Etymological Origins Research Articles

Enhancing Cultural Awareness through Project-Based Learning: A Study on Historical Preservation in Kazakhstan

The Mangistau region of Kazakhstan is rich in cultural heritage and is characterized by various toponyms reflecting its multifaceted history. In the context of the Mangistau region, incorporating the cultural and historical context into the program helps students form a deeper connection with the region and its tangible and intangible heritage. By learning historical place names and their etymological origins, students gain insights into the history and cultural development of the region. This study investigates the teaching of etymological analysis of historical toponyms of the Mangistau region through project-based teaching and its impact on student’s attitudes toward history and interest in historical and cultural values. The study employed a quasi-experimental design based on quantitative research methods. According to this design, pre-test results were used to divide the groups into experimental and control groups. The participants comprised 61 students (Experimental group n=31; Control group n=30) studying in the 2nd grade of a high school in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in the 2023-2024 academic year. The experimental group was taught project-based learning activities for six weeks, while the control group was taught historical toponyms and etymological analysis of the Mangistau Region using traditional teaching methods and techniques. The Attitudes Toward Historical and Toponymy Subjects Scale and the Interest in Historical and Cultural Values Scale were used as data collection instruments. The pre-test and post-test results of the experimental and control groups were analyzed using the Independent Samples t-test technique. The analysis revealed that the students in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher mean scores in the post-test compared to the control group. The findings indicated that teaching with a project-based learning approach on historical toponyms and etymological analysis of the Mangistau region increased students’ interest in and attitudes toward historical and cultural values.

Enhancing Lexical Acquisition and Linguistic Proficiency via Technological Means

The utilization of technological apparatuses affords a veritable wealth of authentic contextual opportunities for both the deliberate and serendipitous acquisition of lexicon. Notably, Online Mobile Dictionaries (OMDs) serve as instrumental tools, adept at fostering a profound comprehension and proficient utilization of vocabulary, all while imparting profound insights into its etymological origins and nuanced contextual applications. The principal objective of this scholarly inquiry is to discern the discernible impact wrought by OMDs in the realm of bolstering vocabulary acquisition. In pursuit of this overarching aim, meticulously structured experimental and control cohorts were assembled and subjected to rigorous pre- and post-assessment examinations. Additionally, a questionnaire was methodically disseminated to collect quantitative data, thereby affording the opportunity to delve into the students' nuanced perspectives on the integration of OMDs within the pedagogical milieu of language courses. The findings arising from this rigorous investigation resolutely buttress the proposition that the incorporation of OMDs within the context of language instruction engenders salutary outcomes. These outcomes are characterized by a heightened proficiency in discerning the derivational and inflectional facets of lexical entries, and a consequential amelioration in phonetic acuity. Furthermore, it is posited that the concomitant utilization of semantic mapping, in tandem with OMDs, represents a pedagogically astute strategy for the consolidation of learning. This synergistic approach is most efficaciously disseminated through the auspices of "Blended-Learning" platforms, thereby promoting learners' autonomy and facilitating a more nuanced comprehension of the linguistic terrain.

Understanding through the Numbers: Number Systems, Their Evolution, and Their Perception among Kula People from Alor Island, Southeastern Indonesia

This paper aims at documenting and reconstructing the linguistic processes generating and substantiating the use of number systems, numbers in general, elementary arithmetic, and the related concepts and notions among the Kula people from Alor Island, Southeastern Indonesia. The Kula is a Papuan population from the Alor–Pantar Archipelago (Timor area). The name of their language, Kula (or Kola), corresponds to the ethnonym. The language is, currently, endangered and not completely documented. At the level of linguistic features, numeral systems and the terms for numerals from Eastern Alor exhibit, to some extent, unique characteristics, if compared to other languages spoken in other sectors of the island. Therefore, the Kula numbering system is not only significant at the lexicological and lexicographic level, but also represents the essential role of cognitive strategies (e.g., the choice of the base for the numbering systems and the visual representation of counting with the aid of actual ‘objects’, like hands and fingers) in the coinage of numerical terms among the local speakers. Indeed, the development of numeral systems reflects the evolution of human language and the ability of humans to construct abstract numerical concepts. The way numerals are encoded and expressed in a language can impact the patterns according to which numerical notions are conceptualized and understood. Different numeral systems can indicate variations in cognitive processes involving notions of quantities and measurements. Therefore, the structure and characteristics of a numeral system may affect how numeral concepts are mentally represented and developed. This paper focuses on the number system of the Kula people and the lexical units used by the local speakers to indicate (and to explain) the numbers, with the related concepts, notions, and symbolism. The investigation delves into the degrees of abstraction of the Kula numeral system and tries to ascertain its origins and reconstruct it. Moreover, the article applies to the analysis a comparative approach, which takes into account several Papuan and Austronesian languages from Alor Island and Eastern Timor, with the dual aim of investigating, at a preliminary level, a possible common evolution and/or divergent naming processes in local numbering systems and their historical–linguistic and etymological origins.

국어의 차용어에 대한 인지언어학적 해석

The purpose of this paper is to interpret cognitive linguistically the method of word formation of ‘Konglish’, English loanwords with two etymological origins. According to the etymology of Konglish and the etymology of the original English language, it is classified into Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3, and it is intended to examine that most of the mechanisms of word formation are formed in the way of metonymy. In particular, among the methods of metonymy, it can be seen that a lot of Konglish was formed centering on the shape of objects and aspects of human behavior, which proves that the most simple thing to think about when words are created is visual phenomena. However, if you look at Konglish from the perspective of conceptual blending, you can see that word formation is made in a different way from the original English language. In other words, while the original English language focuses on the result of using a certain object or the function or use of an object, Konglish focuses on the primary form that is visually visible.

Reflections on authenticity, action, and leadership

SummaryThis paper is a reflection on an article by Hellmuth et al., and is part of the point‐counterpart series. In this reflection, I consider the etymological origins of the term “authenticity” and explore the existential and phenomenological aspects of authenticity, action, and leadership. In particular, I note the absence of contextual issues such as gender.

Exploring meanings of health and wellbeing: a Chinese perspective from its etymological origin and the Taoist philosophy

ABSTRACT This paper uncovers the complexity of the term “Jian kang/health 健康” and “Fu/wellbeing (福)” by analysing their etymological origins and cultural connotations in the context of China. The paper introduces a Taoist philosophy of tradition to understand health and wellbeing. This paper argues that in Chinese cultural connotations, “Jian kang” (health) and “Fu” (wellbeing) entail the integration of human beings’ physical and mental status and beyond. Notwithstanding the contextual and culturally specific philosophy and traditions of understanding health and wellbeing, this paper initiates intercultural epistemological dialogue, engages with contemporary psychotherapy, and argues that health and wellbeing is regarded and understood as a concept across cultural boundaries, while emphasising its pivotal features of being holistic, comprised of multifaceted and interrelated components of body, mind, and spirit, focusing on lifestyle behaviours, and recognising the interweaving relationship between human and the environment.

Origins of Cannabis sativa in Ireland and the Concept of Celtic Hemp: An Interdisciplinary Review.

Introduction: Ireland's agriculture has been shaped by Celts, Romano-British Christians, Norse-Vikings, Anglo-Normans, and subsequent migrants. Who introduced hemp (Cannabis sativa) to Hibernia? We addressed this question using historical linguistics, fossil pollen studies (FPSs), archaeological data, and written records. Methods: Data gathering utilized digital resources coupled with citation tracking. Linguistic methods separated cognates (words with shared etymological origins) from loanwords (borrowed from other languages). Cannabis pollen in FPSs was identified using the "ecological proxy" method. Archaeological reports were ranked on a "robustness" scale. Results: Words for "hemp" in Celtic languages are loanwords, not cognates. The Irish word cnáib is first attested in texts written 1060 and 1127-1134 CE. Old Breton coarcholion, corrected to coarch, is attested in a text from the 9th century. Pollen consistent with cultivated Cannabis appears in the Middle Ages, ca. 700 CE, at sites in the vicinity of monasteries. Archaeological finds (hemp seeds and fiber) date to later Norse-Viking and Anglo-Norman sites. Discussion: People of the Hallstatt Culture in Central Europe have long been considered speakers of the "Proto-Celtic" language. The lack of "hemp" cognates means a Proto-Celtic word cannot be reconstructed, which implies that Hallstatt people (with robust archaeological evidence of hemp) did not speak Proto-Celtic. Cnáib is absent in Old Irish glossaries, epics, and mythologies (600-900 CE). FPS data suggest that the onset of hemp cultivation correlated-chronologically and spatially-with the founding of Romano-British monasteries. Irish cnáib was likely borrowed from Clerical Latin canapis or canabus.

The Use of San in the Lugano Alphabet. A Survey of Cisalpine Celtic Onomastics

The so-called “Lugano alphabet” is a northern Italian script that derives from the Etruscan alphabet. It was used to write Celtic texts belonging to the Lepontic language, uncovered in the centre of the Gallia Transpadana (Lombardy in Italy and Ticino in southern Switzerland), ranging from the 6th c. to the 1st c. BC, and a later variety called Cisalpine Gaulish, again located in the Transpadana (Lombardy and Piedmont in Italy), whose earliest texts date from the 4th c. BC, and which represents a later wave of immigrants or invaders. This dialect is distinguished from the former by a few morphological traits, like the patronymic suffix -ikno vs. Lepontic -alo-. While the Lugano script is deciphered in its entirety, some pending issues remain as to the actual use of some of its letters, its evolution and possible external influence from related alphabets. This work will address the problem of the so-called “butterfly sign,” a letter transliterated as <ś>, which shows different shapes, some of them easily confusable with <m>, and goes back to Greek san. For the “butterfly sign” a high number of synchronic values and etymological origins has been proposed. The article attempts to show that its use overlaps with that of zeta, transliterated as <z>. Both may have had a single value, and the reflected phoneme is in both cases a voiceless affricate that goes back to Indo-European /st/, /ts/ or /ds/, to epenthesis of /t/ in a sequence *-ns#, or to affrication of /d/ in coda position. The author also evaluates the possibility that the occurrence of san and tau gallicum in some contexts, specifically in codas, is due to mere phonemic reallocation not mediated by sound change.

On The Etymological Aspect of Translation in Three Different Turkish Translated Texts of William Shakespeare’s 66th Sonnet

This study aims to examine the interconnected Turkish translations of William Shakespeare’s 66th sonnet by Turkish translators Can Yücel, Talat Sait Halman, and Hasan İlhan in a lingual and etymological perspective that explores the origin of the words used in texts, takes word choices and repetitions used in the translations as the main domains of analysis, and that intends to investigate their effects on the meaning of the translation. The word choices for translation in the three different translated versions of the same original work and their etymological origins are taken as the main fields of analysis in question, and their effects are examined and compared. Though lingual analysis is concerned with various subjects such as style variation, sound and meaning; in this study, particularly word usages and word choices are taken as the essential examining domains of the three Turkish translations of the 66th sonnet. In addition, some further analysis is made respecting the origins of specific words by taking their etymological characteristics into consideration. In this way, this study expects to contribute to translation studies in terms of poetry translation by putting forth the lingual and etymological examination of the same sonnet in three different translated versions.

Metonymic event-based time interval concepts in Mandarin Chinese-Evidence from time interval words.

Starting from the overwhelming view that time is metaphorically conceptualized in terms of space, this study will, on the one hand, take the time interval words into minute analysis to confirm our view of event conceptualization of time at a more basic level along with space–time metaphoric conceptualization of time at a relational level. In alignment with the epistemology of the time–space conflation of the Chinese ancestors, our view is supported by the systematic examination of evidence related to the cultural origins of the conceptualization of time, through a scrutiny of the original meanings and construction of words related to intervals of time in Mandarin Chinese. This study offers a new explanation of how: (1) the conceptualization of time in Chinese is realized through metonymic cognition and (2) words related to specific intervals of time are coined based on the metonymic conceptualization of related events or a corresponding event schema. Five major types of event-based metonymies are identified, and their interactive functions are illustrated. Based on this evidence, we argue that the double nature of both metaphoric and metonymic time conceptualization in Mandarin Chinese lies in the fact that time interval words can be used in its time categorial sense or as a time entity which suggests the etymological origins of Chinese as ideograph. It is concluded therefore that the event-based metonymy conceptualization of time can provide better insights into the characteristics of Chinese modes of thinking and its influences on the perception of and interaction with the world. This study can also serve as good evidence for the shaping effect of language on cognition.

Semantic Potential of the Word: by the Material of the Mythologem of the Holy Marriage of Heaven and Earth

The study of the initial semantics of the word and its further development in the history of the language and its speakers, undoubtedly, belongs to the number of topical problems of modern semasiology. Of particular research interest is the disclosure of the historical and etymological origins of the word, which largely predetermine its further development. The focus of this article is the East Slavic mythologeme of the sacred marriage of Heaven-father and Earthmother, the semantics of which has absorbed the sacred mode of pagan existence and Christian value ideas. The material of the study was the myths and proverbs of closely related Belarusian, Rusyn, Russian and Ukrainian languages, which go back to the East Slavic mythologeme of the sacred marriage of Heaven-father and Earth-mother and preserve a common cultural and semantic memory. The undertaken consideration of this mythologeme against the background of the Greek myths about the “beginning of the world” made it possible to characterize its original historical, etymological, ethical and aesthetic features. As a result, an appeal to the history of the word from the standpoint of the concept of evolving consciousness G.G. Shpet led to the conclusion about the special role of cultural memory, which accumulates the accumulated experience of the existence of the word and thereby increases its semantic potential.

Méthode by Mary Dorsan

Reviewed by: Méthode by Mary Dorsan Eilene Hoft-March Dorsan, Mary. Méthode. P.O.L, 2021. ISBN 978-2-8180-5289-1. Pp. 272. We all have our methods for attempting to invest our lives, and perhaps even the lives of others, with meaning. Mary Dorsan's unnamed narrator turns to volunteering for a local union of healthcare workers and support staff in order to do just that: something meaningful. During her very first volunteer shift, she is taken aback both by the personal nature of the aid required of her and by the deep inequalities revealed—with no little irony—in health and human service workplaces. Her first client is a black staff worker of long tenure in a health facility. A tense encounter between him and a man intent on asserting his privilege has resulted in disciplinary action against the staff worker. More terrible still, the sanction comes as the final straw in a lifetime of injustices. The man, whom the narrator will name "Méthode," has a breakdown and contemplates aloud a suicidal car accident. Méthode's revelation of brokenness and the narrator's powerlessness to prevent it thus become the impetus for the journal (i.e., the novel): she will methodically invent the supportive influences Méthode will need to be able to rise from the nadir of his life. She imagines for him a wife, family, and friends who will lift him out of depression or at least redirect him away from self-harm. This magical thinking reminds readers constantly that the novel vacillates along a continuum ranging from "reality" to "fiction." On one hand, the narrator consumes novels that she rates as page-turners and tearjerkers, fully aware that they pander to a readership that does not want to be challenged. On the other hand, the narrator/author draws on a real case of human-rights abuse, a Burundi man named Méthode Sindayigaya who was enslaved in a basement in France for ten years by a Burundi diplomat and his wife. The original Méthode offers knowledge of human cruelty and remedy for it through almost superhuman effort ("knowledge" and "remedy" being etymological origins of "method"). Although the narrator adopts this method—both character and strategy—she implicitly critiques her own occasional lack of method: when she ignores a homeless person or indulges in damaging gossip or refrains from renewing close relationships, especially through writing. This novel has the ruminative quality of an autobiography paired with an acute attention to its own fictionalizing. It has disarming depth if little in the way of rapid or focused plot development. Many of its journal entries describe the dreary decor of the union office, the convoluted tales of woe by aggrieved workers, the hit-or-miss solutions proffered to clients. It reminds us that making good faith attempts at addressing injustice often begins with finding the correct official form(s), listening closely, and even just showing up. [End Page 246] Eilene Hoft-March Lawrence University (WI) Copyright © 2022 American Association of Teachers of French

Machining the mind to mind the machine

Ergonomics is identified as that discipline which is most particularly focused upon the “laws of work’. Indeed, this is the etymological origins from which the name of the science is derived. In consequence, any future consideration of such an area of research endeavor must constantly re-examine and re-evaluate what is meant by the term ‘work’. The present article, that features an individual perspective, attacks this challenge through a prospective vision of what work may come. This vision of ‘futurework’ proves to be a rather bleak one. For, as is explained, the driving economic forces emphasize and embrace the greater utility of automated, and now growing autonomous systems, to accomplish the tasks which connote work. Often cast in opposition to the efficiency/profit imperative are those social forces for which human-centered endeavors, such as Ergonomics, advocate. Optimistic perspectives seek to harmonize these conflicting forces and envisage a form of harmonious cooperation between humans and machines of increasing ‘intelligence’ and capability. The current work explores and evaluates why that positive narrative is unlikely to represent the actuality of coming events, at least within the foreseeable future.

The Role of Derivation in Teaching Quranic Vocabulary: Between Theory and Practice

Words with close meanings often cause difficulty in understanding the meanings of Quranic text. At times, Quranic words with similar meanings are even used in the wrong context. As such, understanding the morphological and semantic differences between Quranic words with close meanings becomes necessary. Therefore, this research aims to explore the roots and semantic differences of Quranic words with similar meanings and ascertain the role of derivation in teaching Quranic vocabulary. The research employed the descriptive-analytical approach to trace Quranic words with similar connotations and determine their derivation methods. The findings showed that the etymological origins of Quranic vocabulary with similar meanings can help greatly in clarifying the semantic features of the words. Similarly, the findings revealed that referring to the morphological structures of words helps to discover the meanings of Quranic words with similarity in linguistic origin and difference in structure. Therefore, derivation can be an effective means of determining the connotations of Quranic words, which can be useful in teaching Quranic vocabulary. This research could help instructors to advance the method of teaching Quranic vocabulary as well as the Arabic language in general. Nevertheless, the research is limited to the role of derivation in teaching Quranic vocabulary, and thus, further studies may focus on how the origin and formation of words can help students to develop language skills.

Arms and Armour in Ancient and Medieval Tibetan Literature A Lexicographical Approach

This article presents Tibetan terms and expressions for arms and armour originating in Tibetan sources as per research conducted for theWörterbuch der Tibetischen Schriftsprache, a dictionary database that includes sources ranging from the eight to the nineteenth centuries. This survey shows that Tibetan literature bears testimony to the existence of a broad variety of arms and armour in Tibet, which are mentioned in various contexts: Bon or Buddhist sources, historiographical or mythical accounts. By tracing these terms’ etymological origins and focusing on the actual use of weapons, we may gain a clearer understanding of the origin, use, and value of arms and armour in Tibetan culture.

معجم القراءات العشرة الــمتـواتـرة باب الـهَـمزة من فرش سورة البقرة جـمع وترتیب

مـلخـص الـبحث: يبدأ البحث بـمقدمة مـختصرة عن الموضوع، ثـم تـمهيد موجز عن معاجم القراءات القرآنية. ثـم صلب البحث (مسرد جذور القراءات)؛ ويقوم الباحث فيه: بإرجاع ألفاظ القراءات العشرية الفرشية الـمتواترة إلى أصولـها الاشتقاقية اللغوية؛ ثـم ترتيب هذه الـجذور (الـمواد) الثلاثية الأصول الترتيب الألفبائي: (أ، ب، ت، ث، ..). ثـم يدرج کل قراءة تـحت جذرها الذي اشتقت منه؛ مقتصرا على الـمواد التي تعود جذورها إلى باب الهمزة فقط؛ لأنـها أول الحروف. وخص نقل القراءات الواردة في فرش سورة البقرة فقط؛ لأنـها أول السور. واقتصر على ما أورده ابن الجزري في نشره وطيبته؛ لأنه عمدة من جاء بعده في هذا العلم الشريف. وخـتم بـحثه بـخاتـمة موجزة، وبعدها صنع فهرسين: فهرس المصادر والمراجع، وفهرس الموضوعات. Abstract: The research begins with a brief introduction to the topic, followed by a brief introduction to the dictionaries of Quranic readings. Then the core of the research (glossary of the roots of the readings); In it, the researcher returns the words of the frequent decimal readings to their linguistic etymological origins. Then arrange these three roots (subjects) in the alphabetical order: (a, b, c, w, ..). Then he inserts each reading under the root from which it is derived; limited to materials whose roots go back to Bab al-Hamza only; Because it is the first letter. He singled out the transmission of the readings contained in the carpets of Surat Al-Baqarah only. Because it is the first of the surahs. He was limited to what Ibn Al-Jazari reported in his publication and goodness. Because he is the pillar of those who came after him in this honorable science. He concluded his research with a brief conclusion, and then made two indexes: Index of Sources and References, and Index of Subjects.

Revolution

Revolution

On the Spellings of the Lexical Items b‘š, b‘šwn’, and mšb‘wn’ in Christian Palestinian Aramaic

Christian Palestinian Aramaic has always been a mine for peculiar words and spellings despite being a rather conservative written dialect within the group of Western Aramaic. Three words in this dialect, b‘š, b‘šwn’, and mb‘šwn’, which are variant derivations of b’š, have puzzled scholars for more than a century. In addition to another set of ‘incorrectly spelled’ words, these were considered doubtful in the first dictionary, grammar, and text editions, but they turned out to have sound explanations and etymological origins.

On the Spellings of the Lexical Items b‘š, b‘šwn’, and mšb‘wn’ in Christian Palestinian Aramaic

Christian Palestinian Aramaic has always been a mine for peculiar words and spellings despite being a rather conservative written dialect within the group of Western Aramaic. Three words in this dialect, b‘š, b‘šwn’, and mb‘šwn’, which are variant derivations of b’š, have puzzled scholars for more than a century. In addition to another set of ‘incorrectly spelled’ words, these were considered doubtful in the first dictionary, grammar, and text editions, but they turned out to have sound explanations and etymological origins.

Sandra Ramos Revisited

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.