Trends and multidisciplinary research of torch ginger [Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.]: A systematic review.

Despite Pattani's rich biodiversity, there is a significant lack of digital datasets and automated tools to preserve local ethnomedicinal knowledge. Traditionally, herbal medicine plays a significant role in healthcare systems, especially in regions with rich biodiversity, such as Pattani, Thailand. However, the manual identification of medicinal herbs is often labor-intensive and disposed to inaccuracies. This study introduces an automated system for identifying Pattani's local medicinal herbs (Etlingera elatior, Euphorbia hirta, and Leucas aspera) using Deep Learning methods, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The system uses image processing techniques to improve the accuracy and confidence in herb identification. The system uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture comprising feature-extraction layers with ReLU activation and max pooling, followed by a fully connected softmax classifier. Data augmentation techniques were employed to enhance model generalization on the collected dataset. It additionally protects traditional knowledge through scientific validation. Collecting and pre-processing a dataset of 600 images and using CNNs yielded an overall test accuracy of 97%. Such performance reinforces the system's capabilities in healthcare for traditional practitioners and pharmaceutical researchers who need precise herb identification. Integrating technology and local knowledge to use and conserve Pattani's medicinal plants and to harness local medicinal plant knowledge is a crucial step this research takes.

Abstract. Hidayat R, Nugrahani P, Maghfiroh RN. 2025. Flowering response of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) to PK fertilization. Biodiversitas 26: 6305-6315. Demand for the flowers of Etlingera elatior has increased, but predictable and timely flowering is constrained by its naturally long vegetative phase. This research aimed to determine the combined effect of dosage and frequency of PK compound fertilizer in inducing flowering in torch ginger. The field trial was carried out at Dapoer Ketjombrang Garden, Giripurno Village, Bumiaji District, Batu City, East Java, Indonesia, from December 2023 to April 2024. A factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (two factors: dosage (D): 50, 100, 150, 200 g/clump; frequency (F): 1, 2, 3 applications at 30, 30+45, and 30+45+60 DAT, respectively) with three replicates (36 plots, 3 plants/plot, total 108 plants) was used. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA (dosage, frequency, dosage×frequency), and means were compared using Tukey’s HSD (α: 0.05). The combination D4F2 (200 g, 2x at 30 and 45 DAT) produced the earliest flowering (mean 21.89 DAT). The dosage D3 (150 g) produced the best vegetative growth and, when combined with F2, gave the highest number of flowers (23.78 flowers/clump). Dosage effects were significant (p<0.05) for several traits; frequency had limited main effects, but dosage×frequency interactions were observed. The highest C:N ratio, antioxidant level, and vitamin C were observed at D4; regression between C:N and flowering age showed R²: 0.92 (p: 0.041). Overall, applying 150-200 g PK fertilizer per clump in two applications (30 and 45 DAT) provides an effective strategy to induce earlier flowering and increase flower productivity under the conditions tested. Multi-season and multi-site validation is recommended before making broad recommendations.

Minyak atsiri bunga kecombrang telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap beberapa bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif. Bunga kecombrang memiliki empat variasi warna. Tinjauan terhadap kandungan senyawa bunga kecombrang dengan warna spesifik perlu dilakukan untuk membantu pemanfaatannya secara khusus. Ekstrak bunga kecombrang telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Cutibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Namun, belum ada publikasi jurnal aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri bunga kecombrang terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kandungan kimia minyak atsiri bunga kecombrang warna merah dan merah muda serta uji aktivitas antibakteri keduanya terhadap C. acnes. Minyak atsiri diperoleh melalui destilasi uap-air. Analisis kandungan kimia dilakukan menggunakan GC-MS. C. acnes digunakan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan mikrodilusi. Sebanyak 72 komponen teridentifikasi pada bunga kecombrang merah sedangkan 59 komponen teridentifikasi pada bunga kecombrang merah muda. Konsentrasi hambat minimum yang dihasilkan adalah 12,5 mg/mL pada masing-masing variasi bunga kecombrang. Kesimpulannya adalah komponen kimia dominan pada minyak atsiri kecombrang merah dan merah muda adalah dodekanal (24,47% dan 25,84%) dan 1-dodekanol (21,15% dan 39,99%). Minyak atsiri bunga kecombrang merah dan merah muda memiliki aktivitas penghambatan terhadap C. acnes.

Background: The development of functional foods has encouraged innovation in traditional Indonesian products so that they provide not only nutritional value but also physiological health benefits. Dawet ayu, a starch-based traditional beverage, has potential to be developed into a functional drink by incorporating natural antioxidant sources, one of which is torch ginger (Etlingera elatior). Aim: This study aimed to develop dawet ayu as a traditional functional beverage with high antioxidant activity through the addition of torch ginger flower powder. Methods: The powder was produced using the foam-mat drying method to preserve bioactive compounds and was then applied in dawet formulations at various concentrations. The analyzed parameters included pH, color (L*, a*, b*), and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Results: The results showed that the addition of torch ginger powder had no significant effect on the color and pH of dawet ayu, but significantly increased antioxidant activity, with the IC₅₀ value decreasing from 739.3 ppm to 100.2 ppm at the highest concentration. The increase in antioxidant activity was attributed to the phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin compounds present in torch ginger. These findings indicate that dawet ayu enriched with torch ginger powder has strong potential as a locally sourced functional beverage with both health and economic benefits. This product can be further developed as a natural-based functional drink.

The study investigates the phytochemical profiles of selected wild local vegetables in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, assesing their potential health benefits in addressing nutritional deficienfies prevalent in the region. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on key metabolites, including phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids, phytosterol, terpenoid, saponin, and glucosinolates. The vegetables examined in this study included Solanum torvum, Cnesmone javanica, Gymnopetalum cochinense, Stenochlaena palustris, Helminthostachys zeylanica, Nauclea orientalis, Neptunia oleraceae, Crinum sp, Etlingera elatior, Calamus sp, Solanum ferox, Colocasia esculenta, Diplazium esculentum, and Rorippa indica. Using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the total phenolic content in the ethanolic extract ranged from 107.20 to 7393.10 mg GAE 100 g-1. Total flavonoids varied from 27.17-1163.82 mg QE 100g-1 fresh weight. Carotenoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, terpenoid, saponin ranging from 1.273-1448.80 mg 100g-1, 78.94-1061.67 mg 100g-1, 168.33-4926.67 mg 100g-1, 914.44-15503.33 mg 100g-1, respectively. Additionally, saponins and glucosinolates were found in concentrations ranging from 1742.22 to 19164.44 mg 100g-1, and 92.4 to 4726.52 mg 100g-1, respectively. N. orientalis, N.oleracea, and R.indica showed strong potential as functional foods duet o their high levels of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. R. indica and D. esculentum stand out for their rich carotenoid. Additionally, the substantial amounts of phytosterols, saponins, glucosinolates, and terpenoids in N. oleracea, H. zeylanica, R. indica, and D. esculentum. Linking phytochemicals to health supports targeted diets for vurnerable groups, strengthened through diverse local vegetables and culturally adapted functional food products.

Abstract. Nasution J, Pasaribu N, Silalahi M, Harahap RH. 2025. Ethnogastronomy of bubur pedas of the Malay community in North Sumatra, Indonesia and its contribution to local food security. Asian J Ethnobiol 8: 312-323. The majority of Indonesian traditional foods are undocumented and endangered due to globalization and shifting diets. Bubur pedas ('spiced' or 'spicy porridge'), a Ramadan dish of the Malay community in North Sumatra, Indonesia, with over a century of history, is also at risk of of being forgotten or losing its prominence due to demographic change and cultural assimilation. Therefore, this study applied an ethnogastronomic method to determine key species’ ingredients in bubur pedas and the contribution to local food security. Fieldwork was conducted from January to December 2023 in six historical Malay Sultanate areas, namely Medan, Langkat, Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai, Batubara, and Tanjungbalai. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participatory observations, and plant identification with 27 key informants. In total, 76 plant species from 33 families were documented, with leaves as the most common ingredient (45%). The results showed a strong correlation between Use Value (UV) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), with 12 key species identified using the Relative Importance (RI) Index. The primary ingredients, determined based on high RI indices, were Allium cepa, Arachis hypogaea, Coriandrum sativum, Cocos nucifera, Curcuma longa, Cuminum cyminum, Daucus carota, Etlingera elatior, Ipomoea batatas, Manihot esculenta, Oryza sativa, and Solanum tuberosum. Mapping the results onto FAO’s food security pillars showed that bubur pedas contributes to species availability, easy access through markets and household gardens, nutritional and medicinal value, as well as seasonal resilience. The study highlighted the role of Malay culinary heritage in sustaining culturally embedded, ecologically resilient food practices.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are the two bacteria that produce one of the most prevalent urinary tract infections (UTIs). The rising resistance to antibiotics in these bacteria has led to the need for alternative treatments. Using natural materials, such as torch ginger flowers (Etlingera elatior), which are known to possess potent antibacterial chemicals, is one such option. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of torch ginger flower against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to compare its performance with ciprofloxacin as a standard control. The study was designed using a cross-sectional experimental method. The disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar was used to assess the extract's antibacterial activity after it was made by macerating it with 70% ethanol. With an average inhibition zone of 7.8 mm against Escherichia coli and 8 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a 100% concentration, the findings demonstrated the antibacterial activity of Etlingera elatior's ethanol extract. These inhibition zones, however, were much smaller than those of ciprofloxacin, which had respective measurements of 10 mm and 34 mm. Significant differences between the extract concentrations were found by statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the ethanol extract of torch ginger flower shows potential antibacterial activity against UTI-causing bacteria, although its effectiveness is not yet comparable to ciprofloxacin. Further research is needed to improve extraction methods and develop more effective formulations to enhance its antibacterial properties.

Etlingera elatior, commonly known as torch ginger, is a plant widely used as a cooking spice. Native to Southeast Asia, E. elatior is not only valued for its culinary uses but also for its high nutritional content. It is also used medicinally, including as a treatment for typhoid fever and various other diseases. The bioactivity of this plant has been extensively studied. It has antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, tyrosinase-inhibiting, cytotoxic, and hepatoprotective properties. E. elatior acts as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperuricemia, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal, skin-whitening, anti-aging, and wound-healing agent. These biological activities are attributed to its rich content of phytochemical compounds, including phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. Given its wide range of biological activities and chemical compounds, E. elatior warrants further research to contribute to the development of natural medicinal plants in Indonesia.

Aim: Present study deals to access the antidepressant activity of Etlingera elatior leaves extract in rodent. Background: Etlingera elatior is a species of herbaceous perennial plant in the family Zingiberaceae; native to Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and New Guinea. Depression is one of the most common mental disorders affecting humans, pathological basis of which is not fully understood. The current antidepressant drugs have several adverse effects including their effects on cognition. Therefore, natural product are being evaluated for their antidepressant activities. Objective: In this study, Etlingera elatior leaf extracts are being evaluated for antidepressant activity in rodent models. A wide range of synthetic medicines that can be used to treat depression which may exerts various side effects such as dry mouth, gastrointestinal problems, nausea, respiratory problems, cardiac arrhythmias, drowsiness, anxiety etc. Hence, it becomes essential to discover new anti-depressant drug with more potency, efficacy and safety profile than those of marketed synthetic drugs. Methods: Using the forced swimming test, the tail suspension test, mouse 5-HTP-induced head twitches and estimation of brain lipid peroxidation modelsthe antidepressant efficacy of Etlingera elatior ethanolic extract was examined. Imipramine was used as reference standards. Results: According to our study, Etlingera elatior significantly (p 0.01) reduced immobility in tail suspension, forced swimming, and 5-HTP-induced head twitches in mice with depression that were comparable to imipramine. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained we can conclude that Etlingera elatior leaves extract possess significant antidepressant activity. The antidepressant effectiveness of Etlingera elatior leaves extract can be confirmed in the future by adding more models, and attempts can also be made to isolate and characterise the phytoconstituents responsible for the pharmacological action.

Honje is a herbaceous plant commonly found in Pangandaran. Honje distribution in Asia includes India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia. This paper aims to promote it and claim it as a superfood. A literature review, survey, forum group discussion (FGD), and interviews have been conducted. Its nutritional composition meets the requirements of a superfood, including antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Another important point is low-calorie. The main antioxidants include flavonoids, phenols, and tannins, all of which are found in the leaves, flowers, and fruit. Minerals include potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). Fruits and flowers are rich in vitamin C. Just 27 calories are found in 100 grams of fresh fruit, making it extremely low in calories. One of the most recognizable tourist attractions in Pangandaran is fruit juice, a commercial product. The plant is widely distributed. It is simple to reap the benefits of Honje tea and infused water. The flower has historically been used as a spice for fish soup and in salads. Innovation in the manufacturing process of foods and beverages is crucial for improving product quality, hygiene, taste, and appearance. Honje meets superfood criteria and offers significant potential for local food innovation and tourism in Pangandaran.

Kecombrang stem (Etlingera elatior) contains flavonoid compounds and can be used as a medicine, an antibacterial, and an antioxidant. Several factors influence the extraction compounds in plants, one of which is the type of solvent. This study aimed to determine the effect of different solvents on the total flavonoid content in kecombrang stems. Kecombrang stems were extracted using methanol, 70% ethanol, and 96% ethanol. Qualitative flavonoid analysis was carried out using color reagents and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and quantitative analysis was carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of the qualitative flavonoid test showed that all kecombrang stem extracts were positive for flavonoids, indicated by a color change to yellow-orange, and the TLC results showed that all extracts were positive for flavonoids, indicated by light blue fluorescence under UV light 366 nm, with an Rf value range of 0.62-0.66. The results of determining total flavonoid levels in methanol extract were 12.14 mgQE/g, 70% ethanol was 13.55 mgQE/g, and 96% ethanol was 21.77 mgQE/g. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that differences in solvent types significantly affected the total flavonoid levels of kecombrang stems, with a p value <0.05. The highest flavonoid levels in kecombrang stems were found in 96% ethanol extract.

Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) is a type of plant known to the Indonesian people as a medicinal plant for a long time. Kecombrang stem is empirically used to treat coughs, reduce fever, act as an antiseptic, treat diarrhoea and stomach pain. Kecombrang stem has the potential to be used as a raw material for herbal medicines. Plants used as raw materials for herbal medicines must meet quality requirements in accordance with the requirements of both specific and non-specific parameters. This study aimed to determine the quality of the simplicia and 96% ethanol extract of kecombrang stem. Simplicia and 96% ethanol extract were tested for specific parameters, including organoleptic, microscopic, and phytochemical screening. Non-specific parameter testing includes the measurement of moisture content, residual solvents, and microbial contamination. Tests of specific parameters on organoleptic kecombrang stem simplicia are light brown, aromatic odor, and tasteless. Microscopically, kecombrang stem simplicia was identified with fragments consisting of transport bundles, ladder-type transport bundles, fibers, and parenchyma with secretory cells. Phytochemical screening of kecombrang stem simplicia revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The results of non-specific parameter testing on 96% ethanol extract of kecombrang stem showed 1.09% moisture content, 0.48% solvent residue, 0 CFU/g bacterial contamination, and yeast/mould. Kecombrang stem is a raw material for herbal medicine that meets the quality requirements of specific and non-specific parameters. Keywords: Etlingera elatior, Non-specific parameters, Simplicia quality, Specific parameters.

Background: Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm or Kecombrang Flower had been used traditionally to enhance the taste of food. Some studies reported its pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer. However, its safety has not yet been reported explicitly. Objective: To investigate the acute oral toxicity, macropathological and histopathological changes of 96% ethanol extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol-water fractions of Etlingera elatior flowers in Balb/C mice. Methods: The 96% ethanol extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol-water (3:7) fractions were given to mice with 4 dose levels (75, 150, 300, and 600 mg/Kg body weight). Single oral administration of them was done on the first day of the test and the mice were then observed in 14 consecutive days. The control group received Na-CMC 0,3%. Changes in behavior, mortality rate, body weight, macropathology and histopathology of kidneys and liver were assessed. Results: No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed when mice were exposed to the 96% ethanol extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol-water fractions. The were no significant changes in the body weight. Macropathological examination of the liver and kidneys showed normal results with a brownish red color, smooth surface and rubbery consistency. Histopathological examination revealed mild, moderate, and severe damage to the liver and kidneys of mice, however the level of damage was not followed by an increase in dose. The oral lethal dose was higher than 600 mg/Kg. Conclusion: Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm did not produce toxic effects in mice after acute treatment.

This study aims to investigate the sensory characteristics and nutritional content of macarons with the addition of kecombrang flower essential oil (Etlingera elatior). The research was conducted to determine the effects of various concentrations of kecombrang flower essential oil (3%, 5%, and 7%) on macaron quality. The sensory attributes evaluated included color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall preference, while nutritional analysis focused on key macronutrients such as carbohydrates, sugar, fat, protein, and ash content. The sensory evaluation utilized a single-factor ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test to compare the effects of the different concentrations of essential oil. The results indicated that the addition of 5% kecombrang essential oil yielded the most favorable sensory scores, with the highest ratings in color (4.20) and texture (4.29). Furthermore, aroma and taste were rated highly, confirming that this concentration enhanced the overall quality of the macarons. Although the likeability score did not show significant statistical differences between treatments, all treatments were generally categorized as “liked” by the panel. For the nutritional content analysis, the macaron sample with 5% essential oil was selected for testing through a proxy method. The results indicated that the macaron had a carbohydrate content of 46.31%, sugar content of 31.62%, fat content of 3.05%, protein content of 19.08%, and ash content of 0.14%. These findings are noteworthy, as the macaron with kecombrang flower essential oil showed lower carbohydrate and fat content compared to a typical macaron, while it exhibited higher protein content. These results suggest that macarons with kecombrang essential oil may offer a healthier alternative to conventional macarons, particularly for those seeking lower sugar and fat content in their diet.

The yield and properties of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from HCl vapor-Prehydrolyzed torch ginger stem cellulose.

The torch ginger plant (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) is a member of the Zingiberaceae family and is frequently called kecombrang in Java. This plant has been used as a traditional medicine and food flavor enhancer but is limited as a cosmetic ingredient. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds are examples of secondary metabolites found in this plant. Most flavonoid compounds show sunscreen activity due to the chromophore groups (conjugated single double bonds) capable of absorbing UV A and UV B radiation. According to BPOM Decree No. 17/2022, only listed ingredients in Annex 4 are considered as UV filters but natural herbal compounds with antioxidant properties are applied as sunscreens. This study focused on the in vitro assessment of antioxidant and photoprotective activity from E. elatior leaf extract. First, extracting a 70% ethanol extraction of torch ginger leaves, then evaluated the extract’s quality, its antioxidant activity via the DPPH assay, and its in-vitro photoprotective activity using a UV spectrophotometer. The results showed that the extract from E. elatior leaves possesses remarkably strong antioxidant properties, as shown by its IC50 value of 47.46 μg/mL, and the extract at concentration of 1000 μg/mL provided photoprotection activity calculated as an SPF of 24.05 (ultra protection), erythema transmission value of 1.18% (extra protection) and pigmentation transmission value of 3.49% (total block). It can be concluded that torch ginger leaf extract has high potential as a cosmetic natural ingredient because of very strong antioxidant activity and photoprotective ultra protection.

In this work, an antibacterial material was designed with the incorporation of the essential oil (EO) from Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith and its major compounds into a zinc metal-organic framework (MOF), ZnBTC, which was electrochemically synthesized and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The incorporation of the EO and its major compounds into ZnBTC-MOF was verified through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The microplate microdilution method was used to assess antibacterial activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for all arrangements. Flow cytometry and SEM were carried out to analyze the mechanism of action of the compounds against bacterial cells. The results obtained with the combinations of ZnBTC-MOF and the EO from E. elatior and its major compounds revealed a synergistic antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with the enhancement of the individual antibacterial activities of these substances.

Skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes often exhibit resistance to conventional treatments. This issue has led to the exploration of medical plants, such as kecombrang stems (Etlingera elatior), which are known for their antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of kecombrang stem and to identify its active compounds. The methanolic extract of kecombrang stems was tested against the three bacteria using the disc diffusion method at concentrations of 80%, 40%, and 20%. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined using the microdilution method and an ELISA reader. TLC-Bioautography was employed to identify the antibacterial compounds present in the extract. The methanol extract of kecombrang stems exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. acnes, with an inhibition zone diameter ranging from 9.23 ± 0.472 to 25.53 ± 0.378 mm. The MIC results showed that the minimum concentration of 78.12 ppm could inhibit the growth of S. aureus by 33.74%, S. epidermidis by 14.45%, and P. acnes by 3.5%. The results of TLC Bioautography analysis indicate that flavonoids exhibit antibacterial properties. The kecombrang stem has the potential to serve as an antibacterial agent against bacteria that cause skin infections.

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria in generals can be cured using antibacterial. The use of antibacterials tends to cause local hypersensitivity either on the skin or mucous membranes so that their use is starting to be reduced. Therefore, the development of natural antibacterials made from plants to reduce resistance is very necessary. kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) is one of the plants that has been shown to have activity in inhibiting bacterial growth. This research is an experimental study that aims to determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract of the leaves of kecombrang in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria in vitro. The method used is the well method with a completely randomized design. The sample came from the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria culture. Kecombrang leaf ethanol extract was made in concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The extract was tested onKlebsiella pneumoniae bacteria and observed for the formation of inhibition zones. Inhibition the results of the zone measuremens were then analyzed descriptively. The results showed kecombrang leaf ethanol extract 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% produce inhibition zone diameter 1.9 mm; 2.6 mm; 7.7 mm; 12.1 mm; and 14.7 mm, 0.4 mm for the negative control and positive control 22.0 mm. Concentration 100% has better antibacterial ability due to higher compound content. The test results show the class of secondary metaboliteskecombrang leaf ethanol extract contains flavonoids, tannin, and saponin. The conclusion of this study that the ethanol extract of kecombrang leaves