Etiella Zinckenella Treitschke Research Articles

Detection of a novel Cry2Ab toxin against Etiella zinckenella Treitschke from the Bacillus thuringiensis serovar canadensis SP142 strain

The soybean (Glycine max) is an important crop. The pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) is one of the most serious insects that attacks various Leguminosae. Common insecticidal controls are ineffective because of the insect’s growth properties. Use of resistant crop varieties offers stabilisation of the yield and has benefits over the use of insecticides. Bacillus thuringiensis is widely used as a bioinsecticide for pest control and a genetic material for pest-resistant transgenic plants. However, the resistance evolution of target insects is emerging as a major threat to the long-term efficacy of these applications. Studies on the detection of novel highly host-specific pesticidal proteins have been in urgent demand. A search for the source of Bt Cry toxins against E. zinckenella in the Vietnamese B. thuringiensis strain collection has been performed. The B. thuringiensis serovar canadensis SP142 is one of strains that resulted in more than 80% mortality to this pod borer. Its genome was estimated about 7.1 Mb and revealed a putative novel cry2Ab gene. The sequence analysis of cry2Ab gene revealed an open reading frame of 1 899 bp encoding a 633-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 70 kDa and 99.05% to 99.21% homology to known cry2Ab genes in the GenBank. There are eighteen different nucleotide sites which lead to five amino acid changes in Domain I and II. This gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and the purified Cry2Ab was toxic to E. zinckenella larvae with an LC<sub>50</sub> value of 1.74 µg/g diet. The novel Cry2Ab was designated as Cry2Ab39 by the Bacterial Pesticidal Protein Resource Center and its sequence was deposited in the GenBank (MN319700.1). This is a type of novel Cry2 toxin from B. thuringiensis against E. zinckenella, and it is important for breeding E. zinckenella-resistant soybeans.

The relationship of the morphological characteristics of some varieties of soybean on the attack itensity of the pod borer (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke) in two different cultivation techniques

Soybean is one of the secondary crops that are often planted by the farmer. One of the most common pests that attack soybeans is the pod borer (Ettiela zinkenella T). One of the ways to control pests is by using varieties that are resistant to pod borer attacks. The research objectives were to examine the relationship between the morphological characteristics of soybean pods and to determine the handling with the lowest attack intensity. The experiment used a split plot design with two factors and three replications. The research material was the seeds of five soybean varieties, namely Detap-1, Dega-1, Anjasmoro, Biosoy, and Dena-1 which were planted in 2 different lands. The highter the trichome pods, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -68.321, if X=0 then Y=64.081 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.2532. The longer the pod trichomes, the higher the attack intensity with a value of 0.0683, if X=0 then Y=18.208 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.0007. The thicker the skin of the pod, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -68.321, if X=0 then Y=64.081 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.2532. The harder the skin texture of the pods, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -0.0308, if X=0 then Y=36.614 and for the R2 value in that relationship, 0.2355. The recommended technology treatment with Anjasmoro variety had the lowest attack intensity compared to other treatments.

Harmfulness of pea pod borer (Etiella Zinckenella Treitschke 1832) on soybeans in the Eastern Forest – Steppe of Ukraine

Harmfulness of pea pod borer (Etiella Zinckenella Treitschke 1832) on soybeans in the Eastern Forest – Steppe of Ukraine

Notes on parasitoid assemblage reared from larvae of legume pod borers Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) and Etiella zinckenella Treitschke

Nine larval parasitoids were reared from two important pests infesting legume crops, the legume pod borers Maruca vitrata and Etiella zinckenella. Five parasitoids were reared from M. vitrata larvae: Sinophorus sp., Therophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta), Therophilus marucae van Achterberg & Long, Therophilus robustus van Achterberg & Long and Trathala flavoorbitalis (Cameron); another five parasitoids were reared from E. zinckenella larvae: Apanteles hanoii Tobias & Long, Apanteles taragamae Viereck, Bracon sp., Trathala flavoorbitalis (Cameron) and Tropobracon luteus Cameron. Morphological characters of the parasitoids are provided. Among larval parasitoids of two legume pod borers, the ichneumonid wasp Trathala flavoorbitalis is considered to be a common parasitoid from larvae of both borers, this ichneumonid parasitoid was previously reared from the leaf folders Omiodes indica, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and the corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis, the braconid parasotoid Tropobracon luteus is newly reared from larvae of E. zinckenella, this braconid parasitoid was previously recorded from the rice stem borers Chilo suppressalis, Scirpophaga incertulas and Sesamia infferens.

PENAMPILAN KETAHANAN ENAM VARIETAS KACANG TANAH TERHADAP PENGGEREK POLONG (ETIELLA ZINCKENELLA TRIETSCHKE) DI DATARAN TINGGI DAN DATARAN RENDAH BENGKULU

Resistance performance of six groundnut varieties to Soybean Pod Borer (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke) at high and low elevation in Bengkulu. Soybean pod borer (SPB), Etiella zinckenella Treitschke, often caused serious pod damage and reduced pod yield in several groundnut central in Bengkulu. Field trials were conducted in two locations, Air Dingin (Rejang Lebong, 900 m asl.) and Kuro Tidur (Bengkulu Utara, 200 m asl.) to evaluate resistance performance of groundnut varieties to SPB. Six varieties, Jerapah, Kacil, Bison, Pather, Singa dan Singa, were grown in Air Dingin. Five varieties ( as above but minus Sima) were grown in Kuro Tidur. Susceptible local variety was used as control. Varieties were arranged in plots in randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, in 3 m x 5 m plots and 20 cm x 30 cm planting space. Dolomite was applied at doses of 0.333 ton ha-1 in Air Dingin and 3 ton ha-1 in Kuro Tidur. Plants were fertilized with N (Urea) - P (TSP) - K (KCl) at the nationally recommended doses (70 - 125 - 70 kg ha-1). Damaged pods and larval density were observed three times at 63, 77 and 93 day after sowing (SAW). Undamaged pods was weighted at harvest. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and LSD to separate varietal means. The results revealed that the numbers and percetages of damaged pods incresed with plant age. Four groundnut varieties (Kancil, Panther, Singa and Sima) suffered significantly less pod damage than local variety and the other two (Jerapah and Bison), and therefore they are more resistance than the last three. Regardless of varieties, pod damage was significantly higher in Kuro Tidur than that in Air Dingin. The weight of undamage pods of resistance varieties was significantly higher than that of local, but was not significantly difference from that of Bison and Jerapah, in Air Dingin. In contrast, there was no significant different undamage pod weight between all varieties in Kuro Tidur.

Determination of the resistance status of experimental soybeans to the lima bean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke and the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius at El-Dakhla Oases, New Valley, Egypt

Three soybean varieties and two cultivars have been planted in an isolated and closed agro-desert ecosystem in El-Dakhla Oases, New Valley Governorate. The resistance status of the selected soybeans against the lima bean pod borer Etiella zinckenella and the whitefly Bemisia tabaci has been determined. In respect to E. zinckenella the obtained results indicated that the tested soybean varieties Clark, Giza 22 and Tono equipped higher infestation by this insect pest with an average of 4.30, 3.54 and 9.13% respectively, than the tested cultivars Hagen 32 and S5 by 2.38 and 3.21%, respectively. Similar results were obtained by calculating the damaged soybean seeds. The highest damage percentage appeared on Tono variety by 9.30% while the lowest one appeared on Hagon 32 cultivar by 1.97%. The results also showed no variations between the influences of the analyzed soybean seed components on the yield consumption by E. zinckenella, whereas (r) values were nonsignificant. High compatibility is recorded between the resistance status of the tested soybeans and the mean numbers of E. zinckenella individuals attacking the developing pods. The newly produced cultivars Hagen 32 and S5 presented some sort of resistance and appeared as moderately resistant cultivars. However, the soybean varieties Clark, Giza 22 and Tono appeared as relatively resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible varieties, respectively. Concerning the whitefly B. tabaci it is known that the nymphal average numbers expressed the resistance status of the tested soybeans to this insect pest. The obtained results indicated a distinct compatibility between the nymphal incidence and the degree of resistance. Although the tested varieties and cultivars exhibit different degrees of resistance, the newly produced cultivar S5 appeared as a resistant cultivar against B. tabaci infestation. Consequently, plant breeders must select soybean cultivars that have desirable resistance levels for breeding purposes with serious trials to transfer gene(s) responsible for these phenomena to the newly produced soybean varieties.

Effect of drought stress on the incidence of certain arthropod pests and predators inhabiting cowpea plantations

To evaluate the impact of drought stress on the incidence of certain arthropod pests and their associated predators which inhabit cowpea plantations, field tests were conducted in two different levels of irrigation (10- and 20-day intervals) by using five newly produced cowpea cultivars. Results indicated that the main piercing and sucking pests Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Tetranychus urticae Koch. were represented in high numbers in stressed plantations when compared to non-stressed ones. On the other hand, the common predators associated with these pests had not been affected by these irrigation differences. Regarding to the damage percentage caused by the pod borer pest Etiella zinckenella Treitschke, an obvious increase was recorded on stressed plantations than on the normal irrigated ones in most of the tested cultivars. At harvest, the obtained results indicated an obvious decrease in the net yield income of all the tested cultivars in the stressed irrigated area than in normal irrigated one. Therefore, it must be recommended to irrigate cowpea plantations by at least 10-day intervals to avoid the high infestation by both of the sucking pests and pod borers, and also, to obtain high and good yield income.

A comparison of the developmental and reproductive biology of two soybean pod borers, Etiella spp. in Indonesia

AbstractExperiments conducted in West Java, Indonesia investigated the developmental biology and reproductive behavior of two sympatric soybean pod borers, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke and E. hobsoni Butler (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). It was determined that: (1) significant interspecific differences occurred between the egg, larval, pupal and total egg‐to‐adult developmental periods of laboratory raised E. zinckenella and E. hobsoni; (2) the pre‐pupal and total egg‐to‐adult development periods of female E. zinckenella were significantly shorter than for males; (3) the longevity of virgin female E. zinckenella was significantly longer than that of virgin males, or virgin male and female E. hobsoni; (4) interspecific differences occurred in the female: male sex‐ratios of laboratory raised adults; (5) peak mating for both species occurred on the second night after eclosion; (6) interspecific differences occurred in the temporal distribution of calling and mating behaviors; (7) repeated mating was observed for both species at a very low frequency; (8) interspecific mating did not occur; (9) female E. zinckenella were significantly more fecund than E. hobsoni; (10) the duration in copulo of E. zinckenella was significantly longer than that of E. hobsoni; and (11) wingtraps baited with virgin females caught only conspecific males, and reduced numbers of males were captured in traps simultaneously baited with virgin females of both species. This study demonstrates distinct biological differences and reproductive isolation between the two Etiella spp.

Host-plant factors responsible for oviposition behaviour in the limabean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke

The role of host-plant factors in the oviposition behaviour of Etiella zinckenella was studied. The oviposition behavioural sequence is triggered by plant odour, water vapour, and mechanical stimuli. The water vapour causes an alighting response by females in the vicinity of the plant. Plant odour and water vapour act together to induce the abdomen-bending walk (scanning with ovipositor) on the plant. Mechanical stimuli are perceived through the ovipositor tip and induce egg deposition. There is no evidence for attraction by host odour from a distance nor for oviposition stimulation by contact chemicals.

Morphology of the Brush-Organs of the Limabean Pod Borer, Etiella zinckenella TREITSCHKE : Lepidoptera : Pyralidae

The male limabean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella TREITSCHKE, has a pair of brush-organs on the thorax and on sternite 8, and a scale mass on each of the antennae. The brush-organs on the thorax and the scale mass on the antennae are characteristic of the Phycitinae among the Heterocera. The brush-organs on the thorax arise from the top of a slender sclerotized plate diverging from the episternum of the metathorax, close to the bases of the hindwings. The brushes are white and ca. 3 mm in length. Normally the brushues are hidden between the meso- and metathorax, but they are probably exposed during male courthip, when the male raises his abdomen towards the abdominal end of a calling female. The brushes consist of three types of scales : long, short and cover-like scales. Long scales in the center of the brushes are considered disseminators of males scent because of their porous surface and mesh-like internal structure. The brushes on sternite 8 are extruded, and the scale mass on the antennae touches a calling female, during courtship, but no pores could be found on the surface of either scales. Thus, they seem to have other functions insetead of disseminators of male scent.

大豆によるシロイチモジマダラメイガの無菌飼育

大豆によるシロイチモジマダラメイガの無菌飼育