countries that recognize the principles of representative democracy and free market economy.) for 2016-2019. The forms and sources of financing are investigated, and the features of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the production sector aimed at stimulating and supporting entrepreneurship and SME activities, including related areas of research and innovation are determined. Measures are proposed to minimize regulatory requirements and improve mechanisms for supporting and protecting domestic producers working in the conditions of Kazakhstan's entry into the Eurasian economic space.

Расчеты в национальных валютах между Китаем и Россией в постпандемийную эпоху: современное состояние, вызовы и перспективы Часть II

The paper continues the publication with the same title and is devoted to the development of currency and financial cooperation between Russia and China. This part of the study contains the main proposals for stimulating of local currency settlements for the analyzed countries and “recipes” for creating new world economic order. In the first part of the work the special attention is paid to the processes of payment systems’ conjugation, development of digital currencies and the idea of creating a collective currency in the Eurasian economic space. The second part is devoted to systemic reforms of the global financial and economic system.

Legal Monitoring in the Eurasian Economic Space

Currently, legislation is rapidly developing in many countries of the world. The governing bodies of interstate integration associations, such as the EU or the Eurasian Economic Union, are no less intensive in their normative activities. The high intensity of these processes is due to the scale of the challenges and threats faced by states and interstate integration associations. Unfortunately, poor implementation of laws remains a weak point. To assess the effectiveness of laws, states and interstate integration associations are developing new legal techniques. Legal monitoring is a cutting-edge legal technique that allows assessment of regulatory effectiveness. It is an integrated structural and analytical mechanism for analyzing and assessing a regulatory act across all stages of development and adoption. The paper discusses the problems related to implementing legal monitoring in the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), a body that encompasses Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia. The purposes of this paper are: (1) to study the theoretical, legal and organizational backgrounds of legal monitoring as a tool for improving legal effectiveness in the EEU and its member states at the supranational and national levels; and (2) the development of proposals for upgrading regulation of public relations emerging as a result of legal monitoring procedures carried out in the EEU. To fulfil these purposes, theoretical, methodological and legal frameworks of legal monitoring by governmental authorities in the EEU member states and by the Eurasian Economic Commission, the EEU’s permanent executive body, were studied. Special priority was accorded to the monitoring activities that the Commission carried out to identify the measures the EEU member states took to mitigate the effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Another significant line of research was identifying and studying organizational models that frame the monitoring of law-making in the EEU. The analysis allowed the author to prepare proposals to improve the legal framework of legal monitoring by the EEU’s permanent executive bodies and the integrated legal monitoring system in the Eurasian economic space.

Features and Prospects of Building a Two-Contour Monetary and Financial System at the National and Regional Level

Topic. The aggravation of geopolitical, environmental and social risks creates new uncertainty in international economic relations. The challenges of the fourth industrial revolution reinforced the monetary, financial and commercial-industrial confrontation between the old and new leaders of the global economy in an effort to maximize individual access to global financial, informational, natural, intellectual and technological resources. In the course of toughening global competition, the USA, as the issuer of the key reserve currency, continues to use the “exorbitant privilege” — extracting investment and financial rent from the global turnover of goods and services. The need to ensure economic security and maintain financial sovereignty in the context of ongoing economic sanctions encourages Russia to actively participate in the creation of a payment and settlement infrastructure independent of the US dollar.Purpose. The article aims to summarise the experience of managing the economy based on the two-contour monetary system; secondly, to justify its use in creating an independent system of mutual settlements in the EAEU countries in the context of de-globalization and sanctions.Methodology. In the study, we applied a dialectical approach. In conducting the study, we used general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as methods of systemic, historical-logical and comparative analysis. Results. The functioning of a two-contour monetary system as a whole yielded positive and in some cases outstanding results of socio-economic construction and the creation of a new type of economy, such as, for example, the European model of the social market economy, the CMEA industrialization model, the Soviet economic model. A non-standard approach to the organization of financing of new industrialization in the Eurasian economic space was proposed based on the use of a two-contour monetary system. Conclusions. The implementation of the project of cross-border settlements between the EAEU countries using the experience of a two-contour monetary system is a promising direction for the development of cooperation between Eurasian countries on a new economic basis.

NEW ARMENIA'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENTOF INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXTOF GROWING GEOPOLITICAL TENSIONS

The purpose of the article is to analyze the foreign policy of the Republic of Armenia after the change of the countrys political leadership as a result of the velvet revolution. With regard to the development of integration processes in the Eurasian Economic Union, it is considered as one of the most important vectors of the New Armenias foreign policy in economic cooperation with the EAEU countries in the context of increasing geopolitical tensions. The article shows changes in the foreign policy of the New Armenia, as well as the features of their manifestation in a sovereign state within the EEU. They are characterized by practical realism and a pragmatic approach to the development of integration processes in the Eurasian economic space, aimed at protecting the national interests of the country and the national dignity of citizens. Proposals and recommendations for further development of integration processes in the EEU are formulated, taking into account the specifics of member states with minor economies.

Effectiveness of the EBRD Strategies in the Eurasian Economic Union Countries

The given research is devoted to studying the experience of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the EBRD) in term of developing a roadmap of its strategic plan in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Space. The aim of the article is to consider the results the EBRD investment activity in the Republics of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and in the Russian Federation, to indentify the specific nature of the bank financing strategies of projects in each particular country. The objectives of the article are to consider the investment projects in the EAEU countries from the content point of view, to compare them in terms of implementation conditions, duration, capital investment and volumes of financing, to analyze the effectiveness of ongoing projects, to identify ineffective activities in order to adjust the EBRD strategic plans. Methodology. The research is carried out within the institutional approach, the theory of collective action and the concept of political opportunities. Results. The EBRD projects are categorized in terms of bank activities, a comparative analysis of projects of the same type in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Space was conducted. Conclusion. Studying the experience of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in the field of investment projects that implement the Bank’s strategies for the development of "green economy", energy conservation, quality of corporate governance and road infrastructure shows that the scope of activity of traditional banking institutions and their interests are expanding to global institutional projects taking into account the objective circumstances of the modern stage of development of the countries of operations.

Картографические труды русских ученых как источник топонимики Казахстана (XVIII-XIX вв.)

Scientists of the Russian Empire have made a lot of effort in the study of toponomic data of the territory of the attached lands. One of them is modern Kazakhstan. The cartographic works made by scientists of the Russian Empire had information value in development of the huge territory of the Empire. Guided by the principles of research, the authors concluded that the toponymy of Kazakhstan is one of the Sciences that requires research in this area. The use of cartographic materials gave the possibility to study the place names of provinces that existed about the territory of modern Kazakhstan in the XVIIIXIX centuries. Toponymic data can be used to determine the site of the former settlement of people, depending on the available information about the people and their language. In areas of mixed population, according to place names, the area is outlined insufficiently accurately. The possibilities of using place names increase when the language of the ethnos is known, the area of which is reconstructed. The study of toponymic works of Russian scientists on the territory of modern Kazakhstan makes it possible to establish the ethnicity of lands, borders and all this taken together, will contribute to the establishment of mutually beneficial economic and cultural cooperation in the Eurasian economic space. Thanks to cartographic researches of scientists of that time the territory of modern Kazakhstan has kept the historical integrity. 

The “Silk Road of China” and economic priorities of the Pacific Russia

The article discusses the strategic initiative of China, “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR), aimed at creating a new model of international economic cooperation. This megaproject, except establishment of new and modernization of centuries-old trade routes for the direct supply of goods from China through Eurasia to Europe and Africa, is aimed at the cardinal improvement of transport, logistics, energy and telecommunications infrastructure, which requires a fundamentally different level of coordination in the field of macroeconomic policies of states, readiness to reduce trade barriers and build more open contacts between people. “The new Silk Road of China” provides a new vector to a single Eurasian economic space, in which China expects to receive a system-forming role. In essence, this multi-purpose project leads to the practical testing of a new model of globalization, and at the same time inevitably generates a completely different context of anthropogenic impact on the environment, including environmental impact, and providing huge social, cultural, economic, institutional multi-level impacts. An example of this is the situation in the transboundary basin of the Amur River. The conservation value of the Amur ecoregion is selectively represented here; the differences in the transport accessibility of the border administrative facilities of the three countries are shown in comparative terms, the most likely options for the formation and development of infrastructure projects are discussed, the necessary restrictions as the conditions for ensuring the nature conservation values of the territory are discussed.

The Precariousness Employment in the Eurasian Economic Space: Measurement Problems, Factors and Main Forms of Development

This research aims to generalize the conceptual basis of precariousness of employment, study the factors and scale of unsustainable of employment in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The concept of precariousness of employment is formed in social and economic studies about 40 years ago, but objective and subjective conditions and forms of unsustainable employment existed before. This study proposes a classification of forms of precariousness of employment on 16 criteria: the duration and timing of agreements, contract terms, the nature of income; the degree of labor autonomy; the level of formality; the level of openness; the level of vulnerability; the conditions of growth of qualification; the level of flexibility; the level of stability; regularity; the severity of the danger of work; in relation to the workplace; the quality of employment, the level of social security. In this research highlighted factors (globalization, demography, migration, structure factors, shadow and informal economy, social development and living standards, unemployment), and systematized certain trends of precariousness of employment, channels and means, forms of manifestation. The empirical analysis identified of the labor potential of the Eurasian countries and new quantitative estimates of the levels of unsustainable employment in the Eurasian Economic Space.

ТОРГОВЛЯ И МИР: ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ РАССТАНОВКА СИЛ ОБУСЛОВЛЕНА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬЮ

In this article has revealed, that the strengthening of economic interdependence between trading partners promotes to decreasing in tension between neighbouring states, and development of freedom of movement of goods, services, people and the capitals can facilitate permission of political and territorial disputes. Particularly, continuation of partner states complex and system working on practical cooperation in spheres of economy, will undoubtedly render additional political effect on member states of the Eurasian economic union for the account of development of mutual trade. It has noted, that today both the states, and enterprise community come to awareness of need an integration transformations of the Eurasian economic space.

ПРОЕКТ «ВЕЛИКА ЄВРАЗІЯ» В ГЕОСТРАТЕГІЇ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ФЕДЕРАЦІЇ

Geostrategy of state involves in particular the projects of its activities concerning certain regions of the world, countries and territories. Contemporary geostrategy of Russia in the world is based on the conceptual basis of the formation of a multipolar order. In 2016, Russia initiated the creation of the “great Eurasian economic space”. The implementation of geoeconomic (and at the same time geopolitical) project of the “Greater Eurasia” is to ensure the interests of Russia and increase its positions in the continent. The project “Greater Eurasia” makes provisions for economic association of leading Asian countries like Russia, China, India, Pakistan, Iran, and many others. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) may become the main basis for the “Greater Eurasia”. China as a main powerful economic actor in the Eurasia implements the transregional project “One Belt, One Road” that will lead to a significant strengthening of its geopolitical influence in the continent. Russia has risk to become a dependent partner of China. It is assumed that geostrategy of Russia towards China provides geopolitical “balancing” of the latter by involving to the interaction of India, Iran and other countries. In geostrategy of Russia the project “Greater Eurasia” is associated with the further development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the post-Soviet space. Quite significant contradictions among the leading actors may prevent the realization of the project “Greater Eurasia”. Contemporary Russia has insufficient economic potential for implementation of its geostrategy in Eurasia.

The Influence of Financial and Industrial Policy on Harmonization of European and Asian Integration Processes

JEL Classification Codes: E42, E52, F00, G38. 1. Introduction The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of financial and industrial policies implemented in context of Western sanctions, as well as existing demographic, infrastructural, and institutional limitations, on the development of Russian economy. Continued dependence on global oil and gas prices, low diversification of Russian economy, and other factors limit its potential growth. Historical experience of Russia and other countries of the Eurasian Economic Union suggest that overcoming these constraints requires significant time and effort. Therefore it is necessary to develop effective anti-crisis financial and industrial policies that would stimulate growth of Russian economy, which is the principal driving force behind the formation and integration of the Eurasian Economic Space. Economic sanctions imposed by the European Union and the USA have limited the access of Russian companies and commercial banks to capital and technologies required to implement their investment projects, and thus have creating obstacles to the sustained growth of Russian economy. The uncertainty of prospects for Russia's economic growth and the harmful effects of prolonged recession require the identification of specific factors limiting the development of integration processes in the globalizing economy. In order to improve Russia's economic situation, the investment scenario of economic development must be implemented, wherein price increases for certain products might lead to a relative reduction in prices in the economy as a whole. 2. Theoretical, Informational, Empirical, and Methodological Grounds of the Research This study rests on the theoretical framework formed by conceptual approaches to the market economy theory, institutional design, financial economics, modern concepts of the economic growth theory and the new industrialization, and other factors that determine the direction of contemporary industrial policy, which forms in the context of economic sanctions based on an integrated system of risk management and import substitution programs (Arslan-Ayaydin et al., 2014; Averina et al., 2016; Boldeanu and Tache, 2016; Carstina et al., 2015; Tcvetkov et al., 2015; Theriou, 2015; Budik and Schlossberger, 2015; Thalassinos et al., 2015). In order for Russian economy to grow, it needs hard currency and technological resources required for the development and implementation of investment projects. Sanctions imposed on Russia restrict its ability to raise funds in global financial markets in order to implement its energy projects, and thus they increase the risk of prolonged economic recession. Economic and technological sanctions imposed on Russia by the Western countries have limited the access of Russian companies and commercial banks to the global capital market, and thus their ability to borrow funds and attract investments. Prolongation and extension of these sanctions by the European Union and the USA would certainly limit Russia's economic growth and decreases its financial stability. Despite certain volatility in the global financial market caused by the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) following the referendum held on June 23, 2016, the current state of the world economy has not deteriorated. The pace of economic growth in major developed economies has remained stable, and in developing countries, including the Eurasian Economic Union, it has not decreased significantly (Rupeika-Apoga and Nedovis, 2015; Liapis and Thalassinos, 2013; Medvedeva et cd., 2015; Allegret et cd., 2016; Sharma, 2014; Salimova and Makolov, 2016; Sibirskayaeta]., 2016). Authors of this study evaluate and verify the factors affecting Russia's economic growth, which in 2016 demonstrated better dynamics than in 2014. Naturally, the prospects for economic growth could be positively influenced by increasing oil prices; however the forecasts suggest $50 per barrel at best. …