This essay takes stock of the literature on how European Union policies are being put into practice by the member states. It rst provides an overview of the historical evolution of the eld. After a relatively late start in the mid 1980s, the eld has meanwhile developed into one of the growth industries within EU research. The paper identies three dierent waves of EU implementation scholarship. The rst wave considered implementation primarily a problem of institutional eciency. In the second wave, the degree of compatibility between European demands and domestic policy legacies took centre stage. However, many second-wave scholars complemented the basic \mist argument with a set of additional explanatory factors to account for deviant cases. In the third wave, some researchers began to stress the role of domestic politics, while others re-discovered the importance of administrative capabilities. As an attempt to synthesise some of the partial explanations presented by earlier research, one group of scholars pointed to the existence of culturally-shaped country clusters, each with its own typical style of complying with EU legislation. After this historical overview, the paper summarises the most important theoretical, empirical and methodological lessons to be drawn from existing studies, and it discusses promising avenues for future research. First, most scholars seem to agree on the basic set of factors that may have an impact on transposition processes. The main task to be accomplished by future research is to establish under which conditions which congurations of factors prevail. While we already know that there are country-specic patterns, the importance of sector-specic patterns will need to be explored further. Second, greater research eorts will have to be devoted to the neglected area of enforcement and application. In theoretical terms, going back to the insights of traditional domestic implementation research seems to be most promising for this type of studies. Third, the paper cautions against the poor quality of the data employed by the growing number of quantitative compliance studies. Unless the problems with the data can be solved, scholars are well advised to rely on comparative case studies, at least in addition to statistical analyses. To increase the number of cases to be covered by qualitative research, the paper makes the case for crafting collaborative qualitative research projects as a viable alternative to quantitative research.
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Sep 10, 2014
Jean-François Dechamp 
Open Access
